1 © copyright 2010 dieter fensel, mick kerrigan and ioan toma artificial intelligence semantic web...
TRANSCRIPT
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1© Copyright 2010 Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan and Ioan Toma
Artificial Intelligence
Semantic Web and
Services
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Where are we?
# Title
1 Introduction
2 Propositional Logic
3 Predicate Logic
4 Reasoning
5 Search Methods
6 CommonKADS
7 Problem-Solving Methods
8 Planning
9 Software Agents
10 Rule Learning
11 Inductive Logic Programming
12 Formal Concept Analysis
13 Neural Networks
14 Semantic Web and Services
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Agenda
• Semantic Web - Data
• Motivation
• Development of the Web
• Internet
• Web 1.0
• Web 2.0
• Limitations of the current Web
• Technical Solution: URI, RDF, RDFS, OWL, SPARQL
• Illustration by Larger Examples: KIM Browser Plugin, Disco Hyperdata Browser
• Extensions: Linked Open Data
• Semantic Web – Processes
• Motivation
• Technical Solution: Semantic Web Services, WSMO, WSML, SEE, WSMX
• Illustration by Larger Examples: SWS Challenge, Virtual Travel Agency, WSMX at work
• Extensions: Mobile Services, Intelligent Cars, Intelligent Electricity Meters
• Summary
• References
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SEMANTIC WEB - DATA
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MOTIVATION
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEB
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Development of the Web
1. Internet
2. Web 1.0
3. Web 2.0
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INTERNET
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Internet
• “The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet
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1945 1995
Memex Conceived
1945
WWWCreated
1989
MosaicCreated
1993
A Mathematical
Theory of Communication
1948
Packet Switching Invented
1964
SiliconChip1958
First Vast ComputerNetwork
Envisioned1962
ARPANET1969
TCP/IPCreated
1972
InternetNamed
and Goes
TCP/IP1984
HypertextInvented
1965
Age ofeCommerce
Begins1995
A brief summary of Internet evolution
Source: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history2002_0918_Internet_History_and_Growth.ppt
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WEB 1.0
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• “The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. With a Web browser, a user views Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web
Web 1.0
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Web 1.0
• Netscape– Netscape is associated with the breakthrough of the Web.
– Netscape had rapidly a large user community making attractive for others to present their information on the Web.
• Google– Google is the incarnation of Web 1.0 mega grows
– Google indexed already in 2008 more than 1 trillion pages [*]
– Google and other similar search engines turned out that a piece of information can be faster found again on the Web than in the own bookmark list
[*] http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/07/we-knew-web-was-big.html
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Web 1.0 principles
• The success of Web1.0 is based on three simple principles:1. A simple and uniform addressing schema to indentify
information chunks i.e. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
2. A simple and uniform representation formalism to structure information chunks allowing browsers to render them i.e. Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
3. A simple and uniform protocol to access information chunks i.e. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
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1. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs)
• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to name/identify resources on the Web
• URIs are pointers to resources to which request methods can be applied to generate potentially different responses
• Resource can reside anywhere on the Internet• Most popular form of a URI is the Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
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2. Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML)
• Hyper-Text Markup Language:– A subset of Standardized General Markup Language (SGML)– Facilitates a hyper-media environment
• Documents use elements to “mark up” or identify sections of text for different purposes or display characteristics
• HTML markup consists of several types of entities, including: elements, attributes, data types and character references
• Markup elements are not seen by the user when page is displayed
• Documents are rendered by browsers
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3. Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol for client/server communication– The heart of the Web– Very simple request/response protocol
• Client sends request message, server replies with response message
– Provide a way to publish and retrieve HTML pages– Stateless– Relies on URI naming mechanism
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WEB 2.0
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Web 2.0
• “The term "Web 2.0" (2004–present) is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0
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Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 is a vaguely defined phrase referring to various topics such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies.
• Tim Berners-Lee is right that all these ideas are already underlying his original web ideas, however, there are differences in emphasis that may cause a qualitative change.
• With Web 1.0 technology a significant amount of software skills and investment in software was necessary to publish information.
• Web 2.0 technology changed this dramatically.
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Web 2.0 major breakthroughs
• The four major breakthroughs of Web 2.0 are:1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content
providers.
2. Moving from media for individuals towards media for communities.
3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers
4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new and innovative way
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1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content providers
Wiki, Blogs, and Twiter turned the publication of text in mass phenomena, as flickr and youtube did for multimedia
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Social web sites such as del.icio.us, facebook, FOAF, linkedin, myspace and Xing allow communities of users to smoothly interweave their information and activities
2. Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities
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3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers
Mashups allow web users to easy integrate services in their web site that were implemented by third parties
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4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new way
Amazon Mechanical Turk - allows to access human services through a web service interface blurring the distinction between manually and automatically provided services
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LIMITATIONS OF THE CURRENT WEB
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• The current Web has its limitations when it comes to:1. finding relevant information
2. extracting relevant information
3. combining and reusing information
Limitations of the current Web
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• Finding information on the current Web is based on keyword search
• Keyword search has a limited recall and precision due to:– Synonyms:
• e.g. Searching information about “Cars” will ignore Web pages that contain the word “Automobiles” even though the information on these pages could be relevant
– Homonyms:• e.g. Searching information about “Jaguar” will bring up pages containing
information about both “Jaguar” (the car brand) and “Jaguar” (the animal) even though the user is interested only in one of them
Limitations of the current WebFinding relevant information
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• Keyword search has a limited recall and precision due also to:– Spelling variants:
• e.g. “organize” in American English vs. “organise” in British English
– Spelling mistakes
– Multiple languages• i.e. information about same topics in published on the Web on different
languages (English, German, Italian,…)
• Current search engines provide no means to specify the relation between a resource and a term– e.g. sell / buy
Limitations of the current WebFinding relevant information
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• One-fit-all automatic solution for extracting information from Web pages is not possible due to different formats, different syntaxes
• Even from a single Web page is difficult to extract the relevant information
Limitations of the current WebExtracting relevant information
Which book is about the Web?
What is the priceof the book?
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• Extracting information from current web sites can be done using wrappers
Limitations of the current WebExtracting relevant information
WEBHTML pages
Layout
Structured Data,Databases,
XMLStructure
Wrapper
extractannotatestructure
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• The actual extraction of information from web sites is specified using standards such as XSL Transformation (XSLT) [1]
• Extracted information can be stored as structured data in XML format or databases.
• However, using wrappers do not really scale because the actual extraction of information depends again on the web site format and layout
Limitations of the current WebExtracting relevant information
[1] http://www.w3.org/TR/xslt
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• Tasks often require to combine data on the Web1. Searching for the same information in
different digital libraries
2. Information may come from different web sites and needs to be combined
Limitations of the current WebCombining and reusing information
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Limitations of the current WebCombining and reusing information
Example: I want travel from Innsbruck to Rome.
1. Searches for the same information in different digital libraries
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Limitations of the current WebCombining and reusing information
Example: I want to travel from Innsbruck to Rome where I want to stay in a hotel and visit the city
2. Information may come from different web sites and needs to be combined
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How to improve the current Web?
• Increasing automatic linking among data• Increasing recall and precision in search• Increasing automation in data integration• Increasing automation in the service life cycle
• Adding semantics to data and services is the solution!
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TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
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Uniform Resource Identifier
• Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to identify resources, not just things that exists on the Web, e.g. Dieter Fensel, University of Innsbruck
Taken from http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/
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Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides a domain independent data model
• Resource (identified by URIs)– Correspond to nodes in a graph– E.g.:
http://www.w3.org/http://example.org/#johnhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property
• Properties (identified by URIs)– Correspond to labels of edges in a graph– Binary relation between two resources– E.g.:
http://www.example.org/#hasName http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type
• Literals– Concrete data values– E.g.:
"John Smith", "1", "2006-03-07"
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Resource Description Framework (RDF) – Triple Data Model
• Triple data model: <subject, predicate, object>
– Subject: Resource or blank node– Predicate: Property– Object: Resource, literal or blank node
• Example:<ex:john, ex:father-of, ex:bill>
• Statement (or triple) as a logical formula P(x, y), where the binary predicate P relates the object x to the object y.
• RDF offers only binary predicates (properties)
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Resource Description Framework (RDF) – Graph Model
• The triple data model can be represented as a graph
• Such graph is called in the Artificial Intelligence community a semantic net
• Labeled, directed graphs– Nodes: resources, literals– Labels: properties– Edges: statements
ex:johnex:john ex:billex:billex:father-of
ex:tomex:tom
ex:father-of
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RDF Schema (RDFS)
• RDF Schema (RDFS) is a language for capturing the semantics of a domain, for example:– In RDF:
<#john, rdf:type, #Student>– What is a “#Student”?
• RDFS is a language for defining RDF types:– Define classes:
• “#Student is a class”– Relationships between classes:
• “#Student is a sub-class of #Person”– Properties of classes:
• “#Person has a property hasName”
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RDF Schema (RDFS)
• Classes:<#Student, rdf:type, #rdfs:Class>
• Class hierarchies:<#Student, rdfs:subClassOf, #Person>
• Properties:<#hasName, rdf:type, rdf:Property>
• Property hierarchies:<#hasMother, rdfs:subPropertyOf, #hasParent>
• Associating properties with classes (a):– “The property #hasName only applies to #Person”
<#hasName, rdfs:domain, #Person>
• Associating properties with classes (b):– “The type of the property #hasName is #xsd:string”
<#hasName, rdfs:range, xsd:string>
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RDF Schema (RDFS) - Example
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Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• RDFS has a number of Limitations:– Only binary relations– Characteristics of Properties, e.g. inverse, transitive, symmetric– Local range restrictions, e.g. for class Person, the property hasName has range
xsd:string– Complex concept descriptions, e.g. Person is defined by Man and Woman– Cardinality restrictions, e.g. a Person may have at most 1 name– Disjointness axioms, e.g. nobody can be both a Man and a Woman
• The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides an ontology language, that is a more expressive Vocabulary Definition Language for use with RDF
– Class membership
– Equivalance of classes
– Consistency
– Classification
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OWL
• OWL is layered into languages of different expressiveness– OWL Lite: Classification Hierarchies, Simple Constraints
– OWL DL: Maximal expressiveness while maintaining tractability
– OWL Full: Very high expressiveness, loses tractability, all syntactic freedom of RDF
• More expressive means harder to reason with
• Different Syntaxes:– RDF/XML (Recommended for Serialization)
– N3 (Recommended for Human readable Fragments)
– Abstract Syntax (Clear Human Readable Syntax)
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lite
DL
Full
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OWL – Example: The Wine Ontology
• An Ontology describing wine domain• One of the most widely used examples for OWL and referenced by
W3C.• There is also a wine agent associated to this ontology that performs
OWL queries using a web-based ontological mark-up language. That is, by combining a logical reasoner with an OWL ontology.
• The agent's operation can be described in three parts: consulting the ontology, performing queries and outputting results.
• Available here: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/
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OWL – Example: The Wine Ontology Schema
[http://mysite.verizon.net/jflynn12/VisioOWL/VisioOWL.htm]
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SPARQL – Querying RDF
• SPARQL– RDF Query language– Based on RDQL– Uses SQL-like syntax
• Example:PREFIX uni: <http://example.org/uni/>
SELECT ?name
FROM <http://example.org/personal>
WHERE { ?s uni:name ?name.
?s rdf:type uni:lecturer }
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SPARQL Queries
PREFIX uni: <http://example.org/uni/>
SELECT ?name
FROM <http://example.org/personal>
WHERE { ?s uni:name ?name. ?s rdf:type uni:lecturer }
• PREFIX– Prefix mechanism for abbreviating URIs
• SELECT– Identifies the variables to be returned in the query answer– SELECT DISTINCT– SELECT REDUCED
• FROM– Name of the graph to be queried– FROM NAMED
• WHERE– Query pattern as a list of triple patterns
• LIMIT• OFFSET• ORDER BY
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SPARQL Example Query 1
“Return the full names of all people in the graph”
PREFIX vCard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>SELECT ?fullNameWHERE {?x vCard:FN ?fullName}
result:
fullName================="John Smith""Mary Smith"
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/#> .@prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#> .ex:john vcard:FN "John Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "John" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 32 ; ex:marriedTo :mary .ex:mary vcard:FN "Mary Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "Mary" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 29 .
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SPARQL Example Query 2
“Return the relation between John and Mary”
PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/#>
SELECT ?p
WHERE {ex:john ?p ex:mary}
result:
p
=================<http://example.org/#marriedTo>
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/#> .@prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#> .ex:john vcard:FN "John Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "John" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 32 ; ex:marriedTo :mary .ex:mary vcard:FN "Mary Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "Mary" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 29 .
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SPARQL Example Query 3
“Return the spouse of a person by the name of John Smith”
PREFIX vCard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#>
PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/#>
SELECT ?y
WHERE {?x vCard:FN "John Smith".
?x ex:marriedTo ?y}
result:
y
=================<http://example.org/#mary>
@prefix ex: <http://example.org/#> .@prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#> .ex:john vcard:FN "John Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "John" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 32 ; ex:marriedTo :mary .ex:mary vcard:FN "Mary Smith" ; vcard:N [ vcard:Given "Mary" ; vcard:Family "Smith" ] ; ex:hasAge 29 .
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ILLUSTRATION BY LARGER EXAMPLES
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Annotated Content
• KIM Browser PluginWeb content is annotated using ontologiesContent can be searched and browsed intelligently
Select one or more concepts from the ontology…… send the currently loaded web page to the Annotation Server
Illustration 1 – KIM Browser Plugin
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Dereferencable URI
Disco Hyperdata Browser navigating the Semantic Web as an unbound set of data sources
Illustration 2 – Disco Hyperdata Browser
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EXTENSIONS
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Extensions: Linked Open Data
• Linked Data is a method for exposing and sharing connected data via dereferenceable URI’s on the Web
– Use URIs to identify things that you expose to the Web as resources– Use HTTP URIs so that people can locate and look up (dereference) these things– Provide useful information about the resource when its URI is dereferenced– Include links to other, related URIs in the exposed data as a means of improving
information discovery on the Web
• Linked Open Data is an initiative to interlink open data sources– Open: Publicly available data sets that are accessible to everyone– Interlinked: Datasets have references to one another allowing them to be used
together
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Extensions: Linked Open Data
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Extensions: Linked Open Data - FOAF
• Friend Of A Friend (FOAF) provides a way to create machine-readable pages about:
– People– The links between them– The things they do and create
• Anyone can publish a FOAF file on the web about themselves and this data becomes part of the Web of Data
• FOAF is connected to many other data sets, including– Data sets describing music and musicians (Audio Scrobbler, MusicBrainz)– Data sets describing photographs and who took them (Flickr)– Data sets describing places and their relationship (GeoNames)
<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/>
</foaf:Person>
<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/>
</foaf:Person>
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Extensions: Linked Open Data - GeoNames
• The GeoNames Ontology makes it possible to add geospatial semantic information to the Web of Data
• We can utilize GeoNames location within the FOAF profile
• GeoNames is also linked to more datasets– US Census Data– Movie Database (Linked MDB)– Extracted data from Wikipedia (DBpedia)
<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/><foaf:based_near ” http://ws.geonames.org/rdf?
geonameId=2775220"/></foaf:Person>
<foaf:Person><foaf:name>Dieter Fensel</foaf:name><foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://www.fensel.com"/><foaf:based_near ” http://ws.geonames.org/rdf?
geonameId=2775220"/></foaf:Person>
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Extensions: Linked Open Data - DBpedia
• DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web
• As our FOAF profile has been linked to GeoNames, and GeoNames is linked to DBpedia, we can ask some interesting queries over the Web of Data
– What is the population of the city in which Dieter Fensel lives?
=> 117916 people– At which elevation does Dieter Fensel live?
=> 574m– Who is the mayor of the city in which Dieter Fensel lives
=> Hilde Zach
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SEMANTIC WEB - PROCESSES
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MOTIVATION
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Motivation
http://www.sti-innsbruck.at/dip-movie
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Motivation
• The Web is moving from static data to dynamic functionality– Web services: a piece of software available over the
Internet, using standardized XML messaging systems – Mashups: The compounding of two or more pieces of
web functionality to create powerful web applications
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Motivation
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Limitations of the current Web Processes
• Web services and mashups are limited by their syntactic nature
• As the amount of services on the Web increases it will be harder to find Web services in order to use them in mashups
• The current amount of human effort required to build applications is not sustainable at a Web scale
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What is needed?
• Formal, machine processable descriptions of processes on the Web that allows easy integration, configuration and reuse
• Semantic support for finding, composing and executing these processes and all the other related tasks
Solution: Combine Semantics and Web processes/services that enables the automation of many of the currently human intensive tasks around Web processes/services
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TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
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Semantic Web Services
• Brings the benefits of Semantics to the executable part of the Web– Ontologies as data model– Unambiguous definition of service functionality and external interface
• Reduce human effort in integrating services in SOA– Many tasks in the process of using Web services can be automated
• Improve dynamism– New services available for use as they appear– Service Producers and Consumers don’t need to know of each others existence
• Improve stability– Service interfaces are not tightly integrated so even less impact from changes– Services can be easily replaced if they are no longer available– Failover possibilities are limited only by the number of available services
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Semantic Web Services
• Semantic Web Services are a layer on top of existing Web service technologies and do not aim to replace them
• Provide a formal description of services, while still being compliant with existing and emerging technologies
• Distinguish between a Web service (computational entity) and a service (value provided by invocation)
• Make Web services easier to:– Find– Compare– Compose– Invoke
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Conceptual Model for SWS
Formal Language for WSMO
Ontology & Rule Language for the Semantic Web
Technical Overview
73
Execution Environment
For SWS
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Strict Decouplingof Modeling Elements
Centrality ofMediation
Ontological Role Separation
Description versus Implementation
WSMO
Ontology-Based
Web Service versus Service
WSMO – Design Principles
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WSMO – Conceptual Model
Objectives that a client wants to
achieve by using Web Services
Formally specified terminology used by all other components
Semantic description
of Web Services• Capability (functional)• Interfaces (usage)
Connectors between components with mediation facilities for handling heterogeneities
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WSML – Language Family
WSML - CoreWSML - Core
WSML - DLWSML - DL
WSML - FullWSML - Full
WSML - FlightWSML - Flight
WSML - RuleWSML - Rule
f
with
without
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Exp
ress
ivity
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Semantic Execution Environment
77
Semantic Execution EnvironmentSemantic Execution Environment
DiscoveryDiscovery RankingRanking SelectionSelection
CompositionComposition Data MediationData Mediation Process MediationProcess Mediation
Process ExecutionProcess
ExecutionLifting & LoweringLifting & Lowering
basebase
brokerbrokerverticalverticalM
onito
ring
Mon
itorin
g
ReasoningReasoning StorageStorage
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Semantic Execution Environment - WSMX
WSMX
Syste
m In
terface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
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ILLUSTRATION BY LARGER EXAMPLES
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• Blue company has discovered Moon company on the Web • Blue company wishes to communicate with Moon company
• Broker required to resolve data and process interoperability issues
Purchase Order
Purchase Order Confirmation
id
cid
openOrder
addItem*
closeOrder
Blue Company can only send POs and
receive PO Confirmations
Allows the opening of a PO, the specification of the items
to be purchased and the closing of the PO
Receives a customer id and returns a full
customer description
Illustration 1: SWS Challenge
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Rail Services
Flight Services
Hotel Services
Car Hire Services
Illustration 2: Virtual Travel Agency
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
Syste
m In
terface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
Syste
m In
terface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Request to discoverWeb services.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Goal expressedin WSML is sent toWSMX SystemInterface
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Com. M. implementsthe interface toreceive WSML goals
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Com. M. informsCore that Goalhas been received
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Chor. wrapperpicks up event for Chor. component
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
New choreography Instance is created
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Core is notifiedthat choreographyinstance has beencreated.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
WSML goal isparsed to internal format.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Discovery isinvoked
for parsed goal.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Discovery may requires ontology
mediation.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
After data mediation,Discovery iterates,if needed throughlast steps untilresult set is finished.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Selection is invokedto relax result set tofinally one service.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Choreographyinstance for goalrequester is checkedfor next steps.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Result is returnedto Com. Man. to beforwarded to theservice requester.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Set of Web Servicedescriptionsexpressed in WSMLsent to adapter.
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Illustration 3: WSMX At Work
WSMX
System
Interface
WSMX ManagerWSMX Manager Core
Administration Framework Interface
Data and C
omm
unication Protocols A
dapters
Adapter 1
Adapter 2
Adapter n
... Grounding
CM Wrapper
CommunicationManager
Interface
Invoker Receiver
RMWrapper
Resource Manager
Interface
ParserWrapper
Parser
Interface
DiscoveryWrapper
Discovery
Interface
SelectorWrapper
Selector
Interface
DMWrapper
DataMediator
Interface
PMWrapper
ProcessMediator
Interface
ChoreographyWrapper
Choreography
Interface
Reasoner Interface
Reasoner
Resource Manager Interface
WSMO Objects Non WSMO Objects
WSMT – Web Services Modelling Toolkit
Service Providers
Web Service 1
Web Service 2
Web Service p
...
Service Requesters
Back-End Application
Agent acting on behalf of service
requester
WSML EditorWSMX Monitor Choreography EditorWSMX Managment Mediator Editor
ComponentWrapper
New Component
Interface
Set of Web Servicedescriptions expressedin requester’s ownformat returned togoal requester.
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EXTENSIONS
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Extensions: Mobile Services
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Extensions: Mobile Services
• Extending the mobile and sensors networks with Semantic technologies, Semantic Web will enable:
– Interoperability at the level of sensors data and protocols– More precise search for mobile capabilities and sensors with desired capability
From: http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/sensorweb
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Extensions: Intelligent Cars
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Extensions: Intelligent Cars
• A key aspect of future cars will be intelligence
– Real-time data collection– Car-to-X communication– Interaction Systems– Driver Assistance
• Semantic Technologies can be used to add this intelligence through:
– Machine awareness of context (Spatio-temporal concerns, mood, etc..)
– Management of large volumes of real-time data
– Enabling interoperability between systems
From: http://www.nff.tu-bs.de/index.php?id=464&L=1
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Extensions: A Smarter Electricity Grid
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Extensions: A Smarter Electricity Grid
• Managing increasingly dispersed energy resources is crucial to ensure efficient electricity consumption, for example
– Wind farms– Solar panels
• Grid operators cannot be sure at any given time:– Which electricity generators are connected– If they are operational or not– How much power they are outputting
• Semantic technologies can be used to enable “self-describing networks”– Each member of the network autonomously publishes semantic data about itself– Enables more efficient automated grid management technologies
• Ultimately semantic technologies can provide a “Smart Electricity Grid”
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SUMMARY
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Summary
• The Semantic Web provides a mechanism for – Representing knowledge on the Web– Annotating data on the Web– Annotating services on the Web
• Everything is identified by a URI• RDF to assert relations between resources• RDFS and OWL to make statements about types• SPARQL to query RDF data• WSMO as a conceptual model • WSML for describing services at different levels of expressivity• WSMX as a Semantic Execution Environment for bringing requesters
and providers together
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REFERENCES
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References
• Mandatory reading:– T. Berners-Lee, J. Hendler, O. Lassila. The Semantic Web, Scientific American, 2001.– Dieter Fensel, Holger Lausen, Axel Polleres, Jos de Bruijn, Michael Stollberg, Dumitru
Roman, John Domingue, Enabling Semantic Web Services: The Web Service Modeling Ontology, Springer-Verlag, 2007
• Further reading:– Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan, Michal Zaremba (Eds.), Implementing Semantic Web
Services: The SESA Framework. Springer-Verlag, 2008.– Jos de Bruijn, Dieter Fensel, Mick Kerrigan, Uwe Keller, Holger Lausen, and James
Scicluna: Modeling Semantic Web Services, Springer-Verlag, 2008
– D. Fensel. Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce, 2nd Edition, Springer 2003.
– G. Antoniou and F. van Harmelen. A Semantic Web Primer, (2nd edition), The MIT Press 2008.
– H. Stuckenschmidt and F. van Harmelen. Information Sharing on the Semantic Web, Springer 2004.
– T. Berners-Lee. Weaving the Web, HarperCollins 2000
– T.R. Gruber, Toward principles for the design of ontologies used or knowledge sharing? , Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., vol. 43, no. 5-6,1995
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References
– David Martin, et al., OWL-S: Semantic Markup for Web Services, W3C Member Submission 22 November 2004, http://www.w3.org/Submission/OWL-S.
– Joel Farrell and Holger Lausen, Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema, W3C Recommendation 28 August 2007, http://www.w3.org/TR/sawsdl
– Rama Akkiraju et al., Web Service Semantics - WSDL-S, W3C Member Submission 7 November 2005, http://www.w3.org/Submission/WSDL-S
– Steve Battle et al., Semantic Web Services Framework (SWSF), W3C Member Submission 9 September 2005, http://www.w3.org/Submission/SWSF
– Semantic Web Primer: http://www.ics.forth.gr/isl/swprimer/
– RDF Primer: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/
– RDF Schema: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/
– OWL Guide: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-guide/
– RDF SPARQL Protocol: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-protocol/
– Linked Open Data: http://linkeddata.org/
– Linked Open Data Tutorial: http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/
– WSMO: http://www.wsmo.org/TR/d2/
– WSML: http://www.wsmo.org/TR/d16/d16.1/
– WSMO/WSML Tutorials: http://wiki.sti2.at/index.php?title=WSMT_Tutorials
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References
• Wikipedia links:– URI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI
– RDF; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework
– RDFS: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDFS
– SPARQL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL
– WSMO: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMO
– WSML: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Modeling_Language
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http://www.sti-innsbruck.at/results/movies/serviceweb30-the-future-internet/
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Questions?