01 lecture human organism (2)

8/13/2019 01 Lecture Human Organism (2)

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Chapter 1The Human Organism

Cells of the Peritoneum


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Anatomy and Physiology – Say What?!

• Anatomy : study of structures of body – Systemic - study of body by organ systems – Regional - study of body by areas – Surface - uses superficial structures to

locate deeper structures• Physiology : study of processes and

functions of body


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Structural & Functional Organization

Six Levels of Organization

1. Chemical Level

2. Cell Level3. Tissue Level4. Organ Level

5. Organ System Level6. Organism Level


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Structural and Functional Organization

1. Chemical Level Atoms (p,n,e)combine to formmolecules

2. Cell Level

Molecules formorganelles, such asthe nucleus andmitochondria, whichmake up cells

3. Tissue LevelSimilar cells andsurroundingmaterials make uptissues


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1. Chemical Level Atoms(colored balls) combineto form molecules

2. Cell Level Moleculesform organelles

(nucleus,mitochondria,etc), which make upcells

3. Tissue Level Similarcells and surrounding

materials make uptissues


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1. Chemical Level Atoms (coloredballs) combine toform molecules

2. Cell Level

Molecules formorganelles, such asthe nucleus andmitochondria, whichmake up cells

3. Tissue LevelSimilar cells andsurroundingmaterials make uptissues


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4. Organ Level Differenttissues combine toform organs (urinarybladder)

5. Organ System Level

Organs such as theurinary bladder andkidneys make up anorgan system

6. Organism Level

Organ systems makeup an organism


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4. Organ LevelDifferent tissuescombine to formorgans, such as theurinary bladder

5. Organ System LevelOrgans (urinarybladder & kidneys)make up organ system

6. Organism Level

Organ systems makeup an organism


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4. Organ LevelDifferent tissuescombine to formorgans, such as theurinary bladder

5. Organ System LevelOrgans such as theurinary bladder andkidneys make up anorgan system

6. Organism LevelOrgan systems makeup an organism


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Fig. 1.3a

Organsystems ofthe humanbody and

theirassociated

organs


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Fig. 1.3b

Organsystems ofthe humanbody and

theirassociated

organs


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Characteristics of Life

1. Organization: all parts of organism interact toperform specific functions

2. Metabolism: chemical & physical changes takingplace in organism

3. Responsiveness: adjustments that maintaininternal environment

4. Growth: increase in size of all/part of organism5. Development: changes organism undergoes

through time6. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new

organisms


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Homeostasis

• Existence and maintenance of arelatively constant internal environment

– set point : ideal normal value (body temp)•

normal range : fluctuation around set point


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Homeostasis

• maintained by neg & pos feedbackmechanisms

– Negative feedback turns off the originalstimulus

– Positive feedback enhances and up-regulates the initial stimulus (often harmfulto the body)


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Terminology and Body Plane

• Body Positions – Anatomical position

• human standing erect• face directed forward• arms hanging to sides• palms facing forward (supine)

–

If laying down..• Supine – palms face up• Prone – palms face down


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Terminology and Body Plane•

Directional terms – Always refer to anatomical position

• Right• Left• Superior• Inferior• Cephalic• Caudal• Anterior• Posterior

• Ventral• Dorsal• Proximal• Distal• Lateral• Medial• Superficial• Deep


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Fig. 1.12

Body Parts & Regions


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Body Planes•

Sagittal plane: dividesbody into left and right• Transverse plane:

divides body intosuperior and inferior

• Frontal (coronal) plane:divides body intoanterior and posterior

Fig. 1.13


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Organ Planes

• Longitudinal section:along its long axis

• Cross (transverse)

section: right angle tolong axis• Oblique section:

across long axis at anangle other than a rightangle

Fig. 1.14


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Body Cavities• Thoracic cavity: bounded by ribs and diaphragm•

Abdominal cavity: bounded by diaphragm andabdominal muscles• Pelvic cavity: surrounded by pelvic bones

Fig. 1.15


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Serous Membranes• Parietal membrane: lines wall of cavity• Visceral membrane: is in contact with internal organs• Serous fluid: secreted by serous membrane and protects

organs against friction


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Serous Membranes

• Pericardial cavity:surrounds the heart

• Pleural cavities:

surround the lungs


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Serous Membranes

• Peritoneal cavity:surrounds certainabdominal and pelvicorgans

– Mesenteries hold abdominalorgans in place & provide apassageway for bloodvessels, nerves to organs

– Retroperitoneal organs located “behind” parietalperitoneum

• Kidneys, adrenals, pancreas,

bladder part of intestine

01 lecture human organism (2)

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