03_water distribution system

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1BUILDING UTILITIES 1: PLUMBING

COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

1. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM2. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM3. PLUMBING FIXTURES4. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM5. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM6. FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

THE WATER CYCLE

THREE MAJOR PHASES

1. EVAPORATION2. CONDENSATION3. PRECIPITATION

COMPONENTS AND FLOW IN WATER

SYSTEM

WATER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SOURCES OF WATER

RAIN WATER

COLLECTION:

Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and stored in cisterns or ponds;

Cistern water for drinking should be boiled, chlorinated or otherwise sterilized.

ADVANTAGES:

Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water supply system

DISADVANTAGES:

Only a source during the wet season;

Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes;

Roofs may not be clean

NATURAL SURFACE WATER

COLLECTION:

Obtained from ponds, lakes and rivers

ADVANTAGES:

Easy to acquire;


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Usually in large quantities;

Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated, for community water supply

DISADVANTAGES:

Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic substances; Purification & treatment is

necessary

GROUND WATERCOLLECTION:

Obtained from underground by means of mechanical &manual equipment;

From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for domestic use in most rural areas

ADVANTAGES:

Usually has an abundant supply;

Requires less treatment because of natural filtering

DISADVANTAGES:

May have organic matter & chemical elements; treatment is suggested;

Character of ground water, its hardness, depends upon the nature and condition of the soil and rock

through which it passes or percolates

WATER TREATMENT

WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND THEIR

CORRECTION

TREATMENT AND PURIFICATION


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PURIFICATION OF WATER

AERATION

Spraying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove

entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.

COAGULATION AND PRECIPITATION

Addition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the water which cause the larger suspended

particles to form a gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is gathered in large dumps

and disposed of.

FILTRATION

Water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order to remove the finer

suspended particles.

SEDIMENTATION

Water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a period of time.

CHLORINATION

Water is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill the harmful bacteria.

TYPES OF WELLS

GENERAL TYPES1. SHALLOW WELLS2. DEEP WELLS

ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

1. DUG WELL2. BORED WELL3. JETTED WELL4. DRIVEN WELL5. DRILLED WELL

LOCATING A WELL

2 MOST COMMON SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION1. Septic Tank /leach fields2. Livestock feedlots Location must not be less than 100 ft. away from such pollution sources Locate on higher ground The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration

Methods of well screening

Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass. Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide additional screening

Water tanks and cisterns

Types of tanks for domestic use

OVERHEAD TANKS

- Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below- Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various

shapes and sizes

CISTERNS

- Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump


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PRESSURE TANKS

HOT WATER TANKS

GRAVITY SUPPLY TANKS

Used in Overhead Feed System

Main Components:

Supply Pipe Inlet Overflow Pipe Drip Pan Gate Valves

PNEUMATIC WATER TANKS

Used in the Air Pressure System

Often used with a pump

Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which relieves pressure automatically if necessary

TYPES OF HOT WATER TANKS

RANGE BOILER

Small hot water tank (30-60 cm diameter; 180cm max length) Made of galvanized steel sheet, copper or stainless steel Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psiSTORAGE BOILER

Large hot water tank (60-130 cm in diameter; 5m max length)

Made of heavy duty material sheets applied with rust proof paintStandard working pressure limit is 65 to 100 psi.DEFECTS ON WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

EXPANSION/ CONTRACTIONPipes expand and contract due to continuous changes in temperature

An air space should be provided to allow for breathing room

FRICTION HEAD LOSS

Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes contact with the pipe enclosures, thus

reducing the speed of water flow

There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small diameter pipes, and a high number of valves

of fittings

CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Water is obtained through a large intake installed on the lake basin & extended into deep water.Components

Water basin

Receiving well

Filtration plant

INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Water is taken form a drilled well or underground water

Involves individual special mechanical equipment


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PARTS OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

SERVICE PIPE

Pipe from the street water main or other source of water supply to the building served

WATER METER

Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes through the water service

HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN

The principal water distribution pipe running from the water meter from which the various branches

and risers to the fixtures are taken.

RISER

A water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or

plumbing fixtures.

FIXTURE BRANCH

The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe

CONTROLS AND VALVES

Used for control, isolation and repair of the water distribution system

STORAGE TANKS

TYPES OF COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMUPFEED SYSTEM

Direct up feed

Air pressure system- pneumatic

DOWNFEED (overhead feed) or GRAVITY SYSTEM

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed and Gravity Return System

With a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water Hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation Hot water is immediately drawn from the fixture any time Provided economical circulating return of unused hot water Larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the lower

floors of the building


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Downfeed and Gravity Return System

Hot water rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures viagravity (closed pipe system)

Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity. Larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the

upper floors of the building

Pump Circuit System

For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey buildings

03_water distribution system

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