04 drawing and presentation

7/24/2019 04 Drawing and Presentation

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Drawing and Presentation

Soledad Garcia Ferrari


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Technical drawings

There are two different methods of producing technicaldrawings: hand drawing andCAD or similar

Hand drawing is carried out in special drawing boards fitted with sliding

rulers set at right angles or with drawing rails fitted on to a desktop. Both allowdrawing lines parallelor at right angles

Hand drawings are usually made with pencils or ink pens.Pencils are available in various hardness grades, which affect the thickness or

visual effect of a line: the harder the pencil, the finer the line. Ink Pens exist in

various forms. Various grades of pencils are needed fordrawings to be able to make lines of different widths


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A variety of rulers, protractors, triangles, set squares,

templatesand

stencilsare available to make drawing simpler.

CADdrawings are made using a computer. A Computer AidedDesignprogramme is needed and these are intended also for constructionand detailed drawing. There are various programmes on the market.


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Top view and Roof plan

Top viewdrawings

present a viewor projection of

the building

seen from

above.

Roofplansare

also important

to define the

buildingsposition on the

plot.


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Plan view

A plan shows asingle floor of the

building at aheight of about 1

to 1.5m above

the floor to

include as manydoors and

windows in themasonry as

possible


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The Box 1942 Lissma, SwedenFor Ralph and Ruth Erskine


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Plan views are generally designated according to the floor (orlevel) they apply to (e.g. cellar floor, ground floor, 1stfloor, 2ndfloor,

etc.)


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Elevation

Elevations show the outside of the building with all its apertures.They provide information about the relationship between the building and

its environment, its form and proportions and the construction type and

material qualities that where applicable. Along with the plan views

and sections, elevationscomplete the overall design.

Geometrically, elevations are parallel projections, seen from theside, onto a building faade. The projection lines run at right angles to

the projection plane, so offset sections are not shown in their true size.


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An elevation generallyshows the immediate surroundings, with thelie of the terrain and links to an existing building development where

appropriate.


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Elevations are identified according to their position on a point of the

compass. The north arrow on the location planand on the planviewsdefines the orientation of the building


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Moore House

Pebble Beach

California USA

1954-1955

Ink/watercolour

760x570mm

Built for his mother.

Japanese inspired.

4x17m + 4x7 porch

68m2+ 28m2=96m2


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Bonham House

Santa Cruz CA USA

1961-1962

Ink/watercolour

760x570mm

Charles W. Moore

With Warren Fuller

50m2+15m2=65m2


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Section

A section is created by making a vertical cut through a building andconsidering this as a view in parallel projection. Sections are

intended to provide information about floor heights, material quality and

the building materials to be used for the planned building.

The section line must be entered on the plan viewor all plan

views. It is identified by a thick dash-dot line and is accompanied by asymbol indicating the direction of view. Arrows and two capital letters of

equal size fix the direction and the designation of the section. Generally

section A-A, B-B or C-C


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Important elements shown in a section include the structure of theroof, the floors and ceilings, the foundations, and the walls with theirapertures. The sectionshould also show access to the building via

stairs, lift, ramp, etc.


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Sections taken parallel through a main axis of the building are called

longitudinaland cross sections. A longitudinalsectioncuts the building along the longer side and a cross

sectionalong the shorter.


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Axonometric projections

Axonometric projections are plan views or views with a thirdplane added height. They are generally used as three-dimensional

views at the planning stage and give a spatial impressionof thebuilding. They are used as construction drawings only in exceptional

cases for example to show the design of a particular detail.


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Perspective drawingsdiffer from axonometric,

isometricand dimetricprojections in that they do not

present the lines lying on an axis

as parallel but in perspective.

Isometric diagram


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Jobson House 1961Palo Colorado Canyon, California

Charles Moore with Peter Hopkinson


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Villa Savoye Le Corbusier


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Paper formats and types

There are various paper formatsbased on a page ratio of 1:V2.The advantage of this page ratio is that a large sheet can always be

divided into smaller formats without waste.

There are also various paper types.Tracing paperis used forhand drawings as it has the advantage that other drawings can beplaced underneath it to be traced. Tracing paper also facilitates

duplicating the original drawing simply using blueprints. For technical

drawing made with CAD programmes, normal white paperin roll or

sheet form, is usually used for plotting. Coated papersor

photographic glossy papersare often used for presentationdrawings as they have high-quality surface.


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Scale

Every type of drawing mentioned is a reduction in a certain ratio of the

built reality, i.e. it is drawn on a particular scale. The scale

used must be marked on every drawing in the form: Scale 1:100

Ascale describes the relationship between the dimensions of anelement in a drawing and in the real size or original scale. There is a

distinction between: original scaleas the natural scale;

enlarged scalein which the element is drawn largerthan its

natural size by a certain multiple; and reduced scalein which theelement is drawn smallerthan its actual size by a certain multiple

A wall drawn on a scale 1:100 will be 100 times smaller than theoriginal.


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General conventions: location plansand rough surveys are oftendrawn on a scale of 1:500 or 1:1000, design drawingson scales

of 1:200 or 1:100. For working plans, the scales of 1:50, 1:25,1:20, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2 and 1:1 are used

Converting scales: if a wall 5.5m long is to be represented on the scaleof 1:50, its length must be divided by its reduction factor: thus 5.5m/

50=0.11m. The length drawn is thus 11cm.


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Lines

A technical drawing consists of lines which differentiate things accordingto their type and width.

There are four principal types of lines: the unbroken line, the

dashed line, the dash-dot lineand the dotted line

The followingline widths are used: 0.13 mm, 0.18 mm, 0.25 mm,

0.35 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 1.4 mm, 2 mm


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unbroken lineis used for all visible objects and visible edges ofbuilding sections. When parts of a building are cut in sections on the

scale of 1:200 or 1:100, unbroken lines 0.25-0.5 mm wide are generallyused. On scales from 1:50, a width of 0.7-1.0 mm is recommended.

Unbroken lines for auxiliary constructions, dimension lines or secondary

top or plan views are drawn more finely: 0.18-0.25 mm wide for a scaleof 1:200 or 1:100, and 0.25-0.5 mm from 1:50

dashed linesare used for concealed edges if building parts (e.g.the under-step when drawing a stair) in line width of 0.25-0.35 mm for

scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and 0.5-0.7 mm for scales from 1:50

dash-dot linesdefine axes and section runs. A section run needsto be immediately recognised on the drawing, they are drawn at a line

width of 0.5 mm for scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and 1 mm for scales from

1:50. Axes are usually drawn in lines 0.18-0.25 mm wide for scales of1:200 and 1:100, and 0.35-0.5 mm for scales from 1:50


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dotted linesidentify the edges of building section that can no longerbe represented because they are placed behind the section plane. Here

a line width of 0.25-0.35 mm is used for scales of 1:200 and 1:100, and0.5-0.7 mm for scales from 1:50


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Hatching

Hatchingis intended to simplify representing individual elements in adrawing and to make them more intelligible. It appears in section plans and

provide information about the nature of the representation, and the qualitiesof the materials and components used in the planning. Different types of

hatching represent the material used. Hatching can be represented aslines, dots, grids or geometrical figures.


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C. Ferrater


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C. Ferrater


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Sea Ranch

Condominium

1963-1965Charles W.Moore,

Donlyn Lyndon, WilliamTurnbull, RichardWhitaker (MLTW)


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Presentation

To present a design,presentation plans are preparedindependently of the classical construction drawings. Presentation

plans are usually drawn up after a preliminary design has been

completed. These are intended to explain the design ideaand

concept

It is important to be able to understand design conceptsandideas quickly. If it is the case of a design competition it would be

necessary to think ways in which the ideas make a clear impacton

the jury as well as making the design stand out from other submissions.


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As well as classical elements such as location plans, plan

views, sections and elevations, presentation plansoften containthree-dimensional representations of

interiors and exteriors. Photographic elementsmay also helpto represent the design idea or the functional context of the design.

Plans submitted are usually confined to the particular scale.However for presentations there is a greater degree of freedom

than fortechnical construction drawings. Dimensions canbe reduced to a minimum, structural elements represented graphically,

or the whole scope of a drawing can be reduced essentially to elements

of composition. There are no limits on creativity. Howeverclarity and accessibility for the person looking at the work are essential.


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04 drawing and presentation

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