11

In the early years....In the early years....

Wildlife provided the Wildlife provided the bulk of food availablebulk of food available

Supplies seemed Supplies seemed exhaustibleexhaustible

Humans destroyed Humans destroyed wildlife habitatwildlife habitat

22

Characteristics of WildlifeCharacteristics of Wildlife

All vertebrate animals are wildlifeAll vertebrate animals are wildlife Vertebrates-animals with backbonesVertebrates-animals with backbones

Have many of the same characteristics as Have many of the same characteristics as humans:humans: growth processesgrowth processes laws of hereditylaws of heredity general cell structuregeneral cell structure

33

Environment without controlEnvironment without control

Must adapt or perishMust adapt or perish Possess senses for Possess senses for

protection from protection from predatorspredators

Avoid overpopulationAvoid overpopulation

44

Wildlife RelationshipsWildlife Relationships

ParasitismParasitism MutualismMutualism PredationPredation CommensalismCommensalism CompetitionCompetition

55

ParasitismParasitism

Relationship between two organisms, either Relationship between two organisms, either plants or animals, in which one feeds on the plants or animals, in which one feeds on the other without killing it.other without killing it.

Parasites can be internal or externalParasites can be internal or external

66

MutualismMutualism

Two types of animals Two types of animals that live together for that live together for mutual benefitmutual benefit

There are many There are many examples of examples of mutualism in the mutualism in the wildlife communitywildlife community

77

PredationPredation

When one animal eats When one animal eats another animalanother animal

Is important in Is important in controlling controlling populations of wildlifepopulations of wildlife

88

CommensalismCommensalism

A Plant or animal that A Plant or animal that lives in, on, or with lives in, on, or with another, sharing its another, sharing its food, but not helping food, but not helping or harming itor harming it

One species is helped, One species is helped, but the other is neither but the other is neither helped or harmedhelped or harmed

99

CompetitionCompetition

When different species When different species of wildlife compete for of wildlife compete for the same:the same: food supplyfood supply nesting sitesnesting sites breeding sitesbreeding sites

One species may One species may increase in numbers increase in numbers while the other declineswhile the other declines

1010

Relationships Between Wildlife and Humans

Relationships Between Wildlife and Humans

BiologicalBiological EcologicalEcological EconomicEconomic

foodfood clothingclothing sheltershelter

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Six Positive ValuesSix Positive Values

CommercialCommercial RecreationalRecreational BiologicalBiological AestheticAesthetic ScientificScientific SocialSocial

1212

CommercialCommercial

Sale of wildlife or Sale of wildlife or wildlife productswildlife products

Raising of animals for:Raising of animals for: huntinghunting fishingfishing

1313

RecreationalRecreational

Hunting and FishingHunting and Fishing WatchingWatching Photographing Photographing

1414

BiologicalBiological

Value of the biological Value of the biological relationship between relationship between humans and wildlife is humans and wildlife is difficult to measuredifficult to measure

ExamplesExamples Pollination of cropsPollination of crops Soil ImprovementSoil Improvement Water conservationWater conservation Control of parasitesControl of parasites

1515

AestheticAesthetic

Refers to beautyRefers to beauty Is not measurable in Is not measurable in

economic termseconomic terms Can contribute to the Can contribute to the

mental well-being of mental well-being of the human racethe human race

1616

ScientificScientific

Often benefits humansOften benefits humans Has existed since the Has existed since the

beginning of timebeginning of time Early humans watched Early humans watched

wild animals to wild animals to determine which determine which plants and berries were plants and berries were safe to eatsafe to eat

1717

SocialSocial

Difficult to measureDifficult to measure Wildlife has the ability Wildlife has the ability

to enhance the value of to enhance the value of their surroundings just their surroundings just by their presenceby their presence

Provide humans the Provide humans the opportunity for variety opportunity for variety in outdoor recreation, in outdoor recreation, hobbies, and adventurehobbies, and adventure

1818

Classifications of Wildlife Management

Classifications of Wildlife Management

FarmFarm ForestForest WetlandsWetlands StreamStream Lakes and PondsLakes and Ponds

1919

Farm WildlifeFarm Wildlife

Probably the most Probably the most visible wildlife visible wildlife management management classificationclassification

Includes:Includes: development of fence development of fence

rowsrows minimum tillageminimum tillage improvement of woodlotsimprovement of woodlots controlled hunting controlled hunting

2020

Forest WildlifeForest Wildlife

More difficult to More difficult to managemanage

Planned so that timber Planned so that timber and wildlife can exist at and wildlife can exist at desired populations and desired populations and possibly be harvestedpossibly be harvested

Includes population Includes population controls to prevent controls to prevent habitat destructionhabitat destruction

2121

Wetlands WildlifeWetlands Wildlife

Most productive wildlife Most productive wildlife management areamanagement area

Includes all areas Includes all areas between dry upland and between dry upland and open wateropen water

IncludesIncludes marshesmarshes swampsswamps bogsbogs

2222

Stream WildlifeStream Wildlife

Often a difficult taskOften a difficult task Water pollution and Water pollution and

the need for clean the need for clean water for a growing water for a growing human population human population continue to increase at continue to increase at a rapid pacea rapid pace

2323

Lake and Pond WildlifeLake and Pond Wildlife

Normally easier than Normally easier than in streamsin streams

Concerns include:Concerns include: population levelspopulation levels oxygen levelsoxygen levels pollutantspollutants availability of food availability of food

resourcesresources

2424

Approved Practices - Farm Wildlife

Approved Practices - Farm Wildlife

Usually a by-product of farmingUsually a by-product of farming Little attention usually given by the farmer Little attention usually given by the farmer

except when cause crop damage or financial except when cause crop damage or financial lossloss

Management involves providing habitatManagement involves providing habitat Timing of operations is importantTiming of operations is important Planting crops attractive to wildlifePlanting crops attractive to wildlife Providing water during dry periodsProviding water during dry periods

2525

Approved Practices - Forest Wildlife

Approved Practices - Forest Wildlife

Types and numbers of wildlife differs with:Types and numbers of wildlife differs with: type and age of the treestype and age of the trees natural forest openingsnatural forest openings types of vegetation on the forest floortypes of vegetation on the forest floor presence of natural predatorspresence of natural predators

Management is geared towards increases Management is geared towards increases numbers of desired species of wildlifenumbers of desired species of wildlife

If desired populations are present the goal is to If desired populations are present the goal is to maintain those populations maintain those populations

2626

Approved Practices - Wetland Wildlife

Approved Practices - Wetland Wildlife

No area of American land is more importantNo area of American land is more important Are constantly changing Are constantly changing Provide food, nesting sites, and coverProvide food, nesting sites, and cover Ducks and geese are the most economically Ducks and geese are the most economically

important types of wildlife that need wetlandsimportant types of wildlife that need wetlands Other types include woodcock, pheasants, Other types include woodcock, pheasants,

deer, bears, milk, muskrats, and raccoonsdeer, bears, milk, muskrats, and raccoons

2727

Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife

Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife

Two general categories:Two general categories: warm waterwarm water cold watercold water

Based on water temperature at which the Based on water temperature at which the wildlife, primarily fish, can best grow and thrivewildlife, primarily fish, can best grow and thrive

Little difference in managing the two typesLittle difference in managing the two types In general, fish are the type of stream wildlife In general, fish are the type of stream wildlife

that is managedthat is managed

2828

Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife

Approved Practices - Stream Wildlife

Maintenance of population levels is Maintenance of population levels is importantimportant

Removal of unwanted species by:Removal of unwanted species by: nettingnetting poisoningpoisoning electric shockingelectric shocking

Artificial rearing and stockingArtificial rearing and stocking Regulations of sport fishingRegulations of sport fishing

2929

Approved Practices - Lake and Pond Wildlife

Approved Practices - Lake and Pond Wildlife

Very similar to managing stream wildlifeVery similar to managing stream wildlife Pollution must be controlledPollution must be controlled Populations must be monitored and Populations must be monitored and

harvesting controlledharvesting controlled Differences include:Differences include:

oxygen levels are critical in the summeroxygen levels are critical in the summer water temperatures are more variablewater temperatures are more variable may have to drain to remove unwanted speciesmay have to drain to remove unwanted species

3030

Future of Wildlife in the U.S.Future of Wildlife in the U.S.

A bright future is not ensured for all speciesA bright future is not ensured for all species Human population continues to competeHuman population continues to compete Outlook is not bleak, howeverOutlook is not bleak, however Humans have recognized the ability to coexistHumans have recognized the ability to coexist Humans are working to clean-up the Humans are working to clean-up the

environmentenvironment Parks and wildlife refuges are increasing in Parks and wildlife refuges are increasing in

numbersnumbers