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Personality Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Trait Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Exploring the Self. Psychodynamic Theories. Freud’s psycho analytic perspective: Exploring the unconscious The Neo-Freudian and later psychodynamic theorists Assessing unconscious processes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Geri Lavrov / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images

Page 2: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

PersonalityPsychodynamic Theories

Humanistic Theories

Trait Theories

Social-Cognitive Theories

Exploring the Self

Page 3: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Psychodynamic Theories

Freud’s psycho analytic perspective: Exploring the unconscious

The Neo-Freudian and later psychodynamic theorists

Assessing unconscious processes

Evaluating Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective and modern views of the unconscious

Page 4: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Psychodynamic Theories

Exploring the UnconsciousView of personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939) “I was the only worker in a new field.”

Page 5: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Unconscious According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

Free associationIn psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, matter how unimportant or embarrassing

Page 6: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Personality Structure

FreudPersonality arises from conflict between impulse and restraint.

With socialization, urges are internalize through social restraints which aid in the resolution of basic conflict.

People seek to express impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without guilt or punishment.

Page 7: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploringthe Unconscious

FreudSpecialized in nervous disorders after medical school

Theorized that mind contained large unconscious region where feelings and ideas were repressed

Used free association to help patients find and release forbidden thoughts

Page 8: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Personality Structure

FREUD’S IDEA OF THE MIND’S STRUCTURE

IdUnconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates gratification

EgoLargely conscious, “executive” part that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on reality principle

SuperegoRepresents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals

Page 9: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Personality Development

Freud’s psychosexual stagesChildren pass through stages wherein id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on an erogenous zone.

Key conceptsOedipus complex

Electra complex

Identification

Fixation

Page 10: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Page 11: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Oedipus complex Boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Electra complexFemale version of Oedipus complex

Identification Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

FixationLingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Page 12: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Defense Mechanisms

Ego distorts reality in effort to manage anxiety through defense mechanisms

All defense mechanisms operate indirectly and unconsciously

Repression underlies all other defense mechanisms

REGRESSION Faced with a stressor, children and young orangutans may regress, retreating to the comfort of earlier behaviors.

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Page 13: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Six Defense Mechanisms

Page 14: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).

Page 15: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ________ at that stage.

Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against.

Page 16: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists

ALFRED ADLER (1870–1937)

KAREN HORNEY (1885–1952)

CARL JUNG (1875–1961)

• Accepted Freud’s basic ideas• Incorporated some Freudian ideas into psychodynamic theory; much of

mental life is unconscious• Differed from Freud in two ways:

• Placed more emphasis on role of the conscious mind• Doubted sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations;

emphasized social interactions and other motives

Page 17: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Assessing Unconscious Processes

Projective testsReveal hidden conflicts and impulses

Provide glimpse into test-taker unconsciousness

Rorschach testRevels what seen in series of 10 ink blots reflect inner feelings and conflicts

Lacks predictive validity and reliability

THE RORSCHACH TEST In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use his test are confident that the interpretation of unclear images will reveal unconscious parts of the test-taker’s personality.

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Page 18: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists

Evaluating Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective and modern views of the unconscious• How do modern researchers and theorists view Freud’s

psychoanalysis?

Page 19: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists

Modern research challenges the idea of repressionSometimes people spare their egos by ignoring threatening information, but repression is a rare reaction to trauma

Extreme, prolonged stress may disrupt memory by damaging the hippocampus; more common that high stress enhance memory

There is some research support for Freud’s defense mechanism

Reaction formation

Projection/false consensus effect

Page 20: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists

The modern unconscious mindCognitive researchers argue that unconscious thought is part of two-track mind where information processing occurs without awareness.

Do you remember any of the research findings that confirm this view?

Page 21: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

What are three values that Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed? What are three ways in which Freud’s work has been criticized?

Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis do modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retain, and which elements have they mostly left behind?

Page 22: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Humanistic Theories

Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing person

Carl Rogers’ person-centered perspective

Assessing the self

Evaluating humanistic theories

Page 23: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Humanistic Theories

ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908–1970) “Any theory of motivation that is worthy of attention must deal with the highest capacities of the healthy and strong person as well as with the defensive maneuvers of crippled spirits” (Motivation and Personality, 1970).

• Focused on ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination and self-realization

• Asked people to report own experiences and feelings

Page 24: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person

Hierarchy of needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active

Self-actualization: Psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential

Self-transcendence: Striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self

Page 25: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective

People have self-actualizing tendencies and are basically good.

Self-concept is central feature of personality.

Characteristics that nurture growth between any two human beings

Genuineness

Acceptance

Empathy

Page 26: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Unconditional positive regardAccording to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Self-conceptAll our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Page 27: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Assessing the Self

• Questionnaires• Used by some humanistic

psychologist; questioned by others as depersonalizing

• Interviews and intimate conservations

• Viewed by some as method to provide better understanding of each person’s unique experiences

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Page 28: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Evaluating Humanistic Theories

ContributionsInfluenced counseling, education, child raising, and management

Laid groundwork for today’s scientific positive psychology and influenced popular psychology

CriticismsConcepts are vauge and based on personal opinion

Attitudes encouraged by humanistic psychology could lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and lack of moral restraint.

Human capacity for evil is not recognized.

Page 29: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?

What does it mean to be empathic ? How about self-actualized ? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?

Page 30: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Trait Theories

Exploring traits

Thinking critically about: The stigma of introversion

Assessing traits

The Big Five factors

Evaluating trait theories

Page 31: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Trait Theories

Freudian and humanistic theories• Explain

Trait theories• Desc

ribe

Page 32: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

TWO PERSONALITY FACTORS

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Page 33: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring Traits

Gordon AllportPersonality described as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior

Eysenck and EysenckMany normal human variations can be reduced to two factors: Extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Page 34: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

TraitCharacteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test

FactorCluster of behavior tendencies that occur together.

Page 35: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Personality Traits

•Western cultures prize extraversion more than all personality traits.

•Introverted people experience success; introverted leaders outperform extraverted ones.

Introversion is not shyness.

•Introverts: Seek low levels of stimulation because they are very sensitive

•Shy people: Remain quiet because they fear others will evaluate them negatively

Bettmann/CORBIS

Page 36: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Which two primary dimensions did Hans and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?

Page 37: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Trait Theories: Assessing Traits

Personality inventoryInvolve long sets of questions covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors

Can be scored objectively; does not guarantee validity

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Originally designed to identify emotional disorder; also assesses personality traits

Page 38: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The “Big Five” Personality Factors

Steve Wisbauer/Getty Images

Page 39: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Big Five Factors

Big Five research has explored various questions:

How stable are these traits?

Have these traits changed over time?

Do we inherit these traits?

Do these traits reflect differing brain structure or function?

How well do these traits apply to various cultures?

Do the Big Five traits predict our actual behavior?

Page 40: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?

Page 41: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Evaluating Trait Theories

Person-situation controversyPersonality traits stabilize with age

Personality traits predict a person’s behavior across many different situations-average behavior

They do not neatly predict a person’s behavior in any one specific situation

Page 42: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Reflections Of Personality Traits

Our spaces express our personalityEven at “zero acquaintance,” people can catch a glimpse of others’ personality from looking at their website, bedroom, or office. So, what’s your read on this person’s office?

• Music preferences• Bedrooms and offices• Electronic stability• Social networking

The immediate situation powerfully influences our behavior, especially when the situation makes clear demands.

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Page 43: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.

Page 44: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Social-Cognitive Theories

Reciprocal influences

Assessing behavior in situations

Evaluating social-cognitive theories

Page 45: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Bandura: Reciprocal determinism

Reciprocal influencesFocus on ways in which personality traits interact with environment to influence behavior

Social-cognitive theoriesFocus on this interaction with the social world

Page 46: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Social-Cognitive Theories

What is brought to the social situation?

Past learning: From conditioning or watching others

Self-efficacy: From expectations about

success in new challenge

Cognition: From ways of thinking about specific

situations

Page 47: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Social-Cognition Theories

Social-cognitive theorists explore the interaction among the three sets of influence:

Different people choose different environments.

Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events.

Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events.

Page 48: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality

At every moment, our behavior is influenced by our biology, our social and cultural experiences, and our thought processes and traits.

Page 49: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Social-Cognitive Theories

Assessing behavior in situationsBehavior is often observed in realistic situations.

These assessments may not reveal less visible, important characteristics; but they also may reveal a person’s past behavior patterns

Evaluating social-cognitive theoriesTheories build from psychological research on cognition and learning.

In some instances, they predict behavior.

Page 50: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

According to the social-cognitive perspective, what is the best way to predict a person’s future behavior?

Page 51: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

The benefits of self-esteem

Self-serving bias

Culture and the self

Page 52: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

TRYING OUT A POSSIBLE SELF As an apprentice, this young man has a chance to see how it feels to be a woodworker, while learning valuable life skills in the process.

• Self-image• Involves our internal view

of our personality• Is center of personality

and organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions

• Possible self • Includes vision of self one

dreams of becoming and fear of becoming

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Page 53: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

Spotlight effectOccurs when overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Reducing the effectKnow about the effect

Take the perspective of audience member

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Page 54: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Comparing the Major Personality Theories

Page 55: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

Benefits of self-esteemHigh self-worth

Less pressure to conform

More persistent at difficult tasks

Less shy, anxious, and lonely

Low self-esteemTendency to behave negatively toward others

Categories of self-esteemDefensive self-esteem

Secure self-esteem

Page 56: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

• Self-serving bias• Readiness to perceive

ourselves favorably

• Research findings• People accept more

responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures.

• Most people see themselves as better than average.

Why do people put themselves down?

Protection from repeating mistakes

Mechanism to prompt positive feedback

Preparation for possible failure

Put down for old selves, not current selves

Page 57: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called ________. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the ________.

________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self- enjoy a higher quality of life.

.

Page 58: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Exploring the Self

Culture and selfMeaning of self varies from culture to culture.

IndividualismGiving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership

CollectivismGiving priority to goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly.

Page 59: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

A CHILD LIKE NO OTHER

Americans’ individualist tendencies are reflected in theirchoice of names for their babies. In recent years, the percentage of American babies receiving one of that year’s 10 most common names has plunged. (Adapted from Twenge et al., 2010.)

Page 60: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism

Page 61: Personality Psychodynamic  Theories Humanistic  Theories Trait  Theories

How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ?