Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYHUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation byDr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH

T H I R D E D I T I O N

Chapter 1Introduction to Physiology

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About this ChapterAbout this Chapter

• What is physiology?

• A review of organ systems

• Evolution and integration from cell to human

• The concept of homeostasis is introduced

• Themes in Physiology

• The science of Physiology

• Experimental design

• Data

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• Physiology defined:• Function explains why it needs to be done• Mechanism explains how it does that job

• Organization of life• The cell is the unit of life• Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems &

organisms

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

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• Circulatory

• Digestive

• Endocrine

• Immune

• Integumentary

• Musculoskeletal

• Nervous

• Reproductive

• Urinary

Organ Systems In ReviewOrgan Systems In Review

Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

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• Structure and function

• Integration across

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

• Flow charts

• Follow process

• In sequence

Concept MappingConcept Mapping

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Concept MappingConcept Mapping

Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

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Evolution of Physiological SystemsEvolution of Physiological Systems• Cell

• Intracellular fluid

• Extracellular fluid

• Organism

• Protective cells

• Exchange cells

• External environment

• Homeostasis Defined

• Emergent properties

Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

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Homeostasis & ControlsHomeostasis & Controls

• External or internal change

• Loss of homeostasis

• Physiological attempt to correct

• Sensors, integrating center

• Response of cells & organs

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Homeostasis & ControlsHomeostasis & Controls

• Successful compensation

• Homeostasis reestablished

• Failure to compensate

• Pathophysiology

• Illness

• Death

Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

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Themes in PhysiologyThemes in Physiology• Homeostasis

• Structure/function relationships

• Integration of systems

• Communication

• Membranes & exchange

• Energy

• Mass balance

• Mass flow & resistance

Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

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Scientific Inquiry & KnowledgeScientific Inquiry & Knowledge

• Observation & experimentation• Hypothesis• Variables

• Independent• Dependant

• Controls• Data• Replication• Theory

• Models

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Human ExperimentsHuman Experiments

• Genetic variables

• Placebo effect

• Nocebo effect

• Ethics

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Formats of Experimental DesignFormats of Experimental Design

• Crossover study

• Blind studies

• Double-blind studies

• Double-blind crossover studies

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Time Duration of ExperimentsTime Duration of Experiments

• Longitudinal studies

• Prospective studies

• Cross sectional studies

• Retrospective studies

• Meta-analysis

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Representing Data-GraphsRepresenting Data-Graphs

• X- axis

• Y- axis

• Line graph

• Bar graph

• Histogram

• Scatter plot

• Interpolation

• "Best Fit" line

Figure 1-9

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SummarySummary• Organ systems

• Structures & functions

• The cell, the organism, the outside environment

• Homeostatic balancing

• Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance

• Scientific inquiry- good science

• Experimental designs

• Representing the data