01. biology the science of life
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Unit I
Chemical & Cellular Basis of Life
Biology: The Science of Life
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OVERVIEW
BIOLOGY is a science that attempts to understand the diversity of life
on earth, of which we, human beings are a part of. What is LIFE?
LIFE is not a simple concept.
Living organisms are manifestations of life in that they exhibit
certain general properties that we recognize as the definition of life.
Living organisms are built by assembling large molecules that
include carbohydrates & lipids (molecules that give energy),
proteins (molecules that speed up specific chemical reactions), and
nucleic acids (molecules in which hereditary information is stored)
All organisms are made up of CELLS, some are composed of singlecell and some, like us, are composed of many cells.
Among the cell’s most important activities are its transactions with
the environment, a give-and-take that never stops.
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OUTLINE
A. Biology As A Science
1. Definition of Biology
2. Development as a Science
3. Methods of Biology4. Branches of Biology
B. Nature of Life
1. Theories on the Origin of Life2. Characteristics of Living Things
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
A. Definition of Biology
Comes from 2 Greek words: bios = life + logus = to study
The science of life
The study of living things
Deals with the investigation of the origin, history,
structure, function, identification, classification,
distribution, development, inheritances, and significance
of living things as well as their relationships and
interactions with the environment
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
B. Development of Biology As A Science
From Copernicus to Newton, the focus was on the physical sciences. Little attentions were given to some important biological discoveries
and inventions.
a. Vesalius (1543) – human anatomy
b. Harvey (1628) – circulation of blood
c. Malphigi (1661) – blood capillaries
d. Robert Hooke (1665) – cell
e. Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) – microscopy
f. Schwann (1838), Schleiden (1839), & Virchow (1858) – cell theory
Attention was turned to biological science when Charles Darwin, anEnglish naturalist, published the ―Origin of Species‖ in 1859, which
marked the birth of the modern era of biology.
This was followed by:
a. Louis Pasteur (1865) – rejection of spontaneous generation theory
b. Gregor Mendel (1866) – genetics d. Watson & Crick (1953) – DNAc. Knoll & Ruska 1935 – electron microsco e
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
As a science, biology also uses the scientific method in solving orinvestigating a biological problem.
Scientific Method is the logical process of learning facts through
observation and experimentation from which, certain conclusions or
theories are drawn.
Steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Identification of the problem
2. Formulation of hypotheses
3. Experimentation or testing of hypotheses
4. Analysis and interpretation of data and results5. Generalization or formulation of conclusion
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Identification of the Problem
Any scientific process starts with observation using all
the senses.
From observation, a problem may be identified.
2. Formulation of Hypotheses
A set of assumptions or possible explanations to the
problem will be formulated.
Hypothesis is a preliminary conclusion or scientific
guess about the problem.
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Steps of the Scientific Method: 3. Experimentation or Testing of Hypotheses
Experiment is a special procedure used to test the hypotheses,
There must be 2 sets of experiments
a. Control Set-Up
b. Experimental Set-Up: similar to the control set-up in every
aspect except the presence of the variable
The variable is the factor or parameter to be tested.
4. Analysis and Interpretation of Data and ResultsData or results must be gathered during and after experimentation.
Data include records collected while making observations during
an experiment.
One way to analyze or interpret records of observation is by using
tables and graphs.
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Steps of the Scientific Method:
5. Generalization or Formulation of Conclusion
Based from the analyzed data, a theory may be
formulated supported by experimental evidence.
The theory may be developed into a scientific law or
into a principle.
Theory is a synthesis of a large body of information that
encompasses well-tested and verified hypotheses about
certain aspects of the natural world.
Law is a general hypothesis or statement about the
relationship of natural quantities that has been tested
over and over again and has not been contradicted. It is
also known as a principle.
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Limitations of the Scientific Method: 1. Existence of God
Differences Between Science & Religion:
a. Science is concerned with understanding the physical universe,
while religion is concerned with spiritual matters, such as belief
and faith in, and the worship of, a supreme being and the creation
of human community — not the practice of science.
b. Scientific truth is a matter of public scrutiny while religion is a
deeply personal matter.
Similarities Between Science & Religion:a. Both are motivated by curiosity for the natural.
b. Both have great impact on society. Science, for example, leads to
useful technological innovations, while religion provides a
foothold for many social services.
2. Beaut a reciation
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Limitations of the Scientific Method: 2. Beauty appreciation
Differences Between Science & Art:
1. ART is about creative communication of ideas and emotions while
SCIENCE is about establishing truth or finding objective facts through
verifiable experimentation.
2. ART seeks aesthetic response while SCIENCE seeks knowledge
and understanding.
3. ART is subjective while SCIENCE is objective.
4. ART is conceptual, while SCIENCE is theoretical5. ART needs no proof since it cannot be proved. On the other hand,
SCIENCE is based upon theories and hypothesis, and every phenomenon
or device can be explained through science.
6. ART is the representation of human thought while SCIENCE is
the representation of natural order. ARTISTS who express a new ideamust communicate it to their audience for ustification. SCIENTISTS
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Limitations of the Scientific Method: 2. Beauty appreciation
Differences Between Science & Art:
a. ART is about creative communication of ideas and emotions while
SCIENCE is about establishing truth or finding objective facts
through verifiable experimentation.
b. ART seeks aesthetic response while SCIENCE seeks knowledge
and understanding.
c. ART is subjective while SCIENCE is objective.
d. ART is conceptual, while SCIENCE is theoreticale. ART needs no proof since it cannot be proved. On the other hand,
SCIENCE is based upon theories and hypothesis, and every
phenomenon or device can be explained through science.
ART is the representation of human thought while SCIENCE is the
representation of natural order. ARTISTS who express a new idea mustcommunicate it to their audience for ustification. SCIENTISTS who
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
C. Methods of Biology
Limitations of the Scientific Method: 2. Beauty appreciation
Similarities between Art & Science. Both ART & SCIENCE:
a. Value the careful observation of their environments to gather
information through the senses.
b. Value creativity.
c. Propose to induce change, innovation, or improvement over what
exists.
d. Use abstract models to understand the world.
e. Aspire to create works that have universal relevance.
3. Moral issues
4. Value judgment – scientists may become biased based on their
beliefs
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
D. Branches of Biology
According to Methods of Aspect of Study:1. Anatomy – dissection of body parts
2. Physiology - functions
3. Biogeography – distribution of living things
4. Cytology – cells
5. Ecology – interactions and relationships within an ecosystem
6. Embryology – development of the embryo
7. Evolution – origin of species
8. Genetics - heredity
9. Histology – tissues10. Limnology – fresh water habitats
11. Oceanography – marine water habitats
12. Organology - organs
13. Paleontology – fossils/evidences of the past
14. Pathology – diseases15. S stematics – identification & classification
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
D. Branches of Biology
According to Methods of Aspect of Study:16. Taxonomy – classification
17. Nomenclature – naming/assigning of scientific name
According to Type of Organisms:
1. Botany – plants
2. Zoology – animals
3. Mammalogy – mammals
4. Ichthyology – fishes
5. Helminthology – worms
6. Herpertology – reptiles and amphibians7. Carcinology – crustaceans
8. Malacology – mollusks
9. Microbiology - micoorganisms
10. Bacteriology – bacteria
11. Mycology – fungi12. Parasitolo – arasites
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
D. Branches of Biology
According to Type of Organisms:
13. Virology – viruses
14. Protozoology – protozoans
15. Ornithology – birds16. Phycology – algae
17. Entomology – insects
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BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
E. Unifying Theories of Biology
1. Cell Theory
2. Biogenesis
3. Homeostasis
4. Evolution5. Gene
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NATURE OF LIFE
A. Theories on the Origin of Life
1. Divine Creation Theory
2. Cosmozoic or Interplanetary Theory
3. Philosophical Theory of Eternity
4. Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation Theory5. Big Bang Theory
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NATURE OF LIFE
A. Theories on the Origin of Life
1. Divine Creation TheoryBased on the book of Genesis in the Bible (story of
Creation
Life is believed to have been created by the AlmightyGod.
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NATURE OF LIFE
A. Theories on the Origin of Life
2. Cosmozoic or Interplanetary TheoryA protoplasm in the form of a resistant spore
originated from outer planets propelled by radiation
pressureThe spore reached the Earth and started the first
form of life
3. Philosophical Theory of EternityLife has no beginning and no end; life has been there
right from the very beginning of time
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NATURE OF LIFE
A. Theories on the Origin of Life
4. Abiogenesis or Spontaneous Generation TheoryLife originated spontaneously from non-living things
Disproved by Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist in
1668, and Louis Pasteur, a French chemist in 1865
5. Big Bang TheoryAlso called the Physico-chemical or Cosmological
Theory
Most scientific and most accepted theory
Developed in the 1940s by George Gamow and R. A.Alpher
Heavenly bodies, including the Earth, originated from
the explosion of a hot rotating ball of gas and eventually
life was formed from the chemical evolution of differentcom ounds resent in the rimitive earth
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Irritability
4. Reproduction & Development5. Adaptation
6. Organization
7. Assimilation8. Definite Form & Size
8. Definite Chemical Composition
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
1. MetabolismRefers to all the chemical and energy
transformations that occur in cells as they carry out
life’s processes A must in order to maintain their organization, and
to grow and reproduce
Can be:
1.1 Anabolism – building up process1.2 Catabolism – breaking down process
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
2. Growth
Refers to an increase in size
Accomplished through a complex series of
chemical processes (intussusception)Occurs when constructive activities occur at
a faster rate than destructive properties
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
3. Irritability
Refers to the ability to react to any
environmental change or stimulus that often
results in movementAnother form of response is when living
things find energy and nutrients by
interacting with their surroundingsThe ability to respond helps ensure the
survival of the organisms
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
5. Adaptation
Refers to modifications that promote the
likelihood of survival
Living things not suited to a new conditioneither move to a better environment or
change (evolution
A change cannot occur in one generation butover many generations
Results into unity and diversity and life
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
5. Organization
Part of living things are arranged in a
particular way
There are levels of biological organization1) Atoms
2) Molecules
3) Cells4) Tissues
5) Organs
6) Organ System
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
O
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction
NATURE OF LIFE
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NATURE OF LIFE
B. Characteristics of Living Things
4. Reproduction and Development
Life comes only from life.
In order for life to continue, living things
must be able to produce other living things of their kind (reproduction)
Can be:
4.1 Sexual Reproduction4.1 Asexual Reproduction