1. english language press 6/8/20151 dr. sunder rajdeep, lecturer, dept. of communication &...

1. English language press

04/18/23 1DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of

Communication & Journalism, University of Mumbai.

1. English language press

04/18/23 2DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of


The English language has an attested history of about 13 centuries, says Professor Jay Jasanoff, chairman of the department of linguistics at Harvard University who holds a doctorate in linguistics. "There are written records of it from about 700 A.D.," he says, "but the English of that period was as different from modern English as a foreign language”. As time passed, French became the biggest contributor to the English vocabulary.English, like other European languages, also has words borrowed from Latin and Greek roots. To put it into categories, English progressed from Early Modern English (Shakespeare) to Modern English.

04/18/23DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of

Communication & Journalism, University of Mumbai.3

Bill Frawley, dean of arts and sciences at George Washington University, "Look at the preposition used: the war on Iraq, the war with Iraq, the war in Iraq, the war against Iraq," he says.



4

Students who have studied German or French will notice similarities between English and French/German. The German word 'milch' is very close in sound to the English 'milk'. Likewise, the German 'wasser' and English 'water', 'brot' and 'bread', 'fleisch' and 'flesh' closely resemble each other. Latin words like 'ad hoc', 'bona fide', 'modus operandi' have been lifted exactly the way they are in English. In Greek words as 'aeon' means 'an age', 'kudos' means 'glory'.



5

As Britain’s colonies grew, so did the spread of the language and its dominance. The first English dictionary was compiled by English schoolteacher Robert Cawdrey in 1604. The only surviving copy is found at the Bodleian Library in Oxford.Second English Language Dictionary had been prepared by Samuel Johnson's in 1755.


Communication & Journalism, University of Mumbai. 6

Johnson's Dictionary remained the English-language standard for over 150 years, until the Oxford University Press began writing and releasing the Oxford English Dictionary in short fascicles from 1884 onwards. It took nearly 50 years to finally complete the huge work, and they finally released the complete OED in twelve volumes in 1928. It remains the most comprehensive and trusted English language dictionary to this day, with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months.

04/18/23 DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of Communication & Journalism, University

of Mumbai.7

The first Newspaper of the world ‘Oxford Gazette’ was started in 1655; it was biweekly.After 24th issues it had became ‘London Gazette’. First daily of London was ‘Daily courante’ started in 11th march 1702 by E. Mallet. Beginning of the 18th century Paul Julius Reuter stared their news agency.Reuter stared their service in India from 1866. Now a days Reuter has 14 thousand journalist.



8

The biggest Newspaper of the England ‘The Times’ has stared in 1784. First editor was John Walter. The first America`s newspaper started in 24th April 1704 , namely ‘Boston Newsletter’. It’s editor & publisher was John Campbell.‘New York Sun’ started in 3rd September 1833.‘New York Times’ or ‘New York daily Times’ started in 18th September 1851. It’s publisher was Henry J. Raymond & George Jones.



9

The Washington Post founded by Independent-minded Democrat Stilson Hutchins in 6th December 1877 from Pennsylvania as a mission.In 1889 Hutchins sold the The Post to Frank Hatton (The Republican Cabinet member).Now a days The Post is associated with many News channel, Radio channel & the Magazines. The Washington Times founded in 1982. It has gain a reputation for hard-hitting investigative reporting & thorough coverage of politics and policy.

04/18/23

DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of Communication & Journalism, University

of Mumbai. 10

Affiliated Publication : Insight Magazine, The world & I, National weekly, Middle east Times, Tiempos' del Mundo, Segye Ilbo, Segye Time USA, Chongyohak Shinmun, Sakai Nippo, Wash. Golf Monthly.



11

Assignment The Chicago Tribune : http//chicagotribune.comThe Christian Science Monitor: http//csmonitor.comThe San Francisco Gate: http//sfgate.comThe daily press: http//dailypress.comThe Washington Times: http//washtime.com



12

Assignment The Washington Post: http//washington.comThe New York Time: http//nytimes.comThe Los Angeles Time: www.latimes.com/homeThe wall Street Journal: www.wsj.com



13

The Origin and growth of the English press in India

Portuguese took initiative & started their first Newspaper in 1550, namely ‘Reflector’ for religious publicity. 1578- Goa News 1602- Patrika.British east India company’s officer William Blots took initiative and started a Newspaper ie, ‘India Gazette’ in September 1768.



14

British east India company’s employee Jams Augustus Hickey took initiative & started ‘Bengal Gazette’ alias Calcutta general advertiser in 29 January 1780. This is the landmark of the Indian Journalism. Times of India : ‘Bombay telegraph’ & ‘Bombay courier’ merged with ‘Bombay times’ in November 3rd 1838. Due to the mismanagement it was under gone to controversy.



15

Thomas J. Bennet purchased the rights of Bombay times & renamed as ‘The Times of India’ in 1861.He had taken help of master printer F. M. Coleman. Later, they jointly formed the Company.The Statesman : British Journalist Robert knight started in 1875 in Calcutta, initially it was weekly late on it has become daily. The Hindu : G. Subramania Aiyer and M. Veeraraghavcharier took initiative & started in September 20th 1878. Initially it was weekly, in 1889 it become daily.



16

Assignment• The Hindustan Times :

www.hindustantimes.com• The free Press Journal :• The Times of India : www.timesofindia.com• Deccan Chronicle:• The Statesman : www.thestatesman.net• The Tribune : www.tribunindia.com• The Hindu : www.hindugroupsonnet.com



17

Assignment• Mid-Day :• Sahara Times : www.saharatimes.com• The Indian Express : www.expressindia.com• The Nation Herald :• The Telegraph : www.telegraphindia.com• The Pioneer : www.dailypioneer.com• The Asian age :• DNA : www.dnaindia.com



18

Assignment• Afternoon : www.cybernoon.com



19

2. Hindi Language Press



20

The Hindi language is spoken in:



21

Himachal PradeshNorth PunjabHaryanaDelhiRajasthanUttar Pradesh (and Uttaranchal)Madhya Pradesh (and Chhattisgarh)Bihar (and Jharkhand).

The Hindi language is a convergence of several local languages and dialects such as Khadi Boli (खडी� बो�ली�), Hindustani (हिंदुस्ता�नी�), Bangaru (बो��गरू), Vraja (व्रज), Bundeli (बो��दे�ली�), Awadhi (अवधी�), Bagheli (बोघे�ली�), Gadhawali (गढव�ली�), Chhattisgadhi (छत्ति�सगढ!), Magahi (मग�), Bhojpuri (भो�जपु�री�), Kanauji (कन्नौ(ज�), Maithili (म)थि+ली�), Marwadi (म�रीव�डी�), Mevati (म�व�ता�) and Malavi (म�लीव�).



22

Linguistically speaking there are two distinct ways in which Hindi is spoken - western Hindi and eastern Hindi. Khadi Boli, Bangaru, Vraja, Kanauji and Bundeli combine to form western Hindi. Khadi Boli is spoken in its original form in Merut and Bijnore (UP). Bangaru is also called Haryanawi (रिरीया�णव�) and is spoken in Haryana. Vraja is spoken in Mathura and its surrounding areas.



23

Kanauji is spoken in the plains of the Ganga and the Jamuna. Bundeli is spoken in Bundelkhand. Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgadhi combine to form eastern Hindi.Awadhi is spoken in Awadh and Chhattisgadhi in Chhattisgadh. Bihari, Rajasthani and Pahadi are also dialects of Hindi. Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili are branches of Bihari.



24

Of all these Bhojpuri is the more widely spoken language. (Films).Shahabad, Champaranya and Saran districts of Bihar and Gorakhpur and Banaras in Uttar Pradesh are the regions where Bhojpuri is spoken. Magahi is spoken in Patna and Gaya while Maithili is spoken in the region to the north of the Ganga.Rajasthani is spoken in all of Rajasthan and Malwa.



25

Mevati, Malavi, Jaipuri and Marwadi are branches of Rajasthani. Of these Marwadi is the most widely spoken language. Khadi Boli Hindi is the language of contemporary Hindi literature and is written in the Devanagiri script. It is the national language of India.

04/18/23


of Mumbai. 26

About the 8th century is considered the time when Hindi literature began to take shape. Buddhism had spread wide in northern India at the time. The Vajrayan (वज्रया�नी) sect (religious Dominations) of Buddhism was Tantrik (ता��त्रि1क) in nature and was very popular. The monks of these sects were known as Siddha (थिसद्ध).The Siddha produced a lot of literature in the local language and these books are said to be among the first in Hindi literature.



27

The Siddha opposed the alcoholism and sexuality (Bramhacharya) that had entered the practices of the Vajrayan sect at the time through their writings. The writing was in poetry form. Among the writers were Sarhapa (सरीपु�), Shabarapa (शबोरीपु�) and Luipa (ली�ईपु�). Along with the Buddhist Siddha, the Jains also contributed to the literature of the language. Chief among them were Svayambhudeva (स्वया�भो5दे�व), Devasen Soori (दे�वस�नी स5री�) and Pushpadanta (पु�ष्पुदे�ता).



28

The Jain writers wrote biographies, stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata and love stories too. Although both the Buddhist and Jain writers used several forms of literature, the chief poetry form used by both was the doha (दे��). From the Siddha came the Natha (नी�+) sect. The Natha sect attacked the intense ritualism of the time and focused on good conduct. Chief among the authors from this sect was Gorakhnath (ग�रीखनी�+).



29

The Natha poets wrote of renunciation (tyga) and yoga in their poetry. Hence, it is very stark (bare) in nature. The sect produced many poets like Gahininath (गत्रिनी�नी�+), Charpatanath (चपु8टनी�+), Chauranginath (च(री�ग�नी�+) and Bhartruhari (भोता:8री�). These poets composed their works between the 13th and the 14th century. Of these poets Bhartruhari is more well-known for his works on aesthetics, morals and renunciation (tyga). The work of these poets created valuable literature in the language and at the same time brought to the common people the values and morals of the time in their language.



30

Between the 11th and the 12th century the Muslim invaders (control led by arms forces) politically split northern India and several small kingdoms were formed. A new form of poetry emerged at the time. The Bhat (भो�ट) or Charan (च�रीण) poets began writing poems in admire of the local kings. The poems were called Raso (री�स�). It was around the same time that Sheikh Farid (श)ख फरी�दे) wrote poetry in Punjabi mixed with Hindi. Amir Khusrao (अम�री ख�स्रो�) is also from the same period. He wrote poetry that spoke about the common men and women and their everyday painful efforts and traditions.



31

• Some of Khusrao's compositions are very well-known.

• अम्म� म�री� बो�बो� क� भो�ज� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�• बो�ट! ता�री� बो�बो� ता� बो5ढ़ा� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�• अम्म� म�री� भो�ई क� भो�ज� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�• बो�ट! ता�री� भो�ई ता� बो�ली� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�• अम्म� म�री� म�म5 क� भो�ज� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�• बो�ट! ता�री� म�म� ता� बो��क� री� - त्रिक स�वनी आया�



32

Khusrao also wrote several poems in the Qawwali (कव्व�ली�) form that was very popular with the Sufi saints and continue to attract listeners and singers alike. One of his more popular Qawwali goes like this -छ�पु-त्रितालीक ताज दे!न्B री� ता�स� नी)नी� मिमली� क� । प्रे�म बोट! क� मदेव� त्रिपुली� क� ,

मताबो�री� करी दे!न्B री� मFस� नी)नी� मिमली� क� । ख�सरी� त्रिनीज़ा�म पु) बोथिली-बोथिली जइए

म�� स��गनी कJन्B री� म�स� नी)नी� मिमली� क� ।



33

Adhunik Kal (आधी�त्रिनीक क�ली) or the modern period started from 1850. It was the period when the British had begun consolidating their hold over India.Prose writing in Khadi Boli spread in the 19th century. The process was started by Lalluji Yadav (लील्ली�ज� या�देव) and Sadal Mishra (सदेली मिमश्र) who wrote books in Hindi for English officers.



34

Both were employed with the Fort William College in Kolkata. The Christian missionaries began to write in Hindi spreading the message of Christ.The first school text books in Hindi for children were written by Raja Shivaprasad (री�ज� थिशवप्रेस�दे).



35

A new wave of existential writing emerged after 1940. It was called Yatharthavad (या+�+8व�दे). Farmers, Dalits, women, the exploited classes and marginalised society found expression in this writing.Among the important writers of this time were Pant (पु�ता), Nirala (त्रिनीरी�ली�), Bhagavaticharana (भोगवता�चरीण), Ramvilas Sharma (री�मत्रिवली�स शम�8), Kedarnath Agarwal (क� दे�रीनी�+ अगरीव�ली), Nagarjuna (नी�गरीज�नी�), Trilochana (त्रि1ली�चनी), and Shamsher Bahadursingh (शमश�री बो�दुरीसिंसग).



36

Hindi Press in India : The Hindi Press aggressively had been used for the freedom fight movement by Lokmanya Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi . Motto of Hindi Press : Patriotism, Social reform & Political progress.First Hindi language Newspaper was ‘oodant Martand’ started by Jugalkishor Sookool in 1826. British Government tried to suppress the oodant Martand and had not given postal concession for the circulation to out side of the West Bengal.



37

Hindi Press in India :

• Due to the limited circulation and limited Hindi readers it had been closed within a year.

• Second Newspaper was ‘Bangadoot’ started in 1829. It’s editor was Nilratan Haldar. Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkaprasad Thakur were also associated with this Newspaper.

• Third Newspaper was ‘Prajamitra’ from Calcutta.



38

First daily Hindi language Newspaper was ‘Samachar subah varshan’ started in 1854, it’s editor was Shyam Sunder Sen. In the period 1850 to 1857 Banaras Akabar, Sudhakar, Tatwabodhini, Patrika & Satya these were the very popular & remarkable Newspapers. 1914 during the period of first world war many Newspaper were started form the Mumbai, Kolkata & Patna. Some were ‘Shree Venketweshwar Samachara’ from Mumbai, editor was Balmukund Gupta. And ‘Bharat Mitra’ from Kolkata, editor was Ambika prasd vajpai.



39

In 1920 ‘Aaj’ was started form Banaras. It’s first editor was Shree Prakash. It had played vital role in freedom movement. People compare it with ‘London Times’. In 1920 ‘Desh’ was started from Patana founded by Babu Rajendra Prasad. It was weekly knows as Mouthpiece of Congress party. Till 1924 total 102 Newspaper were published. Out of these ‘Aaj’ from Banaras, ‘Swatantra’ from Calcutta, ‘Arjun’ from Delhi & ‘Calcutta samachar’ from calcutta.



40

‘Navrajastan’ Started by Ramgopal Maheshewari as a weekly form Akola (Maharastra), after it had been closed Maheshwari came to Nagpur.Maheshwari strated ‘Nav Bharat’ in 1934 from Nagpur as a weekly. It has been converted into daily in 1938. Now a days it has been publishing from Nagpur, Mumbai, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Raipur & Indor. In 1936 ‘Hindustan’ started from Delhi by fridom fighter pt. Madan Mohan Malviya. It’s Hindi edition of Hindustan Times (english).



41

In 1946 ‘Dainik Bhaskar’ strated by late Vishamberdayal Agrawal. Now a days it has been publishing from … It’s a largest circulating daily of India in urban areas.In 1950 ‘Nava Bharat Times’ started by ToI groups. In 1983 ‘Punjab Kesari’ started by Amar shahid lala Jagat Narayanji from Jalandhar. In 1989 ‘Lokmat Samachar’ started by late Jawaharlal Darda. It’s a Hindi edition of leding Marathi daily ‘Lokmat’. Now a days it has been publishing from Nagpur, Akola & Aurangabad.



42

In 1990 ‘Dainik Jagaran’ founded by late Poornachandra Gupta through Jagaran publication ltd. Its Delhi edition’s editor is Narendra Mohan. In 14th September, 2003 Government of India has been published a postal stamp on him. It is a largest circulating daily of India in rural areas.In 1991 ‘Rashtriya Sahara’ started by Sahara India Mass Communication ltd. Noeda (UP). Now a days it has been publishing from New Delhi, Lakhanow & Gorakhpur.



43



44

According to RNI’s reports of 2008 :Daily : 4,240Bi-weekly : 176Weekly : 9,110Fortnightly : 2,780 Monthly : 2,990Quarterly : 579Half yearly : 183Annuals : 35Total : 20,096.

1. Marathi language press



45

Marathi is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. It is one of the very well evolved and rich languages in India. Stories, novels, biographies, essays, plays, history, poetry, literature by the saints, folk literature, encyclopaedias, science writing are some of the genres that are abundantly found in this language.From about the twelfth century a lot of literature has been produced in this language.



46

The language traces similarity to Aryan Sanskrit.However, Marathi did not originate from Sanskrit. In fact, historians and anthropologists have differing views on the origins of Marathi. There are influences on Marathi of the Jainas and the Buddhists too.The oldest known author in Marathi is Mukundraja (म�क�� देरी�ज). He wrote the Viveksindhu (त्रिवव�कसिंसधी5) in 1188.The Viveksindhu speaks of the philosophy of the Vedas and the Upanishad. The writing is in poetry form. The use of metaphor is not to make the verse sound good but to explain the finer points of philosophy.



47

The twelfth century in Maharashtra was influenced heavily by the Mahanubhava (म�नी�भो�व) sect founded by Chakradhar (चक्रधीरी). Marathi owes a lot to this sect. Chakradhar and his disciples appear to insist on the usage of Marathi instead of Sanskrit.Mukundraja did write in Marathi but he makes it clear that he did so out of the compulsion of wanting the people to understand what he wrote.

04/18/23DR. Sunder Rajdeep, Lecturer, Dept. of Communication

& Journalism, University of Mumbai. 48

About 1278, Mahendra (मOद्र) or Mahimbhatt (मत्रिमभोट्ट), a member of the Mahanubhava sect, wrote the Lilacharitra (ली�ळा�चरिरी1) in poetry form. In the book Mahendra speaks about his teacher Chakradhar, his preaching (give moral advice in an obtrusive way) and events in his life. Later, Kesoba (क� स�बो�), another of Chakradhar's disciples put together 114 examples that Chakradhar used to explain the details of life.



49

Dnyaneshwar (ज्ञा�नी�श्वरी) was born within a short span from Chakradhar (1275-1296). This was a time when all kinds of complicated behaviour was prescribed and a one dimensional perspective was made part of the everyday discipline of living. Dnyaneshwar chose to present the Bhavarthadipika (भो�व+8दे!त्रिपुक�), a critique of the Bhagvad Gita in Marathi. The book comprises 9000 verses in the ovee (ओव�) form. The Gita then was only available in Sanskrit.Both the Gita and the Bhagvat, that the dominant groups used to gain social power from, were ancient texts.



50

Dnyaneshwar, Nivrutti (त्रिनीव:��), Sopan (स�पु�नी), Muktabai (म�क्ता�बो�ई) and Changdev (च��गदे�व) are the five important composers in Marathi in this time followed by Namdev (नी�मदे�व), Savata Mali (स�वता� म�ळा!), Chokhamela (च�ख�म�ळा�), Gora Kumbhar (ग�री� क�� भो�री), Narahari Sonar (नीरीरी� स�नी�री), Joga Paramanand (ज�ग� पुरीम�नी�दे) and other saints.The Varkari (व�रीकरी�) sect was formed by Dnyaneshwar and propagated by the saints after him. The years between 1050 and 1350 could be considered the ancient period of Marathi literature.



51

In the period 1533-1599 saint Eknath composed several thousand poems. His performance of the Ramayana was an important contribution to a political awakening in Maharashtra of the time. The Christian missionaries made significant contributions to the Marathi language. The Khristapurana (ख्रिXस्तापु�री�ण) written by Father Stephens (1549-1619) is perhaps the most prominent of these writings. This work is written in the ovee form that was used by the poet saints right from Dnyaneshwara to Eknath.



52

Several Mohammedan poets wrote in Marathi including Amber Hussein (अ�बोरी हुस)नी), Sheikh Sultan (श)ख स�ल्ता�नी), Sheikh Mohammed (श)ख म�म्मदे) and Shahamuni (श�म�नी�). These Mohammedan writers wrote not just religious poetry but composed other works too. Several women too wrote poetry in Marathi at this time. Chief among them were Muktabai (म�क्ता�बो�ई), Dnyaneshwar's sister, Janabai (जनी�बो�ई), a woman living with Namdev's family, Bahinabai (बोत्रिण�बो�ई), Tukaram's disciple and Venabai (व�ण�बो�ई), Ramdas's disciple.

04/18/23


of Mumbai. 53

• Of these Janabai and Bahinabai are particularly striking because they give an everyday feminine perspective to the work of the saint poets and the socio-political environment within which the saints produced their work. Janabai writes -

• आम्� बोळाव�ता�च्या� दे�स� । क�ण गभो8व�स स�स� ॥• करू याम�स� ता�डीण । आम�च� धीनी� नी�री�याण ॥• जनी� म्ण� री� । पु�पु उरी� नी�दे! उरी� ॥



54

This period of religious poetry was followed by the Povada (पु�व�डी�) and the Lavani (ली�वण�) form of composition. These two forms became very popular during the reign of Shivaji. The Povada was sung by a Shahir (श��री). The oldest Povada is believed to have been composed by Adnyanadasa (अज्ञा�नीदे�स) describing in 1659 the killing of Afzal Khan by Shivaji. The Lavani form came after the Povada. It was more dramatic. It is sung and enacted. The Lavani dealt with topics as wide as love, sex and marriage to social values and women's rights.



55

The period between 1875 and 1920 is believed to be the period of revolution for the Marathi language. The British had established their hold over the entire country during this time. The Marathi that is spoken today took its form during this period. It is interesting to note that throughout its history the Marathi language has had to compete and contest for space with another language to survive.At first it was Sanskrit then Urdu, followed by English and Portuguese, especially in the coastal regions of the state.



56

In Mumbai it had to challenge with Gujarati and finally after India became Independent, Marathi had to contest for space with Hindi. Towards its south the language has had to contest with Kannada. One of the benefits of these numerous conflicts has been that the Marathi language has picked up words from several languages and given its own words to other languages. Typically, the rebirth of the Marathi language has always been from the grassroots by a movement led by the common people in Maharashtra.



57



58

1. english language press 6/8/20151 dr. sunder rajdeep, lecturer, dept. of communication &...

Documents