1. 1491-1607Chapter One

1.1Populations in Pre-Columbian North America

The earliest populations in North America developed a variety of social, political, and economic structures based on interactions with the environment and each other..

As settlers migrated

They settled across North America.

Developed quite different and increasingly complex societies.

Adapted and transformed to their diverse environments.

Maize cultivation Spread northward from Mexico and

supported economic development and social diversification among societies

Foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and California

Terms: Pueblo, Chinook

Great Basin and Western Great Plains Developed largely mobile lifestyles. In the Northeast and along the Atlantic

Seaboard, some societies developed a mixes agricultural and hunter-gatherer lifestyle that led to permanent villages.

Terms: Iroquois, Algonquian

Divide class into 4 groups Assign each group one of the tribes

mentioned in the PowerPoint. Have each group report to the class the

characteristics of each of these tribes. Compare and contrast the tribes.

Create Comparison SheetTribe Pueblo Chinook Iroquois Algonquia

n

FamilyStructure

EconomicSystem

ReligiousBeliefs

Language

Primary Source Reading Read portions of the Iroquois

Confederation. Discuss what you learn about the

Iroquois as a result of this document. How does this compare to the concept

of the Indian as a savage? What reasons can you give for why the

various tribes did not unite to fend off the European “invasion”.?

Columbian Exchange1.2 European overseas expansion

resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic

Spanish and Portuguese exploration led to - Widespread deadly epidemics The emergence of racially mixed

populations And a caste system defined by an

intermixture of Spanish, African and Native Americans.

Terms: smallpox, Mestizo, Zambo

New Crops and Livestock Far-reaching effects on native

settlement patterns. Effected the economic, social, and

political development in the Western Hemisphere.

Terms: horses, cows

Encomienda System Based on Indian labor Plantation based agriculture Extraction of precious metals and

other natural resources Gradually replaced by African slavery Terms: Sugar, silver

The Nations of Europe were expanding and competition was growing. Causing social, religious, political, and

economic upheaval. Promoted empire building. Desire for new sources of wealth Power and status Converts to Christianity

Changes in Europe New crops stimulated population growth in

Europe New sources of mineral wealth facilitated

the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.

Terms: corn, potatoes

Improvements in Technology and organization Effected international trade Changed the economies of Europe and

the Americas.

Terms: sextant, joint-stock companies

1.3 Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group

Over seas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples.

Spanish and Portuguese explorers… Poorly understood the native peoples

which led to a debate over how American Indians should be treated .

Exactly how “civilized” these groups were.

Terms: Juan de Sepulveda, Bartolome de Las Casas

Concept of White superiority grew In order to justify their subjugation of

Africans and American Indians Used several rationales.

Tried to Hold the Middle Ground Native peoples and Africans strove to

maintain their political and cultural autonomy.

European nations challenged their independence and core beliefs.

Terms: Spanish mission system, Pueblo, Juan de Onate

In Spit of Slavery Africans’ cultural and linguistic

adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy

Terms: maroon communities in Brazil and the Caribbean, mixing of Christianity and traditional African religions.