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Development Science I:

AGROFORSTRY

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS

Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN

Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation

Hiroshima University – Japan – Spring 2012

Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008);

Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2010. Analisis Lanskap Agroforestri.

IPB Press. Bogor. 199p

QUIZ

• What is Agroforesrty Landscape Analysis

(AFLA)?

DEVELOPMENT SCIENCE I – SCHEDULE

SPRING SEMESTER 2012

Visiting Professor: Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin

Day & Time: Friday, 08:45 – 10:15

NO DATE TOPIC SUBJECT

1 April 13, 2012 Introduction of Agroforestry Landscape Analysis

2 April 20, 2012 Characteristics of Agroforestry Landscape

3 May 11, 2012 Driver of Change in Agroforestry Landscape

4 May 18, 2012 Approach and Method for Agroforestry Landscape

Analysis

5 May 25, 2012 Traditional Agroforestry Practices for Carbon Stock:

“Pekarangan” Case Study

6 June 01, 2012 Agroforestry Development for Enhancing Creative

Economy: Local Wisdom and Eco-village Case Study

7 June 08, 2012 Agroforestry for Urban Biodiversity Conservation:

Case Study in Tropical Countries

8 June 15, 2012 Evaluation: a take home exam would be given to

student through www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id

REMARKS

• Powerpoint materials can be accessed by “Academic –

Download page” of Blog: www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id

• Weekly tasks would be uploaded through the Blog

www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id and each student writes the

answer through “comment box” directly.

• Materials of the 9th till the 16th might be delivered by

Professor from China.

• Contact Address:

• Prof. Dr. Hadi Susilo Arifin

• Room 719 – 7th F IDEC Building – Hiroshima University

• Extension: 6911; Mobile: 080-4735-4859

• dedhsa@yahoo.com; www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id

The 1st Lecture

INTRODUCTIONTeachers,

Facilitators

of learning

Curriculum/ syllabus

Expe-

rience

Formal

know-

ledge

Institutional capacity for relevant education

Science Practice

Knowledge Action

fulfilling

jobs

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Coal Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)Nickel Mining (Source: Y. Setiyadi, 2003)

Source: HS Arifin (2003)

Deforestation ugly landscapes…

• A great problem of poverty and several disasters.

• Land use planning towards segregated or integrated management of landscape.

• Some landscapes of Indonesia should be evaluated.

• Agroforestry Landscape Analysis

• Could be a model to be used for maintenance the balanced ecosystem.

AFLA - INTRODUCTION

HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc

HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc

HS Arifin Doc

HS Arifin Doc

HS Arifin DocHS Arifin Doc HS Arifin Doc HS Arifin Doc

Seminar Nasional Agroforesrti dengan tema ” Agroforestry as the Future Sustainable Land Use”

Profile of Agroforestry Landscape in Cianjur-Cisokan

Watershed, West Java, Indonesia (Arifin, 2002)

TERMINOLOGY

• Landscape

• Agroforestry

• Landscape Agroforestry

• Agroforestry Landscape

• Watershed

• Integrated vs Segregated

• Related Sciences

• Scale and boundaries system

LANDSCAPE AGROFORESTRY

• Deals with basis concepts and principles that are central to understanding landscape agroforestry.

• Concepts central to defining and understanding of system and landscape.

• Relationships with concepts developed in related fields of study: farming system, agroforestry system, agroecosystem, watershed management, landscape architecture, landscape ecology

• The roles of scale and system boundaries.

in related

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Landscape Agroforestry

Analysis• Scale:

Microbe ≤ root ≤ tree ≤ patch ≤ plot ≤ farm ≤ landscape ≤ governance

• Interactions:

tree site & climate, tree tree, tree soil crop, tree market, treewater-flows/ C-stocks/ Biodiversity, tree forest classification & access rules

• Replicable patterns: knowledge/action links

Landscape Definition

• What is a landscape?

• the total character of a region (Alexander von

Humboldt)

• landscape dealt with in their totality as physical,

ecological and geographical entities, integrating all

natural and human (“caused”) pattern and processes

… (Naveh, 1987)

• landscape as a heterogeneous land area composed of

a cluster of interacting ecosystem that is repeated in

similar form throughout (Forman & Gordon, 1986)

• landscape objects: natural-artificial; home gardens

scale - rural, sub-urban, urban, regional scale

• a particular configuration of topography, vegetation cover, land use and settlement pattern which delimits some coherence of natural and cultural processes and activities (Green, et.al., 1996)

• a piece of land which we perceive comprehensive around us, without looking closely at single components, and which look familiar to us (Haber, 1996).

Webster’s (1963); The Oxford English Dictionary (1933):

• a picture representing a view of natural inland scenery

(as of prairie, woodland, mountains, etc.).

• the landform of a region in the aggregate.

• a portion of land or expanse of natural scenery as seen

by the eye in a single view.

DEFINITION OF ECOLOGY

• ECOLOGY having been first proposed by the

German biologist Ernst Haeckel in 1869.

• Oikos (Greek) “house” or “place to live”.

• The study of the relation of organisms or groups of

organisms to their environment, or the science of

the interrelations between living organisms and their

environment.

• Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary: the totality or

pattern of relations between organisms and their

environment.

THE SCIENCE OF ECOLOGY

• A useful back ground to landscape ecology

• Ecology: the scientific study of the relationships between

organisms and their environment

Natural ecosystemBasic ecological balancing process

Courtesy slide from Ong BL

• Carl Troll (in the end of 1930’s, The German Bio-

geographer) introduced the term of Landscape

Ecology a new science which could

developed to combine spatial, horizontal

approach from geographer, vertical approach

from ecologist.

• Landscape Ecology a science which has

relationship with human.

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Four Basic Concepts in LE

Structure Function

Change

Landscape

Ecology

C U L T U R E

Courtesy from Nakagoshi N

AGROFORESTRY

• A combination of agriculture and forestry sciences in rural development in order to create the balancing of agriculture intensification and forest sustainability.

• Any intensive land management system that optimizes the environmental, social, and economic benefits arising from the biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately grown over space and/or time which crops and/or livestock.

• The system and land use technology where perennial trees (included bush, palm, bamboo, wood, etc.) and annual cash crops are cultivated in the same land with spatial and temporal arrangement.

• Five different agroforestry practices:

* forest farming,

* alley cropping,

* shelter-belts,

* riparian buffer, and

* agrosilvopastural/agrosilvofishery.

• Agroforestry is discussed through:

* ecology,

* agronomy,

* forestry,

* botany,

* geography,

* landscape, and

* economy.

• Modern:

Promoted from outside

• Simple:

Association of a small number of component:

Less than 5 tree species

A species of annual crop or semi-perennials crop

SIMPLE AGROFORESTRY

SYSTEM

• Trees with economic role: coconut, rubber, clove, teak.

• Trees with ecological role: Erythrina and G. leocephalla

• Cash-crops: rice, corn, vegetables, herbs, grasses

• Other economic plants: banana, coffee, cacao, etc.

• Tumpangsari (Multiple cropping) in

simple agrroforestry taungya –

Indonesia version.

• It was developed by PT Perhutani for

social forest.

• Simple Agroforestry in commercial

sector: coffee and erythrina as shadding

tree; coconut and cacao; rubber and

rattan; Ceiba petandra in the edge of

rice field; citrus and clove.

COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY

SYSTEM

• Traditional: Farmer developed

• Complex: Association of many species (tree,

treelet, shrub, bush, liana, herb, and grass);

Functions and structure close to natural forest

ecosystem

• Physically, performance and the dynamic is

similar with primary forest or secondary forest.

• The benefit of this system is good soil and water

resources protection and biodiversity

conservation.

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A natural forest ?…

Models of Agroforestry

• Modern:

Promoted from outside

• Simple:

Association of a small

number of component:

Less than 5 tree

species

A species of annual

crop or semi-

perennials crop

• Traditional:

Farmer developed

• Complex:- Association of many

species (tree, treelet,

liana and herb)

- Functions and

structure close to

natural forest

ecosystem

STEPS OF AGROFORESTRY

COMPLEX ESTABLISHMENT

• Slush and burn shifting cultivation –

dry land for cash crops (rainfed paddy

2-3 harvests, or palawija).

• Multiple-cropping cash crops and trees

(wood, fruits, leaves production)

AGROECOLOGY

AGROECOLOGY: the relation and interaction between crop and/or livestock in one side, with land or environment on the other sides.

LAND = ENVIRONMENT, all bio-physic factors and their condition which influence plant and animal growth on certain land in the certain period; therefore it’s included biotic factor (flora and fauna) and a-biotic (precipitation, sunlight, rock, topography, soil, ground water, etc.)

AGROECOSYSTEM

• AGROECOSYSTEM, a land utilization unit wich is included plant, livestock and land it’s self, convert sunlight energy, water, nutrition, labor and agriculture input to become economic products for human being (foods, feeds, fuel, and shelter)

• Crop agroecosystem (Cropping systems)

• Livestock agroecosystem (Livestock systems)

CROP LIVESTOCK

SOIL

INPUT

HARVEST

Cities

Landscape

Streams

Ground-

water

Management System

Interact-

ions

Flows

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF AGROECOSYSTEM & THE

RELATIONSHIPS WITH EXTERNAL SYSTEM

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AGROECOSYSTEM SCALE

* Crop Field: a piece of land for plantation 1 or more of

plant/crop.

* Agricultural Regions: large area in one agro-

ecosystem, its depend on plants and animal

association, utilization technology, labor intensity,

capital and market orientation.

* Agro-ecosystems: complex and comprehensive

elements of agriculture system.

Market

Credit

Extension

Transport

Processing

Farming System

Non-

agricultural

Systems

Farm Household

System

Crop Agroeco-

system (s)

Livestock Agroeco-

system (s)

Environment

System (Climate,

Landform, Soil,

Flora, Fauna

Crop System

(Crop Types,

Cropping Pattern/

Rotation)

Environment

System (Climate,

Landform, Soil,

Flora, fauna)

Animal

System

Crop Agroeco-System

Livestock Agro-ecosystem

AGRICULTURE HIERARCHY IN THE SYSTEM

FARMING SYSTEM

SYSTEM PROPERTIES

• Productivity

• Stability

• Sustainability (conserve soil, water

and food security)

• Equity (labour division between

genders)

SYSTEM BOUNDARY

• Administrative boundary: village and

commune

• Watershed / catchment and sub-catchments

• Production system: fallow-crop rotation,

mono-cropping, forest plantation

• Landscape units: up-slope, middle-slope

and down-slope, flat and sloping land

SYSTEM HIERARCHY

• Watershed/catchment

• Village

• Community

• Farm

• Field

• Crop

PaLA survey – research

process and scales

Time scale (Time lines)

Future (Years)

Plots

Landscape

Village

Past (years)

Spatial scale

(village

sketch,

transects)

What, When, Why,

How, by Whom

Catchment

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PATTERN ANALYSIS

• Space: soil properties, crop and tree

distribution

• Time: seasonality, time line (land use change

over years)

• Flow: Soil movement and deposition, water run-

off and underground water, extension

information, knowledge sharing

• Decision: decision making

LANDSCAPE ~ ECOSYSTEM~

ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

• Carbon sequestration

• Biodiversity conservation

• Water resources management

• Landscape beautification

AGROFORESTRY

LANDSCAPE

We use science to understand the complex role of

trees in livelihoods and the environment, and…

…promote use of this knowledge to improve

decisions and practices impacting on the poor

Knowledge as

public good:

access & creation

Land classi-

fication &

tenure rules

Regional

infrastructureNational &

global

markets

Urban &

external job

opportunities

Local

know-how

Energy

dependenceInput &

output prices

Land

rent Labour &

wage rate

Land use options:

components

complementarity

portfolio effects

a. Access to

technology;

extension;

education

c. Overall

development

pathway

d. Taxes,

Price policy

b. Land reform

e. Roads, …

Transforming lives & landscapes

Transforming lives & landscapes

6

1

Livelihood im-

pacts of agro-

foresty

4Markets:

opportunities

& driver of

change

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Institutions for linking

knowledge to agroforestry

action

5Tradeoffs &

avoided

degradation

3Tree mana-

gement in

agroforesty

Tree-based

ecological

rehabilitation

2

Tree germplasm

& domestication

7Climate change adap-

tation in/through AF

8Negotiation sup-

port, conflicts &

incentives

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intensive

agriculture

natural forest

integrated,

multifunctional

landscape: crops, trees,

meadows and forest

patches

Tree plan-

tations

Segregate Integrate functions

Current legal, institutional

& educational paradigm

Current reality

‘deforestation’

‘loss of forest

functions’

Integrate Segregate

Tree cover:

Deforestation,

Reforestation

Less

patchy:

Inte-

grate

More

patchy:

Segre-

gate

More trees

Less trees

Fields,fallow,

forest mosaic

Farm fo-

restry,

agrofo-

rests

100% forest

Fields,

Forests

& Parks

Open field agriculture

See You Next Week

Hadi Susilo ArifinMobile: +81-80-4735-4859

E-mail/YM/FB/Skype: dedhsa@yahoo.comBlog www.hsarifin.staff.ipb.ac.id