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1. Define personality. 2. List the major theories of personality theory. 3.Explain why personality theories are useful.

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A persons pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

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a persons broad, long-lasting patterns of behavior; YOUR UNIQUE PERSONAL STYLE set of ways we are born with predisposed develop over a lifetime habits acquired as we grow & mature experiences social environment influences tendencies physical basis

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1.Discover patterns in the ways people behave 2. Explain the differences between individuals 3. Explore how people conduct their lives

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Types of Personalities Type A Feel time pressure. Easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard and play hard. More prone to heart disease than rest of population. Type B Relaxed and easygoing. But some people fit in neither type.

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Some concepts that may be important to you in the way you think about your own personality and the personalities of the people around you. Think about each item and check the three items that are most important to your view of human personality. ____external environment ____temperament ____interpretation of experience ____conscious awareness ____childhood experiences ____rewards and punishments ____abilities ____organizations of reality ____ the self ____ unconscious motives ____ observable behavior ____ enduring characteristics ____ expectations ____ subjective feelings ____ sexual instincts ____external environment ____temperament ____interpretation of experience ____conscious awareness ____childhood experiences ____rewards and punishments ____abilities ____organizations of reality ____ the self ____ unconscious motives ____ observable behavior ____ enduring characteristics ____ expectations ____ subjective feelings ____ sexual instincts Psychoanalytical Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Neurobiological Sociocultural ????

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standardization establishing norms validity & reliability TYPES OF TESTS: Aptitude & Achievement Tests Vocational Interest Tests Projective Tests ETHICAL? graded the same for everyone the majority; patterns of answers Does the test measure what it is suppose to & are the results consistent? A persons general style of interacting with the world People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place

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measure a student's ability to learn. These tests help teachers and parents predict how well a student is likely to do in school. measure how much students have already learned. These tests help children measure their current knowledge and skills

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Vocational testing can be particularly useful for adolescents, young adults, and persons contemplating a mid-life career change. Such an assessment examines which occupations best fit with an individual's abilities, interests, and personality. Many vocational interest tests use the Holland codes, which group interests into six categories: 1.REALISTIC (outdoors and hands-on occupations) 2.INVESTIGATIVE (scientific) 3.ARTISTIC (creative) 4.SOCIAL (counseling and teaching) 5.ENTERPRISING (management and sales) 6.CONVENTIONAL (clerical)

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used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or TAT tests) How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject projects his or her motives into the ambiguous stimuli In many cases, therapists use these tests to learn qualitative information about a client. Some therapists may use projective tests as a sort of icebreaker to encourage the client to discuss issues or examine thoughts and emotions. While projective tests have some benefits, they also have a number of weaknesses and limitations. For example, the respondent's answers can be heavily influenced by the examiner's attitudes or the test setting. Scoring projective tests is also highly subjective, so interpretations of answers can vary dramatically from one examiner to the next. Additionally, projective tests lack both validity & reliability.

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Interview Observation Self-report Projective Techniques Adv = tailored to the individuals previous answers Disadv = low reliability focus on the # of time a particular behavior occurs good reliability 10 primary scales measure personality dimensions used to diagnose psychological disorders individual provides an interpretation of ambiguous material (subjective)

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Personality Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Four major perspectives on Personality Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations Trait - specific dimensions of personality Humanistic - inner capacity for growth Social-Cognitive - influence of environment