08. central processing unit (cpu)

7/29/2019 08. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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CPUCentral Processing Unit


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Central Processing Unit

MicroprocessorThe Chip

The Processor

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CPUs

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CPU

The brain of a computer system where

calculations and decisions are made

The main part of the computer that

manages, stores, and uses data

A silicon chip which normally contains

millions of transistors

https://duckduckgo.com/?q=define+central processing unit

https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU&tbs=dfn:1

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Components of a CPU

Two main components

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Control Unit

Other components

Registers

Cache

etc

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The unit that performs arithmetic and logic operationssuch as addition, subtraction, shifting operations and

logic instructions (boolean comparisons, such as AND, OR,

XOR, and NOT operations)

ALUs are designed to perform integer calculations.Therefore, besides adding and subtracting, ALUs often

handle the multiplications, since the result is also an

integer

FPU (Floating-Point Unit) ALUs typically do not perform division operations, as the

result may be a fraction, or a "floating point" number.

Instead, division operations are usually handled by the FPU,

which also performs other non-integer calculations

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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
http://www.techterms.com/definition/fpuhttp://www.techterms.com/definition/fpu


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ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)


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The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU,

controlling the operations inside the CPU and

"directing traffic" in a sense. The functions a control

unit performs can depend on the type of CPU, since

the varying degrees of architecture between all the

different CPUs will determine the functions of the

control unit

Handles all processor control signals. It directs all

input and output flow, fetches code for instructions

from microprograms and directs other units and

models by providing control and timing signals

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Control Unit (CU)


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Registers

Local storage space on a CPU that holds data that is being

processed. Registers generally occupy the top-most position in

the memory hierarchy, providing high-speed and fast access

Generally measured in terms of bits to determine the amount

of data they can hold. For example, the two most frequentlyused terms, 32-bitprocessor and 64-bit processor, generally

refer to the size of the register on the processor

Processor registers are normally made of static or dynamic

random access memory (RAM) cells. Static RAM offers faster

access to data than dynamic RAM, which is relatively slow

Categories of Registers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#Categories_of_registers

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Cache

CPU Cache is a data storage section of a CPU or processor. Its purposeis to "cache" (or "keep in hand") the next set of instructions and data

that is currently needed

Slower than Registers, Faster than Main Memory

Comes in different levels. L1, L2, L3

L3 normally used to found outside the CPU usually in Motherboard of

High End machines (Gaming, Servers etc.). Certain newer CPUs

contain on-die L3 cache

Speed (performance): L1 > L2 > L3

Size (capacity): L1 < L2 < L3

Typical Core I CPU contains

L1 cache 64 kB per core

L2 cache 256 kB per core

L3 cache 1 MB to 8 MB shared

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache


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CPU Diagrams

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CPU Vendors

Intel

AMD(Advanced Micro Devices)

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CPU Vendors

List of Intel microprocessors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors

List of AMD microprocessors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessors

Different manufacturers use different CPU architectures

and technologies. Therefore similar CPU related terms

such as Cache may different as well

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors


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Microarchitecture

The microword definition, data flow, timing

constraints, and precedence constraints that

characterize a given microprogrammed

computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_CPU_architectures#Microarchitectures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures

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Intel Microarchitectures

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures

Semiconductor device fabrication

Semiconductor manufacturing processes measured by nanometers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication

Intel Tick-Tock

Every "tick" is a shrinking of process technology of theprevious microarchitecture and every "tock" is a new

microarchitecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Tick-Tock

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Intel Microarchitectures

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MicroarchitectureFabricationprocess

Major CPUs

NetBurst 65 nm Pentium 4

Core 65 nm, 45 nm Core 2

Nehalem 45 nm, 32 nm

Core i3Core i5Core i7

Sandy

Bridge

Sandy Bridge 32 nm

Ivy Bridge 22 nm

HaswellHaswell 22 nm

Broadwell 14 nm

Notable Microarchitectures
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBurst_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65_nanometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBurst_(microarchitecture)


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Intel Core CPU Generations

Processor Generation of a Core I CPU is a term used to

identify certain CPU families

Instead of using microarchitecture names, simply a

generation name is used

Generation can be determined by the relevant Sub

Microarchitecture Codename or CPU model no.

1stGeneration: Nehalem (~45nm)

2ndGeneration: Sandy Bridge (~32nm)

3rdGeneration: Ivy Bridge (~22nm)

4thGeneration: Haswell (~22nm)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)


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1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Core Generations

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Generation CPU Model No. Sample

1st Core i# - ### Core i5 - 750

2nd Core i# - 2### Core i5 - 2310

3rd Core i# - 3### Core i5 - 3450

4th Core i# - 4### Core i5 - 4570

CPU Generation or its Microarchitecture Codenamecan be determined by the CPU model no.

Here #is a number. Not a letter
http://ark.intel.com/products/42915http://ark.intel.com/products/53445http://ark.intel.com/products/65511http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/75043http://ark.intel.com/products/65511http://ark.intel.com/products/65511http://ark.intel.com/products/65511http://ark.intel.com/products/65511http://ark.intel.com/products/53445http://ark.intel.com/products/53445http://ark.intel.com/products/53445http://ark.intel.com/products/53445http://ark.intel.com/products/42915http://ark.intel.com/products/42915http://ark.intel.com/products/42915http://ark.intel.com/products/42915


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CPU Socket

A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component

that provides mechanical and electrical connections

between a microprocessor and the motherboard

Typically made of plastic. Has a lever or latch and metal

contacts for each of the pins or lands on the CPU. Manypackages are keyed to ensure the proper insertion

Earlier Sockets had holes, as older CPUs had pins, and

newer sockets have pins as newer CPUs are pin-less

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_socket

http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/

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CPU Socket

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Socket Major CPUs

Socket 478 Pentium 4

LGA 775 Core 2 Duo

LGA 1156 Core i3, i5 (1st Gen)

LGA 1155 Core i3, i5 (2nd, 3rd Gen)

LGA 1150 Core i3, i5 (4th Gen)

Notable Intel CPU Sockets
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1150http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_i3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1156http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_2_Duohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478


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CPU Socket

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_AM2http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_AM3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_775http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socket_478


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Threads

In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallestsequence of programmed instructions that can be managed

independently by an operating systemscheduler

Multithreading

Multithreading CPUs have hardware support to efficientlyexecute multiple threads

Hyperthreading

Hyper-Threading Technology or HT Technology is

Intel's proprietary simultaneous multithreading (SMT)implementation used to improve parallelization of

computations

Here a Logical Core is called as a thread

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-Threading_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science


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Multicore

A multi-core processor is a single computing

component with two or more independent

actual processing units (Physical Cores)

Normally a Core means a Physical Core and a

Thread means a Logical Core

Multicore systems have more than one Cores

Dual-Core and Quad-Core CPUs are common

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Multicore

Dual-Core

Pentium D

Core 2 Duo

Core i3 Dual Core

Quad-Core

Core 2 Quad

Core i5 Quad Core

Intel's Core i# numbering scheme

o i#-6## and down: dual core

o i#-7## and up: quad core

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Multicore

Multicore Cache Distribution

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Multicore

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Processor Types

Server Processors

Desktop Processors Mobile (Notebook) CPUs

CPUs for other Mobile Devices

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Server Processors

High Speed

Multiple CPUs used

Bigger Cache

Examples

Intel Xeon, AMD Opteron

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Mobile (Notebook) CPUs

Compared to Desktop CPUs

Smaller Cache

Less Power Consumption

Less Performance

Typically vendors include specialletters like M (for mobile) in notebook

CPUs

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CPUs for other Mobile Devices

Mobile Devices like Mobile Phones, Tabs use

CPUs

Newer high end devices use Multicore CPUs

Examples

Sony Xperia Z:1.5 GHz quad-core QualcommKrait

Samsung Galaxy S41.2 GHz quad-core Cortex-A7, 1.6 GHz quad-core 1.6 GHz

quad-core Cortex-A15 +

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krait_(CPU)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A7_MPCorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex-A15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A7_MPCorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A7_MPCorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A7_MPCorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krait_(CPU)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcommhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHz


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Future: SoC

A System on a Chip or System on Chip (SoC) is anintegrated circuit (IC) that integrates all components of

a computer or other electronic system into a single chip

Integrates almost all components into a single silicon

chip. Along with a CPU, an SoC usually contains a GPU,memory, USB controller, power management circuits,

and wireless radios.

Whereas a CPU cannot function without dozens of other

chips, its possible to build complete computers with just

a single SoC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_on_a_chip

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SoC (System on a Chip)

SoC vs. CPU CPUs are on the way out. Eventually, SoCs will almost completely

consume CPUs

http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-

battle-for-the-future-of-computing

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http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computinghttp://www.extremetech.com/computing/126235-soc-vs-cpu-the-battle-for-the-future-of-computing


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SoC (System on a Chip)

33ARM server SoC: Calxeda EnergyCore ECX-1000 Block Diagram
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture


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CPU: Considerations

Motherboard

Socket

Chipset

34


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More Links and References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_

of_Intel_processors

https://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPU

https://www.google.com/search?q=CPU

35
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Intel_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Intel_processorshttps://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPUhttps://www.google.com/search?q=CPUhttps://www.google.com/search?q=CPUhttps://duckduckgo.com/?q=CPUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Intel_processorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Intel_processors


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Thank You!

Ayubowan!

08. central processing unit (cpu)

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