1 general status of building energy consumption in china: survey and comparison borong lin, dr....
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General Status of Building Energy Consumption in China:
Survey and Comparison
Borong LIN, Dr. Associate ProfessorBuilding Energy Research Centre
Tsinghua University, ChinaMar., 2008
2
Content
• Chinese building energy consumption data
• Comparison between China & developed countries
• Stratagem to rising Chinese building energy efficiency
3
Chinese building energy consumption data
• Building energy investigation from 1995
• Data source– China yearbook
– On-site survey and statistics
• Two dominating energy sources in bldg.
– Coal Consumption
• Heating in Buildings in North of China
– Electricity Consumption
• Rural
• Urban
4
Survey on Building Energy consumption
• Classify energy consumption for urban bldg.– Heating in Buildings in North of China– Energy consumption in buildings excluding heating
• Residential Bldg.• Ordinary Commercial Bldg.• Large-scale Commercial Bldg.
All Bldg. in China
Civil bldg. in towns & cities
Res. bldg. in rural area
Industrial bldg.Relating to Manufacture Procedure
70% is bio-energy
30% comm. energy
Major part
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农村能耗35%
城镇住宅除采暖外能耗16%
一般公共建筑能耗19%
大型公共建筑能耗4%
长江流域住宅采暖能耗
1%
北方城镇采暖能耗25%
Rural area
Heating at North China
Heating at Yangzi River1%
Residential building except heating16%
Ordinary Commercial19%
Large-scale Commercial4%
BEC in China - Breakdown
BEC in each sector
Building area in each sector
24
6. 5
10
5. 5
0. 50
5
10
15
20
25
30
Rural Heati ng Resi denti al Ordi narycommerci al
Largecommerci al
Gm2
6
Current situation - Breakdown
Area(bm2)
Annual energy consumption(*104 tce)
(kWh/m2·a)
BEC in rural area
(Primary bio-energy
not included)24 19200 7.5~15
Heating in northern
area6.5 12740 57
BEC except heating
Residential 10 7820 10~30
Ordinary commercial
5.5 9470 20~60
Large commercial 0.5 1760 70~300
Urban total 16 130Mtce 52
Total 40 51730 30 kWh/m2·a
BEC accounts for 25.5% of Total social terminal energy consumption in China
7
1603018206
7774
743 1623
5219
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
USA Canada J apan Chi na Chi naUrban
Europe
Building energy data Building energy data from different countriesfrom different countries
Building energy data by per participant [kWh/(p.a)]
187202
178
30
65
146
0
60
120
180
240
USA Canada J apan Chi na Chi naUrban
Europe
Building energy data by floor area [kWh/(m2.a)]
Comparisons
Data source: EIA 2005
8
Differences in BEC
• Urban residential in China:– Less domestic hot water service– Difference in operation– High consumption in heating
• Commercial buildings– High standard LCB: same level– Normal commercial: much lower
• Rural residential in China: – 70% of energy are primary bio-energy– Much low living standard comparing
9
BEC comparison- residential buildings
10
农村能耗35%
城镇住宅除采暖外能耗16%
一般公共建筑能耗19%
大型公共建筑能耗4%
长江流域住宅采暖能耗
1%
北方城镇采暖能耗25%
Rural area
Heating atNorth China
Heating atYangzi River
1%
Residential building except heating16%
Ordinary Commercial19%
Large-scale Commercial4%
农村能耗35%
城镇住宅除采暖外能耗16%
一般公共建筑能耗19%
大型公共建筑能耗4%
长江流域住宅采暖能耗
1%
北方城镇采暖能耗25%
Rural area
Heating atNorth China
Heating atYangzi River
1%
Residential building except heating16%
Ordinary Commercial19%
Large-scale Commercial4%
BEC in rural area• 60% of total building area
35% of BEC
commercial energy 7.5~15kWh/m2.a• Commercial energy consumption: 1/3 of
urban residents in terms of per m2
• Primary bio-energy (firewood, corn stalk, etc.)
takes a great portion (no accurate data)
• No accurate data about primary energy, being investigated
11
Comparison between China urban & US
• Heating energy: same level
• Electricity: large difference
56. 9 51. 5
13. 84. 29
26. 2 67. 21
20. 02
0
40
80
120
160
North Chi na US
kWh/
m2.a hotwater
appl i ancecooki ngheati ng
56. 9 51. 5
13. 84. 29
26. 2 67. 21
20. 02
0
40
80
120
160
North Chi na US
kWh/
m2.a hotwater
appl i ancecooki ngheati ng
Data source: 2005 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy
Terminal energy converted to electricity equivalent
12
Reasons for difference
• Different operation manner– Less domestic hot water consumption
• Only 60% of families have hot water system• Less than 10% in total energy consumption
– Part time part space AC• 2~3 rooms in 6 rooms run AC• Most of AC run less 200 hours per year
• Economizing custom – lighting is well controlled manually
13
Energy Comparison for Residential (kWh/m2.a)
Total总量
Cook炊事
Hot water生活热水
Lighting照明
Appliance家用电器
AC空调
China 中国 27 9.5 3~5 6.7 5~15 1~5
Beijing北京 10～ 30 2～ 4
Shanghai上海 20～ 40 5～ 10
USA美国 97 7.2 24. 5 14.8 36.7 13.8
Japan日本 41 3.5 15.6 20.4 1.3
中国此部分能耗水平是美国的 1/4，日本的 60%About ¼ of USA and 60% of Japan.
14
BEC comparison- Heating in North China
15
Heating Energy Comparison北京采暖建筑耗热量调查
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
kWh/m2.年
平均83kWh/m2.年
北京采暖建筑耗热量调查
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47
kWh/m2.年
平均83kWh/m2.年
0
50
100
150
200
250
德国 丹麦 法国 希腊 北京
kWh/
m2.年
单体别墅 连体别墅 连排房 公寓楼
Heating Energy consumption comparison
Germany
Denmark
France
Greece
Beijing, China
Field investigated heating energy data in Beijing
83kWh/m2a
Beijing VS. city of developed countries
16
Parameters of heatingParameters of heatingFactors on Heating影响采暖能耗的参数
建筑构造Building structure
保温水平Insulation
体型系数Shape factor
运行性能Operation
渗风量Infiltration
运行时间Length operation
室内温度Indoor temp.
China中国
Europe欧洲
Insulation Shape factor Infiltration Operation time
Indoor temp.
1 0.2~0.5
>0.5
Close window: 0.5～ 1/hrOpen window :3～ 10/hr
1~2 /hr
Beijing: 120daysNortheast: 170
Any time If needed
18~20℃
18~22℃ ½ ~ 1/3
因此，中国采暖能耗并非是发达国家的 2～ 3倍，而是基本差不多Therefore, heating energy consumption level in China is similar to developed countries.
17
BEC comparison- commercial buildings
18
EC in LCB
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
kWh/m2.yr
Shoppingmall
Hotel Office Government
LCBs in BeijingLCBs in Beijing
161
323302. 8
199 186
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HK_Offi ce HK_Mal l US_campus Canada_hotel UK_hotel
kWh/m2.a
161
323302. 8
199 186
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
HK_Offi ce HK_Mal l US_campus Canada_hotel UK_hotel
kWh/m2.a
LCBs worldwideLCBs worldwide
Data source: on-site survey by THU; Dissertation, Xue Zhifeng, 2005
19Data source:Environment Management for the Sustainable Building. Japan， 2004
Comparison about LCB
(Energy for heating in Chinese buildings excluded)
(Energy for heating in Chinese buildings excluded)
Offi ce
4114
49
31
61
63
0
26
12
5
020406080
100120140160180200
J apan Chi na
kWh/m2.a
others
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ancefans, pumps
resource
Offi ce
4114
49
31
61
63
0
26
12
5
020406080
100120140160180200
J apan Chi na
kWh/m2.a
others
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ancefans, pumps
resource
Hotel
6525
7676
120
100
0
28
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
J apan Chi na
kWh/
m2.a
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ance
fans, pumps
cool i ng/ heati ngresource
Hotel
6525
7676
120
100
0
28
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
J apan Chi na
kWh/
m2.a
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ance
fans, pumps
cool i ng/ heati ngresource
Shoppi ng mal l
4113
49
39
61
460
26
20
5
0
50
100
150
200
J apan Chi na
kWh/
m2.a
others
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ance
fans, pumps
cool i ng/ heati ngresource
Shoppi ng mal l
4113
49
39
61
460
26
20
5
0
50
100
150
200
J apan Chi na
kWh/
m2.a
others
hot water
l i ghi ng, appl i ance
fans, pumps
cool i ng/ heati ngresource
20
Case Study in USA• 1,3 million m2, Campus• Location: Philadelphia • distributed CHW System
– Office Building– Laboratory– School Building– Hotels– Residential (few)
21
Energy consumption in campus buildings（ China & US)
Dental School6,425m2， 313kWh/m2.a
Business School30,000m2， 356kWh/m2.a
School of Science15,000m2， 98kWh/m2.a
Office4,650m2， 34kWh/m2.a
School of Technology27,000m2， 64kWh/m2.a
Lab & Office3,360m2， 56kWh/m2.a
22
End-use electricity
• More than 50% used by HVAC– Fans in AHUs of Buildings– Pumps: primary, secondary– Chillers
Offi ce
18076
63
14
163
31
0
90
180
270
360
450
US Chi na
MJ/m2.a
f ans and pumps
cool i ng resource
Li ghti ng, El evators, PCs, etc.
Offi ce
18076
63
14
163
31
0
90
180
270
360
450
US Chi na
MJ/m2.a
f ans and pumps
cool i ng resource
Li ghti ng, El evators, PCs, etc.
23
Investigation
• Reasons for high EC– Counteraction of cooling and heating– Longer running time-24h– Different indoor temp. setting 20 summer℃
• Factors causing large difference in EC between commercial buildings– HVAC System– Operation manner– Less related to technology
24
Factors influence BEC
(Good)
Building envelope
(Bad)
(Good)
Building envelope
(Bad)
(High efficient)
System efficiency
(low efficient)
(High efficient)
System efficiency
(low efficient)
(Economized)
Operation mode
(Uneconomized
(Economized)
Operation mode
(Uneconomized
(Low)
EnergyConsumption
(High)
(Low)
EnergyConsumption
(High)
Real building Performance Energy
25
China’s BEC Stratagem
26
Main characteristics for BEC in China
• Current situation– Relative lower than the level of developed countries– Large difference between buildings– Heating is the largest part
• Development – Growing rapidly with the development of economy
and civilization– Energy efficiency work for China
• Big challenge• Different way from developed countries • Economizing custom should be called for
27
Prediction of BEC in China in 2020 (Considering improvement of urbanization and living condition)
Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3
Rural area
100% primary bio-energy consumption changing into commercial energy
50% primary bio-energy consumption changing into commercial energy
10% primary bio-energy consumption changing into commercial energy
HeatingTo apply district heating as in north China
To apply district heating as in north China
To decrease heating & cooling energy to 12 kWh/m2.a
Residential Electricity consumption level raised to 150% The same electricity
consumption level as in 2005
Not to change EC level of existed; to raise BEE of newOrdinary Com.
Large Com.The same electricity consumption level as in 2005
To reduce energy consumption greatly
Total BEC680 mi. tce/a,
1520 bi. kWh/a
420 mi. tce/a,
1130 bi. kWh/a
180 mi. tce/a,
825 bi. kWh/a
BEC per ca.
/Urban BEC per ca.
2470kWh/a
/3175kWh/a
1792kWh/a
/2664kWh/a
957kWh/a
/1394kWh/a
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Prediction of BEC in China in 2020
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 Now
(Bi .kWh/yr)
El ec.
Coal (convert to elec.)
China (Urban BEC per ca.)US
(now)Japan (now)
Western Eu. (now)
BEC per capita
(convert to elec.)
Scene 1 Scene 2 Scene 3 now14000 6200 6000
3200 2700 1400 2000
Energy source: <International Energy Outlook 2005>
29
Big challenge for China:
• Demand– Keeping Economic Growth– Improving living conditions
• Limitation– Energy Supply to meet the requirement– GHGs Emission and Climate Change Responsib
ility
• Different way from developed countries– Find a unique approach and contribute to the wo
rld
30
Key Points of BEE Works in China
• Reduce EC for large-scaled commercial building– by new tech, strict evaluation and LC Commissioning to new
buildings, and improving management, operation and control in existing buildings
• Improve living conditions for rural area– by developing a sustainable approach to improve the living
standard• Improve service quality for residential & ordinary Com.
– by promoting high energy efficiency appliances and keeping energy-saving habits
• Reduce EC for heating– by adding additional insulation and improving system efficiency
• Satisfy the indoor environment demand in Yangtze River area with low EC– by developing new heating and cooling technologies and
strategies
31
Conclusion
• Energy consumption is related with complicated matters including: building fabric, energy utilization efficiency, living and operation mode
• Commercial buildings
• Residential buildings
• Building energy development in a distinct way is a big challenge for China and the world
