1 medical assisting chapter 30 powerpoint ® to accompany second edition ramutkowski booth pugh...
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Medical Assisting Chapter 30
PowerPoint® to accompany
Second Edition
Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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The Respiratory SystemObjectives30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system.30-2 Explain the difference between internal and external
respiration. 30-3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds.30-4 List the structures contained within the lungs.30-5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.30-6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration
of air.30-7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal
breathing patterns can be disrupted.
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The Respiratory SystemObjectives (cont.)30-8 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how
they are used to diagnose respiratory problems.30-9 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body
cells.30-10 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells
to the lungs.30-11 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of
various respiratory disorders and diseases.
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The Respiratory System The major function of the respiratory system is
ventilation (breathing). This system also functions to deliver oxygen (O2) to
the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream.
O2
O2
O2CO2 CO2
CO2
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Organs of the Respiratory System
Organs of the respiratory system: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs
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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
The Nasal Cavity Nasal septum divides
the cavity into right and left portions
Nasal conchae extend from walls of nasal cavity
Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air and cilia helps eliminate particles
The Paranasal Sinuses These are air-filled spaces
within the skull bones Serve to reduce weight of
the skull and give your voice a certain tone
Skull bones with sinuses include:
Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillae bones
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The PharynxThe Pharynx An organ of both the respiratory and digestive
system The LarynxThe Larynx
Larynx also called the “voice box” Moves air in and out of the trachea, and produces
voice Composed of three cartilages:
Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
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Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
Glottis
True Vocal Cords
False Vocal Cords
Posterior Portion of Tongue
Vocal Cords
Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
Upper vocal cords are false cords and lower vocal cords are true vocal cords.
The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords
The more vocal cords are stretched, the higher the voice pitch.
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Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of
cartilage and smooth muscle Lined with cells possessing cilia Extends from the larynx to the bronchi.
Trachea Trachea
Cilia moves mucus up to the throat where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
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• Cone-shaped organs• Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes
• The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the pleura
The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
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Apply Your KnowledgeWhich of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?
a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea
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Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswerWhich of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?
a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea
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Snoring Occurs due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the
palate, tongue and throat relax. Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over
the age of 40. Causes daytime sleepiness and may be associated with sleep
apnea.
Common Causes• enlargement of tonsils or adenoids• being overweight• alcohol consumption• nasal congestion• deviated nasal septum
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Snoring (cont.)
Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring:
Heard from close proximity
Heard from anywhere in the bedroom
Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open
Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed
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Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce
sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open
Snoring (cont.)
Some patients may require surgery to remove excess soft tissue or a portion of the soft palate.
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The Mechanisms of Breathing
Inspiration Expiration
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the rhythm and depth of breathing and the pons controls the rate of breathing.
• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere
• The diaphragm contracts or flattens
• The intercostal muscles raise the ribs
• Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs• The diaphragm relaxes• The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
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Respiratory VolumesReflects the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation
Tidal VolumeTidal Volume
InspiratoryReserve Volume
InspiratoryReserve Volume
ExpiratoryReserve Volume
ExpiratoryReserve Volume
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Respiratory Volumes
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible.
Represents the volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation.
This measure reflects the total amount of air the lungs can hold.
Residual Volume
Residual Volume
Total LungCapacity
Total LungCapacity
Vital CapacityVital Capacity
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The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Most of the body’s oxygen binds to
hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This transport system is called oxyhemoglobin.oxyhemoglobin.
When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream bicarbonate ionsbicarbonate ions are formed and some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an enzyme changes them back into carbon dioxide and water.
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The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”
Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?
a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis
Apply Your Knowledge
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The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8-9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”
Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?
a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis
Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswer
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Common Respiratory Conditions Asthma is a condition in which the bronchial
tree becomes obstructed due to inflammation Causes includes allergens, cigarette smoke,
pollutants, cold temperatures and exercise Signs and symptoms include difficulty
breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a tight feeling in the chest
Treatment include avoidance of allergens, steroid inhalers, bronchodilators and stopping smoking
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BronchitisBronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi May be caused by viruses, gastroesophageal
reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants and fumes.
Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever, difficulty breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or green mucus, chest tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing
Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines, humidifiers, inhalers and antibiotics for smokers
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs & Symptoms
Treatments
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Cigarette smoke and air pollution
Fatigue, difficulty breathing & frequent coughing
Lifestyle changes, inhalers, stop smoking
Emphysema Cigarette smoke, pollutants, dust
Chronic cough, weight loss, fatigue, shortness of breath
Stop smoking, vaccinations, antibiotics, oxygen, bronchodilators
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Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Influenza (Flu) Numerous viruses Runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, fever, chills, diarrhea, loss of appetite
Bed rest, fluids, antiviral medications
Laryngitis Viruses, bacteria, excessive talking, allergies, smoking, frequent use of alcohol
Hoarse voice, sore throat, dry cough and throat
Antibiotics, avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol
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Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Legionnaire’s Disease
Bacteria that grows in air conditioning systems
Fever, fatigue, difficulty breathing, chest pain, headache
Antibiotics, respiratory therapy and supportive therapy
Lung Cancer Smoking, exposure to radon, asbestos and industrial carcinogens
Cough, hemoptysis, difficulty breathing, weight loss, chronic hoarseness, wheezing
Depends on type of cancer and stage but chemotherapy and radiation are common treatments
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Pleuritis Viruses, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, chest trauma
Fever or chills, dry cough, shortness of breath, chest pain during breathing
Pain medications, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, removal of fluid around the lungs
Pneumonia Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, foreign matter entering the lungs
Fever or chills, headache, fatigue, coughing up rust-colored, green or yellow mucus
Rest, fluids, antibiotics, over-the-counter pain medications
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Pneumothorax Chest trauma, and unknown causes
Tightness in the chest, sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath
Chest tube, surgery
Pulmonary Edema
Congestive heart failure, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, heart valve disorders, lung infections, chest injuries and many others
Shortness of breath, wheezing, weight gain, pink mucus, pale skin, sweating
Oxygen therapy, diuretics, morphine
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Pulmonary Embolism
Heart attacks, fractured hips, cancer, long periods of inactivity
Fainting, sudden shortness of breath, hemoptysis, wheezing, tachycardia, chest pain
Support stockings, clot-dissolving medications, anti-coagulants, surgical filter insertion
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Viruses Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, muscle aches
Rest, anti-viral medications
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Diseases Causes Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Sinusitis Bacteria, blockage of sinus openings
Fever, cough, sore throat, facial pain, nasal decongestion
Nasal decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, antibiotics
Tuberculosis Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Cough lasting >3 weeks, fever or chills, weight loss, night sweats, pain when breathing
TB testing, Drug therapy
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
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Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific signs or symptoms and no known causes.
Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)
Risk Factors
• More common in male infants• Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible• Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk• Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS• African American and Native American babies are at highest risk• Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine, heroine, or nicotine• Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three times more likely to die
from SIDS
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Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?
a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease
Apply Your Knowledge
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Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswerWhich of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?
a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease