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Introduction to Introduction to Instructional MediaInstructional Media

Chapter One ReviewChapter One ReviewPresented byPresented byKai A. DupéKai A. Dupé

January 22, 2004January 22, 2004

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OverviewOverview

►This chapter examines teaching and This chapter examines teaching and learning in order to understand the learning in order to understand the role of educational technology in the role of educational technology in the teaching and learning process.teaching and learning process.

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Topics to be coveredTopics to be covered

►Examine differing views of educational Examine differing views of educational technology.technology.

►Explore learning within the framework Explore learning within the framework of communication.of communication.

►Review key learning theoriesReview key learning theories►Examine the learner characteristics Examine the learner characteristics

that affect learning.that affect learning.

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More TopicsMore Topics

► Investigate teaching styles and their Investigate teaching styles and their impact on learning.impact on learning.

►Explore teaching, learning, and Explore teaching, learning, and technology from a systems view.technology from a systems view.

►Briefly review educational technology Briefly review educational technology within a historical perspective.within a historical perspective.

►Synthesize your own view of the Synthesize your own view of the relationships between teaching, relationships between teaching, learning, and technology.learning, and technology.

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What is Educational What is Educational Technology?Technology?

►There are different ideas about how to There are different ideas about how to answer this question. It seems to answer this question. It seems to depend on who you ask?depend on who you ask?

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DefinitionsDefinitions

►Educators have a very broad Educators have a very broad definition.definition.

►Computer-oriented educators have a Computer-oriented educators have a more narrow definition that includes more narrow definition that includes computers and related software.computers and related software.

►Technologists define it in terms of the Technologists define it in terms of the hardware available that may be used hardware available that may be used in the classroom.in the classroom.

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Definition used by the textDefinition used by the text

►Educational Technology is the theory Educational Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, and practice of design, development, utilization, management and utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources evaluation of processes and resources for learning.for learning.

►This is the definition given by The This is the definition given by The Association for Educational Association for Educational Communication and Technology Communication and Technology (ACET)(ACET)

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Why Study Technology?Why Study Technology?

►Methods such as lecture can be Methods such as lecture can be enhanced by using technology.enhanced by using technology.

► In order to be able to know how to In order to be able to know how to effectively use technology in order to effectively use technology in order to enhance your teaching methods.enhance your teaching methods.

► In order to significantly improve In order to significantly improve communication.communication.

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Why Study Technology Why Study Technology Cont’dCont’d

►Teachers need to know what is out Teachers need to know what is out there as far as technology in order to there as far as technology in order to effectively enhance teaching.effectively enhance teaching.

►Technology can be used as a tool to Technology can be used as a tool to create an effective instructional event.create an effective instructional event.

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Instructional EventsInstructional Events

►Teachers construct instructional Teachers construct instructional events for transferring knowledge and events for transferring knowledge and skills to their students.skills to their students.

►Learning is a transfer of knowledge Learning is a transfer of knowledge from teacher to students.from teacher to students.

►How humans incorporate new How humans incorporate new knowledge, behaviors and skills into knowledge, behaviors and skills into ones individual personal repertoire.ones individual personal repertoire.

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How Do We Learn?How Do We Learn?

►Learning gets us to the psychological Learning gets us to the psychological views of human behaviors.views of human behaviors.

►Psychologists are not in agreement on Psychologists are not in agreement on these views.these views.

►We must remember that we are We must remember that we are examining theories. These are not examining theories. These are not proven.proven.

►Create your own view from the views Create your own view from the views out there to determine how you will out there to determine how you will design an instructional event.design an instructional event.

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How Do We Learn?How Do We Learn?

►Technology is an instructional end, not an Technology is an instructional end, not an end in itself.end in itself.

►To use technology effectively, the To use technology effectively, the teacher must have a clear understanding teacher must have a clear understanding of learning and the teaching strategies of learning and the teaching strategies that will result in the intended knowledge that will result in the intended knowledge transfer.transfer.

►The teaching strategies you select will The teaching strategies you select will then determine the appropriate types of then determine the appropriate types of technology tools needed to execute themtechnology tools needed to execute them

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Learning As CommunicationLearning As Communication

►One early approach to learning was to One early approach to learning was to view it as a communication process view it as a communication process between sender (Teacher) and between sender (Teacher) and receiver (Student)receiver (Student)

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VariablesVariables

►Environmental Factors.Environmental Factors.

►Psychological Factors.Psychological Factors.

►Personal Filters.Personal Filters.

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Environmental FactorsEnvironmental Factors

►NoiseNoise

►Dim LightingDim Lighting

►Excessive movementsExcessive movements

►Uncomfortable temperaturesUncomfortable temperatures

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Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors

►Emotional stateEmotional state

►The way the message is transmittedThe way the message is transmitted

►Preferred sensory gateway (Learning Preferred sensory gateway (Learning style)style)

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Personal FiltersPersonal Filters

►Personal ValuesPersonal Values

►Cultural HeritageCultural Heritage

►Social belief systemSocial belief system

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Communication, LearningCommunication, Learning

►All of the barriers to communication All of the barriers to communication interact with the communication interact with the communication process to determine the success of process to determine the success of the teaching learning process.the teaching learning process.

►Once the message has been correctly Once the message has been correctly transmitted is that learning? transmitted is that learning?

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What is a learning What is a learning perspective?perspective?

►Different people can look at the same Different people can look at the same thing and see it in very different ways.thing and see it in very different ways.

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PerspectivesPerspectives

►BehavioristBehaviorist

►CognitivistCognitivist

►ConstructionistConstructionist

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Behaviorist PerspectiveBehaviorist Perspective

►They view all behavior as a response They view all behavior as a response to external stimuli.to external stimuli.

►A stimulus is the initial action directed A stimulus is the initial action directed to the organism, and a response is the to the organism, and a response is the organism’s reaction to that action.organism’s reaction to that action.

►One learns as a response to the One learns as a response to the environment, not due to thinking.environment, not due to thinking.

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Key BehavioristsKey Behaviorists

► Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

► John WatsonJohn Watson

►B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

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Cognitivist PerspectiveCognitivist Perspective

►Learning is mental activity (thinking)Learning is mental activity (thinking)

►Behavior is still critical, but it is viewed Behavior is still critical, but it is viewed as an indicator of thinking and not just as an indicator of thinking and not just an outcome of stimulus-responsean outcome of stimulus-response

►Thinking is undetectable by mere Thinking is undetectable by mere observationobservation

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Key CognitivistsKey Cognitivists

► Jean PiagetJean Piaget

► Jerome BrunerJerome Bruner

►David AusubelDavid Ausubel

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Constructionist’s PerspectiveConstructionist’s Perspective

►Knowledge is a constructed element Knowledge is a constructed element resulting from the learning processresulting from the learning process

►Knowledge is unique to the individual Knowledge is unique to the individual who constructs itwho constructs it

►Combines thinking with the Combines thinking with the experiences of the individualexperiences of the individual

►At the present time, this view is the At the present time, this view is the most influential force shaping most influential force shaping contemporary educationcontemporary education

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Dominant Construction ViewsDominant Construction Views

► Cognitive-ConstructionistCognitive-ConstructionistChampioned by Robert GagnéChampioned by Robert GagnéLearning is a result of an individual’s Learning is a result of an individual’s cognitive efforts to construct personal cognitive efforts to construct personal knowledgeknowledge

► Social ConstructionistSocial ConstructionistLearning is considered a result of the Learning is considered a result of the collaboration of a group of learners in collaboration of a group of learners in

an an effort to construct a common core of effort to construct a common core of knowledgeknowledge

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Key ConstructionistsKey Constructionists

►Robert GagnéRobert Gagné

►Lev VygotskyLev Vygotsky

►Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura

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A View Of The LearnerA View Of The Learner

►Cognitive style – refers to how one Cognitive style – refers to how one thinks, can be measured using the MBTI.thinks, can be measured using the MBTI.

►Learning style – refers to how one best Learning style – refers to how one best learnslearns

► Intelligence – the inherent ability of the Intelligence – the inherent ability of the learner to understand and learnlearner to understand and learn

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Learning StylesLearning Styles

►Auditory (Listening)Auditory (Listening)

►Visual (Seeing)Visual (Seeing)

►Kinesthetic (Doing)Kinesthetic (Doing)

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Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences

► LinguisticLinguistic► LogicalLogical►MusicalMusical► SpatialSpatial► Body-KinestheticBody-Kinesthetic► InterpersonalInterpersonal► IntrapersonalIntrapersonal►NaturalisticNaturalistic► ExistentialExistential

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SummarySummary

►Utilize a systems view of teachingUtilize a systems view of teaching►Develop an understanding of learningDevelop an understanding of learning►Develop an understanding of the Develop an understanding of the

individual environmental factors that individual environmental factors that affect the learneraffect the learner

►Understand your own learning style and Understand your own learning style and dominant intelligencedominant intelligence

►Align your teaching style with your Align your teaching style with your student’s learning stylestudent’s learning style

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The IdeaThe Idea

►After evaluating all of the above you After evaluating all of the above you are better able to see how technology are better able to see how technology fits into the learning environment.fits into the learning environment.