Cc giao thc nh tuyn Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng (interior gateway protocol)

TS. Trng Diu Linh B mn Mng thng tin & Truyn thng Vin Cng ngh thng tin & truyn thng

2/11/14 1

Mc lc

Giao thc nh tuyn RIP Giao thc nh tuyn IGRP Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF Giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP Kt lun

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Interior Gateway Protocols uCc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng:

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Distance Vector Rou/ng Protocol Link-state vector protocols

RIP IGRP

RIPv2 EIGRP OSPFv2 & IS-IS

RIPng EIGRP for IPv6 OSPFv3 & IS-IS for IPv6

Hnh 1: Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn ni vng

IP phn lp

IP khng phn lp

IPv6

Interior Gateway Protocols uClassful routing: Nhng giao thc nh tuyn

khng gi km thng tin subnet mask cng vi cc routing updates.

uMt router chy giao thc nh tuyn classful khi nhn c mt tuyn ng mi s hot ng theo 2 cch nh sau: Nhng giao thc nh tuyn dng classful l RIPv1

v IGRP. uClassless routing: Nhng giao thc nh tuyn

thuc dng classless routing gi km thng tin subnet mask cng vi cc routing updates. Mt s v d v cc giao thc nh tuyn classless l

RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF v IS-IS

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Chng : Giao thc nh tuyn RIP Gii thiu RIP v1 RIP v2

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Gii thiu RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

Giao thc nh tuyn bn trong cc h t tr Gii hn ng i di nht 15 nt S dng thut ton tim duong distance-vector, Mi router thng xuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn

ca n sang hng xm Khi mt router nhn c bng nh tuyn, n x l

cp nht ng i tt hn theo thut ton Bellman-Ford

chn ng i theo metrics c nh: s nt mng i qua (hop count).

Ngc li vi cc metrics thay i theo thi gian thc: tin cy, tr o c, ti

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Gii thiu

RIP c dng trn Internet RIP c thi gian hi t chm, nn t c s dng hn so vi Link-state protocol

RIP s dng UDP chuyn cc gi gn update RIP c 2 phin bn, RIPv1 v RIPv2 Ti liu c t RIPv1: RFC-1058

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Gii thiu

uRIP phin bn 1 RIPv1 (RIP version 1): RIPv1 s dng a ch IP phn lp (A,B,C,...) RIPv1 khng c thng tin v mt n mng con

v khng h tr nh tuyn lin vng khng phn lp CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), chiu di mt n mng con thay i. RIP v2 c cha thng gn chiu di mt n nn h tr a ch khng phn lp

RIPv1 c m t trong RFC 1058 "Routing Information Protocol" nm 1988.

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RIPv1 Khi mt router xut hin n gi Request Message n mi

nt khc Cc nt khi nhn c s gi li Response Message vi bng

nh tuyn ca n Bng nh tuyn gm nhiu bn ghi, mi bn ghi lu: ch,

khong cch n ch, nt gp theo cn i qua. Mi nt x l bng nh tuyn ca mnh khi nhn c 1 bng

nh tuyn theo lut sau: Nu khng c ch no trong bng nh tuyn ca nt tng ng vi cc

ng i nhn c thm ch mi vo bng nh tuyn, km nt cung cp thng gn (lm next hop)

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RIPv1

Mi nt x l bng nh tuyn ca mnh khi nhn c 1 bng nh tuyn theo lut sau (gp): Nu c ch nhn c trong bng nh tuyn v ng i mi tt

hn (t hop hn) cp nht khong cch mi theo Bellman-ford. Nu c ch nhn c trong bng nh tuyn v ng i mi

nhn c khng tt bng ng bit cp nht bn ghi cho ch ny vi khong cch = 16 nt (tng ng v cng). Tuy vy cc gi gn vn gp tc c vn chuyn theo ng i c.

Holddown gmer c khi to b qua tt c cc cp nht t cc router khc cho ch ny

Sau khi Holddown gmer ht hn cc thng gn t cc router khc cho ng i ny mi c cp nht

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RIPv1: Trao i bng nh tuyn

nh k: Cc routers chy RIP s broadcast mt/mt s

thng ip cp nht vic nh tuyn thng xuyn (30s). Mi thng ip ly thng tin t bng nh tuyn Mt tp hp cc cp, trong mi cp cha mt a ch

mng ch IP v mt s nguyn l khong cch hop n mng ,

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RIPv1: Trao i bng nh tuyn S kin. Mi khi c thay i s gi thng ip sang nt

hng xm. Nt hng xm s cp nht bng nh tuyn ca n

2/11/14 12 Hnh 2: Cp nht bng nh tuyn

RIPv1: Timer RIP s dng mt s b m thi gian kim sot vic cp nht cc gi gn. Cc b m u gim dn n 0: Update gmer

Chu k t ng gi gi gn cp nht n cc nt khc. Mc nh 30 giy.

Invalid gmer Thi gian ti a m mt ng i trong bng nh tuyn khng c cp nht m vn l hp l. Mc nh 180 giy.

Sau Invalid gmer (gim v 0), ng i c dnh du l unreachable (16 hop)

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RIPv1: Timer Garbage-collecgon Timer (mc nh 120 giy)

Thi gian chuyn mt ng invalid thnh unreachable. Dng i invalid gp tc c qung b trong thi gian thng bo n cc nt khc cc nt khc bit

Hold-down gmer: khng c trong giao thc gc m ch c trong bn ci t ca CISCO

Khi mt mng ang l unreachable, router s gi khng nhn cp nht thng gn mi (tr thnh reachable) v mng ny trong mt khong thi gian ch ra trong hold-down gmer.

Khi no hold-down gmer v 0 th mi cp nht Trnh nh trng cp nht thng gn cha n nh t router khc khi mng mi thay i trng thi

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RIPv1: Timer uRIP phi x l mt s li do thut gii c s gy ra: Trong sut thi gian holddown, router nhn c thng tin cp

nht t mt router lng ging khc nhng thng tin ny cho bit c ng n mng X vi thng s nh tuyn tt hn con ng m router trc th n s b qua, khng cp nht thng tin ny.

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Hnh 3: K thut hold down

RIPv1: Li m v hn uMt s li c th xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca RIP: nh tuyn lp c th xy ra khi bng nh tuyn trn cc router

cha c cp nht do qu trnh hi t chm,

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A C

B

D

1

1

110

Mng ch Khi khng c li, bng nh tuyn trn cc router i vi mng ch D: directly connected, metric 1 B: route via D, metric 2 C: route via B, metric 3 A: route via B, metric 3

RIPv1: Li m v hn Lin kt B-D b t, cc routers nn s dng lin kt C-D. Tuy

nhin phi mt mt khong thi gian. Qu trnh din ra bt u t khi B pht hin ra ng i n D khng s dng c na. Thi gian ------> D: dir, 1 dir, 1 dir, 1 dir, 1 ... dir, 1 dir, B: unreach C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C, 11 C, 12 C: B, 3 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 11 D, 11 A: B, 3 C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C, 11 C, 12

dir = directly connected unreach = unreachable

Ban u B pht hin khong i c n ch Nhng A v C vn cha c cp nht B li ngh l c th i n ch qua C. V qung b ng i . ... Qu trnh ny c th lp v hn i vi mt s trng hp.

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RIPv1: Li m v hn m v hn: Vi cc giao thc nh tuyn vector khong

cch s dng thng s l s lng hop thi mi khi router chuyn thng tin cp nht cho router khc ,ch s hop s tng ln 1.

Vic cp nht sai v bng nh tuyn nh trn s b lp vng nh vy mi cho n khi no c mt tin trnh khc ct t c qu trnh ny.

RIP s dng mt gi tr va nh, 16 hop gn cho khong cch ti a c th c..

K thut ct hng ngang (split horizon update): router s khng cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v tuyn ng ngc tr v router t hc c thng tin v tuyn ng.

K thut route poisoning c th dng update thng tin nh tuyn li mt cch trc tip.

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RIPv1: K thut ct hng ngang uTrnh li lp v hn: K thut ct hng ngang (split horizon update): b nh tuyn

s khng cp nht thng v tuyn ng ngc tr v b nh tuyn m t nhn c thng tin v tuyn ng .

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!Hnh 3: K thut ct hng ngang

RIPv1: K thut ct hng ngang Split horizon update with Poison reverse

c s dng trnh xy ra cc vng lp ln router thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch t

gi tr cho thng s nh tuyn (s lng hop chng hn) ln hn gi tr ti a

qung b ngc li (poison) thng tin ny n c giao din m t hc c thng tin

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RIP v1: K thut triggered update

Split horizon c th x l c trng hp ch c 2 router lin quan n vic lp v hn

Nu c t 3 router tr ln?? Triggered update yu cu cc router phi qung b ngay bng nh tuyn (m khng ch n chu k update) mi khi mt tuyn ng c s thay i metric

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RIPv1: khun dng gi tin uS dng UDP trao i cc gi tin update. uCng 520 c bn gi v bn nhn. unh dang gi tin RIP: Cc thng ip RIP c th c chia thnh 2

loi: gi tin tr li v gi tin yu cu. C 2 loi gi tin u s dng chung mt nh dng

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Hnh 4: nh dng gi tin RIP

RIPv1: khun dng gi tin

RFC 1058 Routing Information Protocol June 1988

The packet format is shown in Figure 1.

Format of datagrams containing network information. Field sizes are given in octets. Unless otherwise specified, fields contain binary integers, in normal Internet order with the most-significant octet first. Each tick mark represents one bit.

0 1 2 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | command (1) | version (1) | must be zero (2) | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ | address family identifier (2) | must be zero (2) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | IP address (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | must be zero (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | must be zero (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | metric (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ . . . The portion of the datagram from address family identifier through metric may appear up to 25 times. IP address is the usual 4-octet Internet address, in network order.

Figure 1. Packet format

Every datagram contains a command, a version number, and possible arguments. This document describes version 1 of the protocol. Details of processing the version number are described in section 3.4. The command field is used to specify the purpose of this datagram. Here is a summary of the commands implemented in version 1:

1 - request A request for the responding system to send all or part of its routing table.

2 - response A message containing all or part of the senders routing table. This message may be sent in response to a request or poll, or it may be an update message generated by the sender.

3 - traceon Obsolete. Messages containing this command are to be ignored.

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Route entry

RIPv1: khun dng gi tin Trng COMMAND xc nh cc thao tc thc

hin v cng phn bit gi tin request hay response.

1- Request: gi tin yu cu bng nh tuyn. 2- Response: Ni dung gi tin bao gm ton b bng nh tuyn ca nt gi. Gi tin ny tr li cho mt request trc hoc c th l gi tin update c sinh ra bi ngi gi.

3 traceon: Khng dng na 4-traceoff: Khng dng na 5-reserved: Dng ring cho Sun Microsystems Nu cc lnh mi c b sung, n s dng cc m

lnh t 6 tr i.

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RIPv1: khun dng gi tin Trng VERSION cha phin bn ang hot ng ca

RIP, Trng ZERO, khng c c t theo RFC-1058 c t theo chnh gi tr mc nh ca n l 0. Trng ny c thm vo cung cp s tng thch vi cc phin bn RIP khc nhau.

Trng Address-family identifier (AFI) c s dng c t giao thc c nh tuyn c s dng. V d gi tr ca AFI cho giao thc IP l 2

Trng ADDRESS ch a ch IP ca ch/mng ch Trng METRIC ch s hop cn phi nhy ti ch. Gi

tr cho ng i hp l t 1-15, v 16 cho poisoning route. c thm c t trong RFC-1058 Bi tp: Hy b sung lnh mi cho RIP v1 ci tin giao thc.

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RIPv1 uVn khi thit k RIPv1: RIPv1 khng h tr cc mng con c di mt n khc nhau. Phn hoch a ch IP vi RIPv1 yu cu mt n mng con

ging nhau cho mi mng con. Gii hn s hop trong RIPv1 l 15. V vy kch thc mng

khng th vut qu s gii hn .

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!Hnh 4: Cc a ch mng phi c cng subnet mask

RIP v2

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIP uRIP phin bn 2 RIPv1 (RIP version 2): RIPv2 l giao thc nh tuyn dng a ch IP

khng phn lp, RIPv2 c thng tin v mt n mng con v h tr

cc mng con c di mt n khc nhau. RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng. RIPv2 c m t trong

RFC1387 "RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis" nm 1993, RFC1388 "RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional

Information" nm 1993 RFC2453: RIP v2, thay th RFC1723, 1388. RFC1389 "RIP Version 2 MIB Extensions" nm 1993.

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2 uRIPv2 l bn c pht trin t RIPv1 nn c cc c im

nh RIPv1: L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, s dng

s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn. Gi tr hop ti a l 15. Thi gian gi chm (hold-down) cng l 180 giy. S dng c ch split horizon, triggered update, reverse poison chng lp vng.

uRIPv2 khc phc c nhng im gii hn ca RIPv1. RIPv2 c gi mt n mng con i km vi cc da ch mng

trong thng tin nh tuyn. Nh m RIPv2 c th h tr IP khng phn lp v cc mng con c mt n khc nhau.

RIPv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn. RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch a hng 244.0.0.9.

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2 uCu trc bn tin ca RIPv2 cho php mang

nhiu thng tin hn RIPv1

uMt s c tnh sau y l nhng du hiu ln nht c b sung vo RIPv2: Xc thc cc gi tin RIP vi router. H tr mt n con. a ch IP bc k tip. Bn tin qung b nh a ch multicast.

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Hnh 4: Cu trc bn tin RIPv2

RIPv.2: Khun dng gi gn

RFC 2453 RIP Version 2 November 1998

4. Protocol Extensions

This section does not change the RIP protocol per se. Rather, it provides extensions to the message format which allows routers to share important additional information.

The same header format is used for RIP-1 and RIP-2 messages (see section 3.4). The format for the 20-octet route entry (RTE) for RIP-2 is:

0 1 2 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Address Family Identifier (2) | Route Tag (2) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ | IP Address (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Subnet Mask (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Next Hop (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | Metric (4) | +---------------------------------------------------------------+

The Address Family Identifier, IP Address, and Metric all have the meanings defined in section 3.4. The Version field will specify version number 2 for RIP messages which use authentication or carry information in any of the newly defined fields.

4.1 Authentication

Since authentication is a per message function, and since there is only one 2-octet field available in the message header, and since any reasonable authentication scheme will require more than two octets, the authentication scheme for RIP version 2 will use the space of an entire RIP entry. If the Address Family Identifier of the first (and only the first) entry in the message is 0xFFFF, then the remainder of the entry contains the authentication. This means that there can be, at most, 24 RIP entries in the remainder of the message. If authentication is not in use, then no entries in the message should have an Address Family Identifier of 0xFFFF. A RIP message which contains an authentication entry would begin with the following format:

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Phn header ging RIPv1 Khun dng ca cc route entry:

Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv2 uCc trng trong nh dng bn tin IP RIPv2: Command, Version number, AFI, Address, Metric:

Chc nng ca chung cng ging nh trong bn tin RIPv.1. Unused: C gi tr c thit lp mc nh l 0. Route tag (Nhn ng i): Cung cp mt phng

thc phn bit gia b nh tuyn ni b (s dng giao thc RIP) v cc b nh tuyn ngoi (s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn khc). Subnet mask: Cha ng mt n mng con cho cc

b nh tuyn. Next hop: Cho bit a ch IP ca router tip theo m

gi tin c th c chuyn tip n.

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RIPv2: Thng bo c xc thc uThng bo c xc thc c khun dng gi tin hi khc uTon b Route entry u tin c dng mang

thng tin xc thc uAFI = 0xFFFF uAuthentication type: Loi xc thc. Hin ti gi tr l 2 Authentication: Mt khu dng khng m ha. Cn li ti a 24 Route entry tip theo lu cc thng tin ng i

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RFC 2453 RIP Version 2 November 1998

0 1 2 3 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | Command (1) | Version (1) | unused | +---------------+---------------+-------------------------------+ | 0xFFFF | Authentication Type (2) | +-------------------------------+-------------------------------+ Authentication (16) +---------------------------------------------------------------+

Currently, the only Authentication Type is simple password and it is type 2. The remaining 16 octets contain the plain text password. If the password is under 16 octets, it must be left-justified and padded to the right with nulls (0x00).

4.2 Route Tag

The Route Tag (RT) field is an attribute assigned to a route which must be preserved and readvertised with a route. The intended use of the Route Tag is to provide a method of separating "internal" RIP routes (routes for networks within the RIP routing domain) from "external" RIP routes, which may have been imported from an EGP or another IGP.

Routers supporting protocols other than RIP should be configurable to allow the Route Tag to be configured for routes imported from different sources. For example, routes imported from EGP or BGP should be able to have their Route Tag either set to an arbitrary value, or at least to the number of the Autonomous System from which the routes were learned.

Other uses of the Route Tag are valid, as long as all routers in the RIP domain use it consistently. This allows for the possibility of a BGP-RIP protocol interactions document, which would describe methods for synchronizing routing in a transit network.

4.3 Subnet mask

The Subnet Mask field contains the subnet mask which is applied to the IP address to yield the non-host portion of the address. If this field is zero, then no subnet mask has been included for this entry.

On an interface where a RIP-1 router may hear and operate on the information in a RIP-2 routing entry the following rules apply:

1) information internal to one network must never be advertised into another network,

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RIPv2: multicast uH tr multicast trong RIPv2: RIPv2 cn h tr pht multicast so vi phin

bn 1. Trong RIPv1, Khi mt router mi tham gia vo

mng, n s gi broadcast gi tin Request yu cu bng nh tuyn. RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9

pht a hng cc thng bo RIP ti ch cc b nh tuyn s dng giao thc RIPv2 trn mt mng m thi. Gim ti cho cc nt khng h tr RIPv2 (v d cc nt ch chy RIPv1).

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RIPv2: timer uCc timer trong RIPv2 cng tng t

RIPv1 Update timer nh k iu khin vic gi thng

bo, Invalid timer qun l tnh hp l ca mt tuyn ng sau mt thi gian khng c cp nht ,

Garbage collection timer: Qun l thi gian mt tuyn ng khng cn hp l cn lu li trong bng nh tuyn thng bo cho cc nt khc.

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RIPv2 uVn khi thit k mng vi RIPv2: RIPv2 h tr VLSM bn trong mng v CIDR. RIPv2 cho php tm tt cc l trnh trong cng 1 mng. RIPv2 vn c gii hn s hop l 16. RIPv2 gi bng nh tuyn 30s mi ln n cc my gi a

ch IP l 224.0.0.9. RIPv2 thng c gii hn khi truy nhp vo mng ni m giao

thc ny c th hot ng lin kt vi cc my ch c thc hin nh tuyn.

RIPv2 cng cung cp s xc nhn l trnh.

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So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2 uNhng im tng ng gia RIPv1 & RIPv2: L giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch. S dng s hop lm thng s nh tuyn. Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy. S dng cng c ch chng lp vng: split horizon,

hold-down. Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln

hn 15 th gi d liu s b hy b. Cng gi nhng thng tin sau v mi ch :

IP address: a ch ca my ch hoc mng Gateway: Cng vo ra u tin m ng dn tin v ch Interface: Phn mng vt l m s dng n cng ra u

tin ca ng dn v ch Metric : L s cho bit s hop n ch. Timer: L lng thi gian k t khi b nh tuyn cp nht

ln cui cng. 2/11/14 37

So snh RIPv1 v RIPv2 uNhng im khc nhau gia RIPv1 & RIPv2:

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RIP version 1 RIPv1 RIP version 2 RIPv2 nh tuyn theo lp a ch. nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch. Khng gi thng tin v mt n mng con trong thng tin nh tuyn.

C gi thng tin v mt n mng con trong thng tin nh tuyn.

Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c cc mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi c cng mt n mng con.

C h tr VLSM. Do vy cc mng trong h thng RIPv2 c th c chiu di mt n mng con khc nhau.

Khng h tr CIDR C h tr CIDR. Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin nh tuyn.

C c ch xc minh thng tin nh tuyn.

Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch : 255.255.255.255

Gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a a hng 224.0.0.9 nn hiu qu hn.

Cng gi nhng thng tin ging nhau v ch nhng RIPv1 khng gi c thng tin v mt n mng con cn RIPv2 gi c thng tin v mt n mng con.

Giao thc nh tuyn RIP uNhc im ca giao thc RIP: Kt ni lin tc vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn

cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca chng, do to ra mt lng ti ln trn mng. Cc gi tin gii hn di 15 hop v bng nh

tuyn c trao i vi cc b nh tuyn khc khong 30giy/ln. B nh tuyn s khng bit c chnh xc cu

trc ca ton b h thng mng. ng i c s hop ngn nht i khi khng phi

l ng i ti u nht. Khng dng cho cc lin mng quy m ln.

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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP uLnh router rip dng khi ng RIP.

uLnh network dng khai bo nhng cng giao tip no ca router c php chy RIP trn . T RIP s bt u gi v nhn thng tin cp nht trn cc cng tng ng RIP cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k.

uKhi router nhn c thng tin cp nht c s thay i no th n s cp nht thng tin mi vo bng nh tuyn.

uChng ta c th cu hnh cho RIP thc hin cp nht tc thi khi cu trc mng thay i bng lnh ip rip triggered.

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Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP uV d v cu hnh RIP:

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Hnh 4: Cu hnh RIP

Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP uV d v cu hnh RIP:

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Hnh 4: Cu hnh RIP

Cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn RIP uMt s cc cu hnh b sung: iu chnh cc thng s nh tuyn, iu chnh cc thng s v thi gian hot ng ca RIP, Khai bo phin bn ca RIP m ta ang s dng(RIPv1 hay

RIPv2) Cu hnh cho RIP ch gi thng tin nh tuyn rt gn cho mt

cng no . Kim tra thng tin nh tuyn IP rut gn. Cu hnh cho IGRP v RIP chy ng thi. Khng cho php RIP nhn thng tin cp nht t mt a ch IP

no . M hoc tt ch split horizon Kt ni RIP vo mng WAN.

uTham kho: Configuring Routing Information Protocol, Cisco IOS IP and IP Routing Configuration Guide.

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Giao thc nh tuyn RIP uKt lun v nh gi: RIP c thit k nh l mt giao thc IGP

(Interior Gateway Protocol l giao thc nh tuyn ni min) dng cho cc h thng t tr AS (AS Autonomouns system) c kch thc nh, RIP ch p dng cho nhng mng nh, khng s

dng cho h thng mng ln v phc tp, Giao thc nh tuyn RIP l giao thc ra i lu

nht trong cc giao thc nh tuyn hin ti ang s dng, RIP l giao thc c tnh n nh, d s dng

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