personality psychodynamic theories humanistic theories trait theories
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Personality Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Trait Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Exploring the Self. Psychodynamic Theories. Freud’s psycho analytic perspective: Exploring the unconscious The Neo-Freudian and later psychodynamic theorists Assessing unconscious processes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PersonalityPsychodynamic Theories
Humanistic Theories
Trait Theories
Social-Cognitive Theories
Exploring the Self
Psychodynamic Theories
Freud’s psycho analytic perspective: Exploring the unconscious
The Neo-Freudian and later psychodynamic theorists
Assessing unconscious processes
Evaluating Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective and modern views of the unconscious
Psychodynamic Theories
Exploring the UnconsciousView of personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939) “I was the only worker in a new field.”
Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
Unconscious According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
Free associationIn psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, matter how unimportant or embarrassing
Personality Structure
FreudPersonality arises from conflict between impulse and restraint.
With socialization, urges are internalize through social restraints which aid in the resolution of basic conflict.
People seek to express impulses in ways that bring satisfaction without guilt or punishment.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploringthe Unconscious
FreudSpecialized in nervous disorders after medical school
Theorized that mind contained large unconscious region where feelings and ideas were repressed
Used free association to help patients find and release forbidden thoughts
Personality Structure
FREUD’S IDEA OF THE MIND’S STRUCTURE
IdUnconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates gratification
EgoLargely conscious, “executive” part that balances the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on reality principle
SuperegoRepresents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals
Personality Development
Freud’s psychosexual stagesChildren pass through stages wherein id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on an erogenous zone.
Key conceptsOedipus complex
Electra complex
Identification
Fixation
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Oedipus complex Boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Electra complexFemale version of Oedipus complex
Identification Children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos
FixationLingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
Defense Mechanisms
Ego distorts reality in effort to manage anxiety through defense mechanisms
All defense mechanisms operate indirectly and unconsciously
Repression underlies all other defense mechanisms
REGRESSION Faced with a stressor, children and young orangutans may regress, retreating to the comfort of earlier behaviors.
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Six Defense Mechanisms
According to Freud’s ideas about the three-part personality structure, the ________ operates on the reality principle and tries to balance demands in a way that produces long-term pleasure rather than pain; the ________ operates on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification; and the ________ represents the voice of our internalized ideals (our conscience).
In the psychoanalytic view, conflicts unresolved during one of the psychosexual stages may lead to ________ at that stage.
Freud believed that our defense mechanisms operate ________ (consciously/unconsciously) and defend us against.
The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists
ALFRED ADLER (1870–1937)
KAREN HORNEY (1885–1952)
CARL JUNG (1875–1961)
• Accepted Freud’s basic ideas• Incorporated some Freudian ideas into psychodynamic theory; much of
mental life is unconscious• Differed from Freud in two ways:
• Placed more emphasis on role of the conscious mind• Doubted sex and aggression were all-consuming motivations;
emphasized social interactions and other motives
Assessing Unconscious Processes
Projective testsReveal hidden conflicts and impulses
Provide glimpse into test-taker unconsciousness
Rorschach testRevels what seen in series of 10 ink blots reflect inner feelings and conflicts
Lacks predictive validity and reliability
THE RORSCHACH TEST In this projective test, people tell what they see in a series of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use his test are confident that the interpretation of unclear images will reveal unconscious parts of the test-taker’s personality.
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The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists
Evaluating Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective and modern views of the unconscious• How do modern researchers and theorists view Freud’s
psychoanalysis?
The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists
Modern research challenges the idea of repressionSometimes people spare their egos by ignoring threatening information, but repression is a rare reaction to trauma
Extreme, prolonged stress may disrupt memory by damaging the hippocampus; more common that high stress enhance memory
There is some research support for Freud’s defense mechanism
Reaction formation
Projection/false consensus effect
The Neo-Freudian and Later PsychodynamicTheorists
The modern unconscious mindCognitive researchers argue that unconscious thought is part of two-track mind where information processing occurs without awareness.
Do you remember any of the research findings that confirm this view?
What are three values that Freud’s work in psychoanalytic theory has contributed? What are three ways in which Freud’s work has been criticized?
Which elements of traditional psychoanalysis do modern-day psychodynamic theorists and therapists retain, and which elements have they mostly left behind?
Humanistic Theories
Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing person
Carl Rogers’ person-centered perspective
Assessing the self
Evaluating humanistic theories
Humanistic Theories
ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908–1970) “Any theory of motivation that is worthy of attention must deal with the highest capacities of the healthy and strong person as well as with the defensive maneuvers of crippled spirits” (Motivation and Personality, 1970).
• Focused on ways “healthy” people strive for self-determination and self-realization
• Asked people to report own experiences and feelings
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person
Hierarchy of needs: Maslow’s pyramid of human needs; at the base physiological needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active
Self-actualization: Psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill our potential
Self-transcendence: Striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective
People have self-actualizing tendencies and are basically good.
Self-concept is central feature of personality.
Characteristics that nurture growth between any two human beings
Genuineness
Acceptance
Empathy
Unconditional positive regardAccording to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self-conceptAll our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Assessing the Self
• Questionnaires• Used by some humanistic
psychologist; questioned by others as depersonalizing
• Interviews and intimate conservations
• Viewed by some as method to provide better understanding of each person’s unique experiences
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Evaluating Humanistic Theories
ContributionsInfluenced counseling, education, child raising, and management
Laid groundwork for today’s scientific positive psychology and influenced popular psychology
CriticismsConcepts are vauge and based on personal opinion
Attitudes encouraged by humanistic psychology could lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, and lack of moral restraint.
Human capacity for evil is not recognized.
How did humanistic psychology provide a fresh perspective?
What does it mean to be empathic ? How about self-actualized ? Which humanistic psychologists used these terms?
Trait Theories
Exploring traits
Thinking critically about: The stigma of introversion
Assessing traits
The Big Five factors
Evaluating trait theories
Trait Theories
Freudian and humanistic theories• Explain
Trait theories• Desc
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TWO PERSONALITY FACTORS
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Exploring Traits
Gordon AllportPersonality described as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior
Eysenck and EysenckMany normal human variations can be reduced to two factors: Extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
TraitCharacteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in a certain way, as assessed by self-reports on a personality test
FactorCluster of behavior tendencies that occur together.
Personality Traits
•Western cultures prize extraversion more than all personality traits.
•Introverted people experience success; introverted leaders outperform extraverted ones.
Introversion is not shyness.
•Introverts: Seek low levels of stimulation because they are very sensitive
•Shy people: Remain quiet because they fear others will evaluate them negatively
Bettmann/CORBIS
Which two primary dimensions did Hans and Sybil Eysenck propose for describing personality variation?
Trait Theories: Assessing Traits
Personality inventoryInvolve long sets of questions covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors
Can be scored objectively; does not guarantee validity
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Originally designed to identify emotional disorder; also assesses personality traits
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
Steve Wisbauer/Getty Images
The Big Five Factors
Big Five research has explored various questions:
How stable are these traits?
Have these traits changed over time?
Do we inherit these traits?
Do these traits reflect differing brain structure or function?
How well do these traits apply to various cultures?
Do the Big Five traits predict our actual behavior?
What are the Big Five personality factors, and why are they scientifically useful?
Evaluating Trait Theories
Person-situation controversyPersonality traits stabilize with age
Personality traits predict a person’s behavior across many different situations-average behavior
They do not neatly predict a person’s behavior in any one specific situation
Reflections Of Personality Traits
Our spaces express our personalityEven at “zero acquaintance,” people can catch a glimpse of others’ personality from looking at their website, bedroom, or office. So, what’s your read on this person’s office?
• Music preferences• Bedrooms and offices• Electronic stability• Social networking
The immediate situation powerfully influences our behavior, especially when the situation makes clear demands.
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How well do personality test scores predict our behavior? Explain.
Social-Cognitive Theories
Reciprocal influences
Assessing behavior in situations
Evaluating social-cognitive theories
Bandura: Reciprocal determinism
Reciprocal influencesFocus on ways in which personality traits interact with environment to influence behavior
Social-cognitive theoriesFocus on this interaction with the social world
Social-Cognitive Theories
What is brought to the social situation?
Past learning: From conditioning or watching others
Self-efficacy: From expectations about
success in new challenge
Cognition: From ways of thinking about specific
situations
Social-Cognition Theories
Social-cognitive theorists explore the interaction among the three sets of influence:
Different people choose different environments.
Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events.
Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events.
The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of Personality
At every moment, our behavior is influenced by our biology, our social and cultural experiences, and our thought processes and traits.
Social-Cognitive Theories
Assessing behavior in situationsBehavior is often observed in realistic situations.
These assessments may not reveal less visible, important characteristics; but they also may reveal a person’s past behavior patterns
Evaluating social-cognitive theoriesTheories build from psychological research on cognition and learning.
In some instances, they predict behavior.
According to the social-cognitive perspective, what is the best way to predict a person’s future behavior?
Exploring the Self
The benefits of self-esteem
Self-serving bias
Culture and the self
Exploring the Self
TRYING OUT A POSSIBLE SELF As an apprentice, this young man has a chance to see how it feels to be a woodworker, while learning valuable life skills in the process.
• Self-image• Involves our internal view
of our personality• Is center of personality
and organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Possible self • Includes vision of self one
dreams of becoming and fear of becoming
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Exploring the Self
Spotlight effectOccurs when overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Reducing the effectKnow about the effect
Take the perspective of audience member
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Comparing the Major Personality Theories
Exploring the Self
Benefits of self-esteemHigh self-worth
Less pressure to conform
More persistent at difficult tasks
Less shy, anxious, and lonely
Low self-esteemTendency to behave negatively toward others
Categories of self-esteemDefensive self-esteem
Secure self-esteem
Exploring the Self
• Self-serving bias• Readiness to perceive
ourselves favorably
• Research findings• People accept more
responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures.
• Most people see themselves as better than average.
Why do people put themselves down?
Protection from repeating mistakes
Mechanism to prompt positive feedback
Preparation for possible failure
Put down for old selves, not current selves
The tendency to accept responsibility for success and blame circumstances or bad luck for failures is called ________. The tendency to overestimate others’ attention to and evaluation of our appearance, performance, and blunders is called the ________.
________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem correlates with aggressive and antisocial behavior. ________ (Secure/Defensive) self-esteem is a healthier self- enjoy a higher quality of life.
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Exploring the Self
Culture and selfMeaning of self varies from culture to culture.
IndividualismGiving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership
CollectivismGiving priority to goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly.
A CHILD LIKE NO OTHER
Americans’ individualist tendencies are reflected in theirchoice of names for their babies. In recent years, the percentage of American babies receiving one of that year’s 10 most common names has plunged. (Adapted from Twenge et al., 2010.)
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ?