02 ancient egypt

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Egyptian Timeline

Old Kingdom (2700-2150)

Hieroglyphics and religion

develop in Egypt

pyramids built

Middle Kingdom (2040-1786)extension of Egyptian control

into Nubia

New Kingdom (1570-1075)militaristic - Hebrews enslaved

mummification perfected


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Outline

1. Geography

2. Religion

Gods

Pyramids

Mummies

3. Government

The Pharaoh

4. Daily Life5. Middle Kingdom

6. New Kingdom

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I. Geography

River dominates Egyptian world/thought

Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis

Permits some tradeDefense from invasion

Contributes to feeling of safety

preserves artifacts

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Egypt is the gift of

the Nile -Herodotus

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I. The Nile

yearly flooding - no concern for soil

depletion

PredictableIrrigation systems

Encourages

TradeCommunication

Political unity

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I. The Nile

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I. The Nile

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I. The Nile


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I. The Nile

Impact on religion

divided life - living and dying.

East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples

West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs

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II. Religion

Omnipresence of religion

Polytheistic

interaction with the natural environment shows

interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile anddaily rebirth of sun

over 2000 gods

Pharaoh as living god

Afterlife

Evolution of who has an afterlife

Old vs. New Kingdom

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II. Osiris

God of the Dead - rebirth -

and the weighing of the heart

Evolution of Egyptian

mythologyknown as a ruler in the Nile

delta -

a local godregional god.

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II. Horus

Horus, god of balance and harmony

maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of

the soil.

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II. Early Pyramids

Zozers stepped pyramid - similar to

Babylonian ziggurats

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Why build Pyramids?

Belief in the afterlife demanded:

1. Bodies be interred whole

2. Material goods for use in afterlife be present

The need to protect the bodies demands

good burial tombs

1. First were mastabas

2. Then pyramids

3. Then later hidden tombs

M b


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Mastaba

II G P id


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II. Great Pyramid

Tomb for Khufu

an almost perfect square (deviation .05%)

Orientation is exactly North, South, East

West

2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high

20 years to build

Average block weighs 2.5 tons

Some weigh 9 tons!

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P id f M k Kh f d Kh f


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Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu

Queen Pyramids in front

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II M i


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II. Mummies

Not known when it started in Egypt

Perfected by time of New Kingdom

How to make a mummy: 70 steps

1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the

intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of thebody and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the

intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating

agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7)

Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen(soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with

ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less

than 1000 square yards .

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Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart,

stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated

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Inner coffin

Mummy

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Second inner

coffin lid

Second inner

coffin

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Shawabti box

Gift bearers

Model boat

Funerary

Gifts

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III Th Ph h


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III. The Pharaoh

God-King - unlike MesopotamiaTemporal power

owns all the land and people and what people posses

law vs. Pharaoh's will irrigation

no city walls

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III Th Ph h


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III. The Pharaoh

God-King - unlike MesopotamiaReligious

direct descendant of the Sun god

controls access to the afterlife July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the

Pharaoh

365 day calendar.

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III R l l d b i i E ti A t k


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III. Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork

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IV Dail Life in Eg pt


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IV. Daily Life in Egypt

Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved

bodies, wigs

main food is beer and bread

Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion,

beans, and millet

common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up

to three stories in height

Four social classes - slaves on the bottom

Most common job farming

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IV Farmers in Egypt


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IV. Farmers in Egypt

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IV Hieroglyphics


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IV. Hieroglyphics

Language is written without

vowels

Different pronunciationsMNFR as Memphis

SR as Osiris

TTMS as either Thutmose,Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese

Who learns this writing style?

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IV Hieroglyphics


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IV. Hieroglyphics

Use in

temples

Rosetta Stone Napoleon and

Egyptology.

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IV Egyptian Artwork


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IV. Egyptian Artwork

Egyptian Farmers & animals

Stela (carved stone)

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Notice, all people drawnfrom the sideeven when

looking right at you!

V Middle Kingdom 2050 1750 BCE


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V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE

End of civil wars, farming and trade return

move capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes)

public improvements

drain swamps, canal to Red Sea

belief in afterlife expands to include

common people

tombs instead of pyramids

better protection for mummies.

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V Middle Kingdom 2050 1750 BCE


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V. Middle Kingdom 2050-1750 BCE

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VI New Kingdom 1550 1075 BCE


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VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE

Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos andreunited Egypt

Known as the Empire period

development of public and privatezones at temples.

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Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos


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Ahmose I leading Egyptians against the Hyksos

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VI New Kingdom 1550 1075 BCE


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VI. New Kingdom 1550-1075 BCE

Characterized by a more militaristic andimperialistic nature

incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses

development of a professional army

became a slave based economy fueled by

war and expansion

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VI Threats to Tradition


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VI. Threats to Tradition

Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.)introduced the worship of Aton, god

of the sun disk, as the chief god and

pursued his worship with

enthusiasm. Changed name to Akhenaten (It is

well with Aton)

He closed the temples of other gods

and especially endeavored to lessenthe power of Amon-Re and his

priesthood at Thebes.

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VI Threats to Tradition


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VI. Threats to Tradition

1355-1335 BCE

NefertitiWife of Akhenaton the only

pharaoh to even partially

reject polytheism

political move against priests

of Amon-Re

moved capital to Amarna

worshipped Aton, the sundisk

royal inbreeding.

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VI Tutankhamen


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VI. Tutankhamen

1335-1325 BCE

(King Tut)

child ruler

ruled nine years, died at 18 young death meant burial

in the tomb of a lesser

person (noble) resulting inpreservation

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VI Ramses II (1279-1213)


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VI. Ramses II (1279-1213)

greatest New Kingdom ruler

military leader of Egypt expanded into southern Turkey

built many monuments to

himself last gasp of Egyptian power.

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VI Ramses II (1279-1213)


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VI Ramses II (1279 1213)


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