1

DRUG TRENDS

THE FIGHT AGAINST DRUG TRAFFICKING

ISTANBUL

July 08, 2008

2

DRUG PROBLEMS

The drug problem has grown into a regional and

international crime problem, not just a national problem.

Globalization

High profit margin

Increase in drug addiction

Terrorist activities

Changes in the political situation in various countries

3

GLOBAL EVALUATION

United Nations Office on

Drugs and Crime (UNODC)

World Drug Report

1/3 of $1 Trillion US Dollars is derived from illegal income which is approximately $321 Billion US.

The source is from drug trafficking.

4

AFGHANISTAN

MYANMAR

LAO PDRMEXICO

COLOMBIA

OPIATES

5

COMPARING OPIUM PRODUCTION BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND REST OF THE WORLD

Year

OPIUM PRODUCTION

INAFGHANISTAN

(TONS)

GLOBALOPIUM

PRODUCTION (TONS)

PERCENTAGE OFPRODUCTION INAFGHANISTAN

1998 2,693 4,346 62%

1999 4,565 5,764 79%

2000 3,276 4,691 70%

2001 185 1,596 12%

2002 3,400 4,491 76%

2003 3,600 4,765 76%

2004 4,200 4,850 87%

2005 4,100 4,620 89%

2006 6,100 6,610 92%

2007 8,200 8,847 93%

Source: UNODC

6

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

He

cta

res

(h

a)

OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN AFGHANISTAN (1986 – 2007)

165

,000 19

3,0

00

+ 17%

Source: UNODC

- 20.7%

131

,000

104

,000

7

POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN AFGHANISTAN

(1986 – 2007)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

To

ns

8,20

0

6,10

0

4,10

0

4,20

0

+34.4%

- 2.4%

Source: UNODC

8

OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

127,752

24,000 29,200

+ 22%

Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates

81% decrease2000-2006

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Hec

tare

s

Lao PDR Myanmar

9

OPIUM POPPY CULTIVATION IN COLOMBIA & MEXICO

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000

10,000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Hec

tare

s

Colombia Mexico

Source: UNODC: 2000-2006 Colombia, 2000-2005 Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006

8,900

5,250

- 41%

10

POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

To

ns

Lao PDR Myanmar

1,254

Source: UNODC, Myanmar figures for 2000 & 2001 are US Government estimates

335469+ 40%

73% decrease2000-2006

11

POTENTIAL OPIUM PRODUCTION IN COLOMBIA & MEXICO

020406080

100120140160180200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

To

ns

Colombia Mexico

177

99

- 44%

Source: UNODC: 2000-2006 Colombia, 2000-2005 Mexico; US Government Mexico 2006

12

GLOBAL PRODUCTION AND SEIZURES OF HEROIN

Source: UNODC

469

160

449477 495 476

555

54 54 49 53 60 58

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

To

ns

Production Seizures

11.5% 33.8% 10.9% 11.1% 12.1% 12.2%

13

COCA AND COCAINE

14

GLOBAL CULTIVATION OF COCA

(1990 – 2006)

Coca Cultivation

Andean region

2002

170,300 ha

2003

153,800 ha

2004

158,000 ha

2005

159,600 ha

2006

156,900 ha

0

25,000

50,000

75,000

100,000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Hecta

res

Colombia Peru Bolivia

`

Source: UNODC

15

ESTIMATED GLOBAL COCAINE PRODUCTION

(1990 – 2006)

Production Statistics

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Ton

Colombia Peru Bolivia

Source: UNODC

16

Seizures of cocainetransiting direct to Spain and Portugal

have decreased

Seizures on the “back door”of Europe have increased

Cocaine shipments through West Africa

pose a significant threat

The amount of cocaine leavingVenezuela to the US and Europe

has increased dramatically

COCAINE TRAFFICKING ROUTES

Reports of largequantities of cocaine

to Asia increasing

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Production Seizures

38.9% 45.1% 46.5%

58.1% 57.4%

76.7%

17

COCAINE SEIZURES

On October 30, 2007, a record 23.5 tons of cocaine was seized in Mexico.

Low Profile Vessels:

3 multi-ton cocaine seizures from November 2006 to March 2008

Photo courtesy of the US Coast Guard

18

Africa

Oceania

Asia

Europe

Central/ and Caribbean

North America

CANNABIS AND DERIVATIVES

Source UNODC (Statistics of 42,000 hectares under cultivation in 2005)

Percentage of Global Production

19

GLOBAL SEIZURES OF MARIJUANA (TONS)

3,090 3,105 2,998

4,042

4,674 4,860 4,805

5,940

7,152

4,644

3,209

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Source: UNODC

- 35%

20

GLOBAL SEIZURES OF HASHISH (TONS)

877818

896 889

1,047

934

1,090

1,3851,466

1,302

1,030

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Source: UNODC

- 11%

21

RECORD HASHISH SEIZURE

In June 2008, a joint operation led to the seizure and destruction of approximately 262 tons of hashish. The hashish was stockpiled in several underground warehouses near Spin Boldak, Afghanistan.

22

AMPHETAMINE-TYPE SIMULANTS

23

GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE

STIMULANTS (ATS)

278 291 278

54 63 88

113126 113

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2003 2004 2005

To

ns

Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy

445

480 479

Source: UNODC

24

MDMA PRODUCTION

• The Netherlands remains a

significant producer of MDMA

• “Mega-Labs” in South East Asia are

capable of producing both MDMA

and crystal methamphetamine.

• Asian Organized Crime groups play

an important role in the global

MDMA trade.

• Canada is now the primary source

country for MDMA in the United

States.

25

METHAMPHETAMINE TRAFFICKING IN MEXICO

• In 2007, decreased availability in the United States.

• Starting in 2008, no pseudo-ephedrine can be legally imported into Mexico.

• Precursor Chemicals now flowing through Central America.

MEXICO

Lab seized in Mexico in December 2007

26

METHAMPHETAMINE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

• Synthetic drugs are the

primary threat in South East

Asia.

• Increasing rates of abuse

and production throughout

South East Asia.

Thailand

Cambodia

Burma

YunnanProvince

Vietnam

Laos

27

GLOBAL SEIZURES OF AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS (ATS)

35.8

21.115.5

21.5

10.917.2

3.2

4.0

4.4

5.8

5.9

12.9

5.0

4.56.7

4.4

7.9

5.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

To

ns

Methamphetamine Amphetamine Ecstasy

44

29.626.6

31.7

24.7

35.4

Source: UNODC

28

The Netherlands

Belgium

Germany

Canada

Poland

Lithuania

Estonia

England

Bulgaria

China

Serbia

South America

Spain

USA

Hungary

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Other European Countries

Other Asian Countries

Other

ORIGIN OF SEIZURES OF ECSTASY (2003 – 2005)

(Source: UNODC )

29

The Netherlands

Poland

Belgium

Lithuania

Estonia

Serbia

Germany

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Slovakia

Other European Countries

Asian Countries

American Countries

Oceana

ORIGIN OF GLOBAL SEIZURES OF AMPHETAMINES (2003 – 2005)

(Source: UNODC)

30

PRECURSOR CHEMICALS

• Trafficking groups quickly adapt in

response to tighter legal controls.

• Countries in Asia, Africa and

Middle East used for transit.

How will new restrictions impact drug trafficking

groups?

31

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)

•No licit production or legal use in Afghanistan

•Produced in at least 18 countries around the world

• China, Russia, India, Germany, and South Korea

•Smuggled to Afghanistan through neighboring countries

• Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, China, Pakistan, and Iran

•Smuggled via maritime vessels in containerized cargo and overland in cargo trucks

32

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE (AA)

• Price of AA in Afghanistan has

reportedly increased over the past

year.

• Notable seizures:

– In November 2007 10 tons of

AA in Russia.

– In March 2007 14 tons of AA

traveling to Pakistan from

South Korea.

33

MONEY LAUNDERING

*Trade-based money laundering linking organizations in

South America, the Middle East and Asia.

*Exploiting technology and developing new methods.

– Online and Mobile telephone payment system

– Virtual worlds

*Bulk cash smuggling continues unabated.

34

POLICE UNITS – ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

COMMANDERSHIP

OF COAST GUARD

COMMANDERSHIP

OF COAST GUARD

MINISTRY OF INTERIORMINISTRY OF INTERIOR

TURKISH NATIONAL

POLICE

TURKISH NATIONAL

POLICEGENERAL

COMMANDERSHIP

OF GENDARMERIE

GENERAL

COMMANDERSHIP

OF GENDARMERIE

TURKISH CUSTOMSTURKISH

CUSTOMS

UNDERSECRETARY OF CUSTOMSUNDERSECRETARY OF CUSTOMS

In the fight against drug trafficking the Gendarmerie, Police, Coast Guard and Customs work cooperatively

on joint investigations.

35

TURKEY’S VIEW ON DRUG TRAFFICKING

• Turkey has fought against drug

trafficking, drugs abuse and addiction

• Turkey has instituted policies which

state that drug trafficking is a crime

against humanity and drug addicted

individuals should be treated as patients

• The “National Strategy and Policy

Document,” which covers the years of

2006-2012, has been signed by the Prime

Minister.

• With the signing of this document,

political measures on the struggle

against drug trafficking has been clearly

defined.

36

RESULTS IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DRUGS

2005 2006 2007

Operations 7581 10,546 13,692

Suspects 15,120 21,856 28,734

Hashish (Kg) 13,720 23,884 31,843

Heroin (Kg) 8,195 10,312 13,228

Morphine Base (Kg) 529 529 169

Opium (Kg) 212 440 765

Cocaine (Kg.) 41 77 116

Acetic Anhydride (Liters) 3,954 6,317 13,523

Captagon (Tablets) 6,694,923 14,073,121 7,609,327

Ecstasy (Tablets) 1,748,796 1,592,200 1,047,559

37

•NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE

•BALKAN ROUTE

•EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE

K.K.T.C.

38

HEROIN SEIZURES IN EU AND TURKEY

In 2006, Turkey seized more heroin than all the EU countries combined.

4,704

10,312

8,195,8844

2,535

3,820

6,052

3,6054,6513,509

6,914

8,9758,963

6,067 6,005

7,462

10,81010,274

9,206

8,069

0

3,000

6,000

9,000

12,000

15,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Turkey – Transit countryEU – Target Countries

(Source: UNODC )

Kil

og

ram

s

3939/109

EMERGING THREAT: NORTHERN BLACK SEA

ROUTE

K.K.T.C.

1 Operation 121 kg heroin

10 persons arrested

5 Operations 578 kg heroin

19 persons arrested

1 Operation 140 kg heroin

5 persons arrested

1 Operation142 kg heroin

10 persons arrested

Cooperation and operational information sharing resulted in large seizures in the Ukraine (506 kg), Azerbaijan (142 kg), Kazakhstan (121 kg) and Romania (150 kg)

40

ECSTASY

CAPTAGON

K.K.T.C.

SYNTHETIC DRUG ROUTES

5.375.217

9.493.470

6.694.923

13.856.097

7.609.327

1.047.559

1.592.200

1.748.796

473.240

845.390

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

18,000,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Captagon Ecstasy

5,848,457

10,963,979

8,443,719

15,665,321

8,656,886

41

REGIONAL ECSTASY EVALUATION

2004 2005 2006

Netherlands

5,619,269

306 kg

210 lt

1,854,487

430 kg

12 lt

4,118,300

England 4,650,000 3,243,647 No Data

TURKEY 845,390 1,748,796 1,592,200

France 1,893,226 833,648 1,488,919

Germany 2,052,157 1,588,907 1,082,820

Although Turkey is not among the main producing or consuming

countries, it is among one of the top three ecstasy seizing countries in

Europe.

42

TADOC was established.

TURKISH INTERNATIONAL

ACADEMY AGAINST

DRUGS AND

ORGANIZED

CRIME

TADOC

43

OPERATIONS CONDUCTED OVER THE LAST 3 YEARS

INVOLVING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Local (59) Abroad (30) Countries (21)

Heroin 1,854 Kg 2,244 Kg Germany, Austria, Bulgaria,

Netherlands, Romania, Saudi

Arabia, USA, Georgia,

Denmark, England,Spain,

Poland, Iran, Ukraine, Italy,

Hungary, Norway, Serbia,

Belgium, Macedonia,

Slovenia, Kazakhstan

Hashish 251 Kg

Cocaine 62 Kg

Opium 10 Kg 5 Kg

Captagon 5,734,000 Tablets 2,890,000 Tablets

Ecstasy 354,523 Tablets 250,000 Tablets

Acetic Anhydride 12,960 Liters

44

CONTROLLED DELIVERY OPERATIONS

( 1997 – 2007 )

Local (57) / Abroad (77) Countries (19)

Heroin 1392 Kg Italy, England,

France, Georgia,

Saudi Arabia, Belgium,

Russia, Canada, Macedonia,

Bulgaria, Netherlands,

Hungary, USA,

Germany, Romania,

Greece, Slovenia,

Austria, Pakistan.

Hashish 3072 Kg

Morphine Base 267 Kg

Cocaine 65 Kg

Opium 57 Kg

Captagon 4,720,000 Tablets

Ecstasy 100,000 Tablets

Acetic

Anhydride

29,427 Liters

45

OUR PROPOSALS

46