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agora open market place in center of the

city-state

Alexander the Great

Son of Phillip II, at age 20 became king of Macedonia and created

largest empire in the world. Wanted to spread his love of Greek culture

to his conquered lands. Kept control by

-allowing conquered people to continue to practice their own religions

and naming himself a god.

-He used Greek cities as a model for new cities in his empire complete

with an agora, theater, temple etc.

-Most famous of his cities was Alexandria, Egypt

-Encouraged his soldiers to marry Persian women

-Forced all government officials and soldiers to speak Greek

-He became ill,died and empire fell apart as Generals fought for control

Ancient Egypt dividedq Upper and Lower Kingdom

Ancient Egyptian form of

recreation

hunting hippos

Anubis god of embalming



Aqueducts Bridge-like stone structures that

carry water from the hills into

Roman cities

archeologists dug out mummies from tombs

aristocrat

Rich social class in Greek city

states that advised and provided

supplies to the king (monarch).

May overthrow him and take

power to form Oligarchy

assembly The law making group within a

Greek city-state made up of all

male citizens

Augustus Imperial title given to Octavian

from the Senate marking the

founding of the Empire of Rome.



Battle of Marathon - Greek victory

Persian King Darius wanted to punish the Athenians

for helping the Ionians during their rebellion. Greeks

led by Miltiades, used the "natural geography"

against the Persians:

1)Battle took place between two mountains.

2)Persians couldn't use cavalry (couldn't get horses

on marshy land). Persians were drawn into the

Greek's purposely weakened center allowing Greek

forces to surround them.

Battle of Salamis - Greek victory

Greek naval leader, Themistocles,

used "natural geography " to force

the larger Persian fleet, led by

Xerxes, to advance a fewer number

of their ships into battle with the

smaller Greek fleet.

Battle of Thermopylae - Persians

won BUT many Greeks considered

it a victory

Greeks, led by Leonidas, used the "natural

geography"- a narrow pass, against the Persians.

Once again Persians, led by King Xerxes, could not

use their cavalry. Leonidas and his Spartans held

off the Persians so other Greek soldiers could

return home to unite and defend the Greeks

against Xerxes' forces.

bishopran schools often located in

cathedrals(large churches) in

charge of all churches in a certain

area

Caesar

A title used by all Roman

emperors. When a New Testament

writer mentions "Caesar," he

means the emperor who was

ruling at the time.



Caligula

Only ruled for four years, mentally

unstable. He had an affair with his

sister and named them both as

Gods. He also named his horse a

consul.

capital of Ancient Egypt Memphis

Church of England Henry V III broke away from the

popes authority and set up his own

church (Anglican)

Claudius

An intelligent and scholarly man

who conquered Britain. It is

believed that his wife, Agrippina,

poisoned him with tainted

mushrooms

Cleopatra last queen of Egypt - had

relationship with Julius Ceasar

and Marc Antony



colonization reasons and process

Greeks needed to establish colonies to get

things they needed (ex. food and timber.)

They would consult an oracle, gather

food and supplies, travel by sea and then

choose a good location for a colony with a

good harbor and weak natives.

Colosseum Ancient Roman arena known for

its tremendous architecture and

bloody entertainment

Commodus Marcus Aurelius' weak spoiled son

who was named successor

ConstantineRoman Emperor (4th century

A.D.) who promoted tolerance to

all religions in the Roman Empire

and legalized Christianity

Corinthian column

Youngest type, extremely

decorative capitals detailed with

acanthus leaves--had a base.

Romans used this style more than

the Greeks.



Councils

a set of two King-like officials of

Rome who commanded the army

and government. Elected by the

Roman Assembly, only ruled for

one year, and could overrule/veto

the other Council.

craft guild made up of people of the same

craft (tailor, hatter, smiths, etc)

crusades were "wars for the cross" to free

the holy land from muslim control

DariusPersian King and leader of the

Persians at the Battle of

Marathon. Held the largest

Persian empire in history.

democracy

Form of government where the

majority rules. Advantages -

accountability;social responsibilty.

Disadvantages - possibly wrong

choices made;slow process for

decision making.



deshret red, dry land

Dictator A political leader given absolute

power to make laws and command

the army for a limited time during

a state of emergency.

Diocletian

Emperor of Rome (284-305) who divided

the empire into east and west (286) in an

attempt to rule the territory more

effectively. His desire to revive the old

religion of Rome led to the last major

persecution of the Christians (303).

direction of flow of the Nile River south to north

Doric column Oldest style which had a simple

capital and no base



Egypt located in Africa

Egyptian calendar 3 seasons - flooding, planting,

harvesting

embalming process of making a mummy

(preserving a dead body)

EtruscansBeginning in the 700s BCE, first

rulers of Roman Republic and

Empire; Laid the foundation for

Rome and Roman civilization.

Feudal village

a typical village help between 50-

500 peasants, had huts, a church,

blacksmiths shed, and a mill for

grinding grain and farm and

animal fields



Feudalism

Is a system of government, a way of life and a

distinctive kind of society. Set up as a system of

protection against barbarian tribes after the fall of

Rome. All nobles and knights were trained warriors

who fought on horse back with swords and lances

during the middle ages. A vassal or less powerful

noble gave its service and loyalty to a lord. In return

the lord granted land called fiefs to the vassal.

freemen owned or rented land from the

lord and had few obligations to the

lord

geography & effect on Greek

settlement and life

Mountainous land made travel

difficult and led to isolated,

independent city-states. Not enough

farm land to feed growing

population. Easy access to sea for

trade/travel.

Golden Age of Athens

Time of peace between the Persian

and Peloponnesian Wars when

Athenian leaders, especially

Pericles, focused on cultural

achievements wanting to make

Athens a center for art and learning

guilds

an association of people in the same

business or trade,

members of a guild had to follow

the same standards, use the same

materials, and sell goods for same

price



Hadrian

"Romanized"and organized the

empire- built bridges, roads, and

aqueducts, ruled during the height

of the Pax Romana, Built Hadrians

Wall across Britain, strengthened

borders

Hannibal

Carthaginian military commander

who, in the Second Punic War,

attempted a surprise attack on

Rome, crossing the Alps with a

large group of soldiers, horses, and

elephants.

Hatshesput first female pharaoh

heart organ responsible for memory,

intelligence and thought

hellespont

The waterway/strait that connected the

Black Sea to the Aegean (major trade

route). Also the site of the siege of Troy

during the Trojan War. Also where

Xerxes crossed using a bridge of boats

during the Persian Wars.



Helots Spartan slaves; given more rights

in Sparta compared to most Greek

city-states

Herodotus"Father of History" --first to write

accurate accounts of events BUT

accounts were biased (favored the

Greeks)!

Hippocrates "Father of Medicine" --he began to

base his practices on observations

of patients instead of "magic."

Homer Ancient Greek writer of epic poems

the Iliad and the Odyssey were

first stories written after the Greek

Dark Ages.

Horus god of sun and sky



Ionic column

Middle child, slightly more

decorative than Doric. The

capital was shaped like scroll

(called a volute)

and had a base.

irrigation system canals linked to fields through

ditches

jobs of pharaoh supreme ruler, issued laws, ran

army, managed economy

John Calvin

wanted to discard any church

practice not based on the bible

although similar to Martin Luther,

his followers made their own

religion called Calvinists

Julius Caesar

A successful Roman general and

famous speaker, was governer of

Gaul, used army to expand control

of Roman Republic, eventually

becoming a "dictator for life".



kemet rich, black soil of the Nile

King John king of England in the 13th

Century, forced nobles to pay

higher taxes

King Tut found treasures buried with him

Legion A military unit of the ancient

Roman army, made up of about

5,000 foot soldiers and a group of

soldiers on horseback.

Leonardo Da Vinci

during the Renaissance he was a

great painter, inventor canons,

covered chariot, helicopter and

submarine-Mona Lisa & The Last

Supper



LeonidasSpartan king led Greek forces

against Xerxes at Thermopylae

where Greeks were outnumbered

50-1.

life on a manor economy based on agriculture,

Magna Carta

equals latin meaning "Great Charter"

Set forth rules that the king and his

officials had to follow, limited the powers

of the english king, people were granted a

trial by jury, root of rights and liberties

basis for the 20th century democracy

manor large farm or estate on a fief

Marcus AureliasBrought the empire to the height

of economic prosperity and

defeated invaders, also wrote

philosophy



Martin Luther

questioned the teachings of the Roman Catholic

Church and didn't believe the authority of the

pope, thought christians should only follow what

was actually written in the bible and had the bible

translated to german and was excommunicated by

the church and his followers became known as

Lutherans and Protestants

Medieval Timesis a period of time of European

history between ancient and

modern times approximately

betweem AD 500-1500

Menes (Narmer) united Upper and Lower Egypt

merchant guild people who bought and sold goods

but didn't make them

Michael Angelo painter of the ceiling in the Sistine

Chapel, sculptor of Pieta and

David and poet



Miltiades

Greek leader--During the Battle of

Marathon used "natural geography

of the land" to create the strategy

that defeated the Persians despite

the Greeks being outnumbered 3-1.

monarchy

Government ruled by one person; ease of

transition of power from father to son.

Lawful claim to be king. Advantages-

stability;decisions made quickly.

Disadvantages- only one family rules;

rash decisions made.

monks

religious men who lived in a monastery

and worked together for long hours in the

fields and grew their own food, went to

church to pray and sing. also had a quiet

time for reading and studying, copied

books by hand to keep education and

history alive

monopoly limited freedom by the control of

the production of goods by one

group

Nefertiti Great Beauty - encouraged belief

in 1 god



Nero

Roman Emperor notorious for his

monstrous vice and fantastic luxury

(was said to have started a fire that

destroyed much of Rome in 64) but

the Empire remained prosperous

during his rule (37-68)

Nomes smaller territories within Ancient

Egypt

nunsreligious women who lived in

convents, lived lives full of prayer

and work, gave up everything they

owned and never married

obelisk a tall, four-sided pillar that is

pointed on top

Octavian Augustus Roman statesman who

established the Roman Empire

and became emperor in 27 BC.



oligarchy

Rule by a few (from wealthy ruling

class or aristocrats) Advantages -

checks and balances and stablity.

Disadvantages - the rich get richer

while poor get poorer because of

the decisions of the Oligarchs.

Patricians the wealthy class in Roman

society; large landowners.

Pax Romana A period of peace and prosperity

throughout the Roman Empire,

lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

peasants farm workers/all peasants were

free men or serfs

Pericles

Famous military and political

leader of Athens during the Golden

Age. Responsible for the rebuilding

of the Parthenon and refining the

Athenian democractic system.



Persian Wars

Reason for conflict: Ionian colonists

rebelled against Persian taxation and

were assisted by Athens. Persian King

Darius wanted revenge. Three battles

followed: Marathon, Thermopylae and

Salamis.

phalanxmilitary strategy/battle formation

used by ancient Greeks

characterized by overlapping

shields and long spears

pharaoh's beard symbolized pharaohs' connection

to the gods

pharaohs superhuman

Plato Socrate's most famous student -

continued Socrates' methods and

founded world famous school



PlebiansMembers of the lower class of

Ancient Rome including small

farmers, merchants, artisans and

traders.

polytheists belief in many gods

PompeiiRoman city near Naples, Italy,

which was buried during an

eruption of Mount Vesuvius in

A.D. 79.

Pope Urban II

1095 called upon knights and

nobles to fight for the holy land

(part of the middle east where

Jesus had lived) Pope told the

knights it was a religious duty there

were great riches to be won

priests

held services in the village church,

baptized babies, performed

marriages, conducted burial

services for the dead, and taught

children their religious duties



printing press

machine that used moveable metal type

copy documents faster, easier and

cheaper invented by Johann Guttenberg

in 1450

more people could by books and become

educated, fueled renaissance and

reformation

Punic Wars

a series of three wars between

Rome and Carthage, resulted in

the destruction of Carthage and

Rome's dominance in the western

Mediterranean.

pyramid of power (order) pharaoh, priests, viziers,

overseers, nomarchs, scribes,

craftspeople, farmers

pyramids tombs

Pythagoras

"Father of Numbers" famous for his

Pythagorean

Theorem which is still used today to

measure the unknown distance

between the two sides of a right

triangle.



Ramses II 'The Great' - built many temples,

statues,obelisks, defeated Hittites

Raphael artist, painter of Keeper of

Remains of Rome

Red Pyramid best preserved classic pyramid

Reformation Religious movement to reform the

Roman Catholic Church.

Renaissance

french meaning-REBIRTH

period of time starting at the end of

middle ages, increased interest of

roman and greek cultures

started in Italy and spread through

most of Europe



Republic a form of government in which

citizens elect representatives to

speak or act for them.

Richard the Lionhearted led the third crusade in 1189

Roman Catholic Church

most western europeans were members

during the middle ages

the church had a lot of power due to the

influence it had over rulers and people

set rules and standards for personal

conduct and behavior

Romulus and RemusTraditional story of how Rome

began. Twins abandoned and

rescued by a wolf, raised by a

shepherd. Grew to build Rome.

scribes writers and record keepers



Senate A powerful, ruling body of 300

Roman patricians who served a

life-term.

serfs owns labor to the lord, not free to

leave the manor

shaduf tool used for irrigation - heavy

stone balances a water bucket

Socrates

Famous Greek philosopher who taught

students to question the facts and point

out the weaknesses/strengths of the

government and society's values; his

teaching method (the Socratic method) is

still used today.

Step Pyramid a pyramid whose sides rise in a

series of giant steps



steps to become a master

craftsman

apprentice-young person taking up a trade,

working without pay working with a master

craftsmen-given food shelter and clothing

journeymen-traveled around and paid for each

days work and worked for number of years trying

to create a master piece

master-able to make a product that passes the very

highest guild standards

taxes money paid to a ruler or

government in return for

government services

taxes in Egypt paid in goods (crops) and services

The Peloponnesian War

Cause: Sparta grew jealous over Athens

prosperity and declared war. Result:

Sparta wins BUT city-states are divided

and weakened by the war. Philip II of

Macedonia sees this as the opportunity to

take over Greece.

The Sacred Lake pool of water next to the temple



The Trojan War

A ten year seige of Troy by united Greek city-

states. Homer wrote about this war in the

Iliad and said it was caused by the capture of

Helen of Sparta. Many believe the real cause

was control of trading port of Troy on the

Hellespont-- the only connection between the

Black and Aegean Seas.

Thucydides " Father of Scientific History" --

wrote non-biased factual accounts

of events.

TiberiusSon-in-law of Augustus who

became a suspicious tyrannical

Emperor of Rome after a brilliant

military career (42 BC to AD 37)

towns

centers for living with walls and gates for

protection from bandits and armies.

houses and shops were crowded close

together within the walls, townspeople

didn't have to labor for a lord but pay

taxes instead, serfs who lived in a town

for a year and a day became free

Trajan

Adopted by Nerva (previous

emperor); One of the "Good

Emperors"; Professional soldier

from Spain; 1st non-Italian

emperor; Brought Rome to it's

height in size (about size of US)



Tribunes an official elected by the plebeians

to protect their rights.

Triumverate government of ancient Rome ruled

equally by three people.

Twelve Tables

The earliest written collection of

Roman laws, drawn up by

patricians about 450 B.C. that

became the foundation of Roman

law.

tyranny

One ruler who gains power by

force, unlawful claim to be in

charge. Advantages - stability, quick

decisions. Disadvantages - one

decision maker; control people by

fear.

Vespasian

Emperor of Rome and founder of

the Flavian dynasty who

consolidated Roman rule in

Germany and Britain and reformed

the army and brought prosperity to

the empire



viziers and overseers high ranking officials who helped

the pharaoh

Xerxes Son of King Darius, led Persians at

Thermopylae and Salamis.

ancient egypt ancient rome_anc

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