004 7732 the social determinants of health of the child ... social determinants of health of the...

1008

Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019ISSN 0212-1611 • CODEN NUHOEQ

S.V.R. 318

RevisiónThe social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status: systematic reviewKamila Cheikh Moussa3, Javier Sanz-Valero3,4 and Carmina Wanden-Berghe1,2

1Department of Pharmacy, CEU Cardenal Herrera University, Elche. 2Home Care Unit, General University Hospital of Alicante, Alicante. 3Department of Public Health and History of Science, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche. 4Department of Public Health and History of Science, University of Alicante, Alicante. Spain.

Abstract

Objective: to review the social determinants of health more characteristic of the child and adolescents of immi-grants, by reviewing the literature and assess its effect on nutritional status.

Methods: a systematic review was performed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) in PubMed (Medline) and The Cochrane Library, in order to identify undetec-ted studies; articles bibliographic lists were examined. The final election was done according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. No restrictions on sex and ethnicity of the participants. STROBE checkpoints were used for an information and methodological quality control. As So-cial Determinants of Health (SDH); social, demographic and economic conditions were considered for the study of their effect on the nutritional status.

Results: from 31 identified articles 18 are included in this study, 17(94,4%) had a good or excellent quality. Hispanic and African were the most studied ethnicities; birth place and parent’s residence period were used for generational classification. Alimentary culture and lin-guistic isolation of the first generation have a protective effect preventing from overweight and obesity risk while it decrease in second and third generation due to the ex-perienced acculturation process equalizing their weight gain to natives; which prevalence is higher among His-panics. No relation was found for nutritional status diffe-rences between sexes neither alimentary aids protective effect hypothesis was confirmed.

Conclusions: the SDH with greater influence on child-ado-lescent immigrants were the socio-demographic conditions; among them: residence period distinguish the three iden-tified generations while linguistic barrier and ethnic back-ground are truly influential on the biological response to the experimented change caused by the acculturation process, establishing differences in the nutritional status.

(Nutr Hosp. 2014;30:1008-1019)

DOI:10.3305/nh.2014.30.5.7732Key words: Emigrants and immigrants. Nutritional sta-

tus. Overweight. Obesity. Body weight changes.

LOS DETERMINANTES SOCIALES DE LA INMIGRACIÓN INFANTO-JUVENIL Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE EL ESTADO

NUTRICIONAL: REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA

Resumen

Objetivo: revisar los determinantes sociales de la salud (DSS) más característicos de la población infantil y juvenil de inmigrantes, mediante revisión de la literatura científica y evaluar su efecto sobre el estado nutricional.

Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando los Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) en PubMed (Med-line) y The Cochrane Library, con el fin de identificar los estudios no detectados; se examinaron las listas de artículos bibliográficos. La elección final se hizo de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. No hubo restricciones so-bre el sexo y el origen étnico de los participantes. Se utiliza-ron los puntos de verificación de la guía STROBE para un control de la información y la calidad metodológica. Como Determinantes Sociales de la Salud (DSS); se consideraron las condiciones sociales, demográficas y económicas para el estudio de su efecto sobre el estado nutricional.

Resultados: Fueron identificados 31 artículos de los que se incluyó un total de 18 estudios, 17 (94,4%) tuvieron una buena o excelente calidad. Las etnias más estudiadas fueron la Hispana y afroamericana; para la clasificación genera-cional se utilizaron el lugar de nacimiento y tiempo de resi-dencia de los padres. La cultura alimentaria y el aislamiento lingüístico de la primera generación tienen un efecto pro-tector en la prevención de riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad, mientras que disminuye en la segunda y tercera generación debido al proceso de aculturación experimentado igualando su aumento de peso a los nativos; la prevalencia más alta fue entre los hispanos. No se encontró relación sobre las dife-rencias del estado nutricional entre los sexos ni se confirmó la hipótesis del efecto protector de las ayudas alimentarias.

Conclusiones: los DSS con mayor influencia sobre la población joven inmigrante son las condiciones socio-de-mográficas; entre ellos: el tiempo de residencia distingue las tres generaciones identificadas mientras que la barrera lingüística y el origen étnico son los verdaderamente influ-yentes en la respuesta biológica al cambio experimentado causado por el proceso de aculturación, estableciendo así diferencias en el estado nutricional.

(Nutr Hosp. 2014;30:1008-1019)

DOI:10.3305/nh.2014.30.5.7732Palabras clave: Emigrantes e inmigrantes. Estado nutri-

cional. Sobrepeso. Cambios en el peso corporal.

Correspondence: Javier Sanz-Valero. Department of Public Health and History of Science. Miguel Hernandez University. Elche. Spain. E-mail: [email protected]: 1-VII-2014. Aceptado: 23-VII-2014.

004_7732 The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent.indd 1008 16/10/14 20:24

1009Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019The social determinants of health of the child-adolescent immigration and its influence on the nutritional status

Abbreviations

MEDLINE: Medlars International Literature Onli-ne.

MeSH: Medical Subject Headings.STROBE: Strengthening the Reporting of Observa-

tional Studies in Epidemiology. ECLS: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study.U.S.: Original of The United States of America.

Introduction

The transition years between childhood and adoles-cence marks a critical socialization period in which the acquisition of food habits is defined by socio-econo-mic, cultural factors and the environment1-3.In the im-migrant population this relationship, according Alba & Nee4, was described from a perspective through three distinctions of the assimilation theory: sociocultural, negative and segmented.

Thus, the study of food habits in immigrants and the related changes in body weight took interest from a generational approach (child and adolescent), the di-fferences between the two generations are considered result of the decreased effect of ethnicity on conditio-ning factors due to the place of socialization of each generación5, 6.

In this sense, this socialization process is establi-shed by the structural determinants and living con-ditions, these constitute the social determinants of health. Yet at the same time are the causes of the majority of health inequalities7. Such inequalities, as child poverty, which affects 4 out of each 5 persons, and passing from one generation to another, are major obstacles in improving population health and redu-cing inequalities8.

At present, the figure of 1000 million people are in a “migrant” situation makes their state of health a prio-rity of Global Public Health9.

Hence, in relation to the above, the objective of this study is to review the social determinants of heal-th more characteristic of the child and adolescents of immigrants, by reviewing the literature and assess its effect on nutritional status.

Materials and Methods

Design

Descriptive study of the articles retrieved using sys-tematic technique.

Sources of data extraction

All data were obtained from direct consultation and access via Internet to the scientific literature contained

in the database Medlars International Literature Online (MEDLINE), via PubMed and The Cochrane Library.

Data processing

We studied the articles published in any country and language.

For the recovery of evidence were used Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) developed by the U.S. Na-tional Library of Medicine. Search equations were de-veloped for its use in the MEDLINE database via Pub-Med, using Boolean connectors, and in The Cochrane Library proceeding in the same way.

From the study of the Thesaurus the following descriptors were used “Emigrants and Immigrants”, “Socioeconomic Factors, Cultural Characteristics, So-cial Class”, “Nutritional Status, Overweight, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Body Weight Changes” and “Co-hort Studies”. “Humans” was used as a limit. Also li-miting to the last 7 years (2005-2012), as the period of obsolescence (half period of Burton Kebler) esta-blished for publications in the field of health science10

and nutrition11.

Final selection of articles

The final election of the works was done according to the fulfillment of the inclusion and exclusion crite-ria.

Inclusion criteria: The accepted articles were those with longitudinal design of Cohorts type whose study population consisted of immigrants between 2-18 years of age. We selected original articles published in peer journals, full text of which was recovered.

Exclusion criteria: Articles of different design which comprised pathology cases, pregnancies and only adults.

Additionally, as a secondary search and to reduce potential publication bias, we examined the biblio-graphic list of articles that were selected in the main quest, in order to identify undetected studies in biblio-graphic databases.

For quality control of information were used the 22 checkpoints of the guide “Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology” (STRO-BE) based on the 4 items (8, 13 to 15 checkpoints) spe-cific for the methodological quality of cohort studies12.

To determine the pertinence of the articles were as-sessed independently by two of the authors of this re-view (K C-M and J S-V). To give as valid the election of the articles selected for the review it was established the assessment of the concordance between these two authors (kappa index) which should be greater than 0.60 (strength of agreement was good or very good). As long as this condition is fulfilled, any discrepancies are solved by consulting the third author (C W-B) and subsequent consensus among all authors.


1010 Nutr Hosp. 2014;30(5):1008-1019 Kamila Cheikh Moussa et al.

• Recovered articles from the bibliographic databases.n = 14

• Articles identified in the bibliographic list of the retrieved studies = 117.

n = 31

• Duplicate items = 1.• Non-original items = 0.

n = 30

• Excluided articles for not meeting the inclusion criteria = 5.n = 25

• Eliminated articles by appling exclusion criteria = 7.n = 18

• Total selected articles for the revisionn = 18

Fig. 1.—Chart for the selection of articles.



Data extraction

Studies were grouped according to study the varia-bles in order to systematize and facilitate the unders-tanding of the results of all reviewed articles. There were no restrictions on sex and ethnicity of the parti-cipants. And were summarized in a table, codifying: authors, year of publication, population under study, ethnicity, immigrant generation, carried intervention, follow-up period, where the intervention took place and the main conclusions indicated in the reviewed articles.

Social determinants of health that are considered to assess its scope on the nutritional status were those of social and demographic kind (ethnicity, race, country of birth, number of years resided in the host country, number of siblings, parents’ educational level, linguis-tic and social integration) as well as the economics (occupation of the primary caregiver, family income and the type of school).

Results

A total of 14 articles were recovered from MED-LINE while not getting results from The Cochrane Library database. From the bibliographic list of the reviewed articles 18 works were identified.

Five works didn’t meet the inclusion criteria by con-sidering a different issue. Nine studies which popula-tion wasn’t immigrant children and adolescent were eliminated or their principal objective wasn’t the study of the effect on population’s nutritional status but the prevention of diseases (cardiovascular diseases, dia-betes, cancer, etc.). Thus, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies were selected13-30; see Table I.

The agreement about the quality of the studies be-tween the authors was 100%. Of the selected articles 10 (55,5%)13-15, 17, 19, 24-26, 29 considered all the quality variables while 8 (44,4%) studies16, 18, 20-23, 27, 30 included 90-95% of them. Despite this, 17 (94,4%) articles13-29 had a good or excellent quality; see Table II.

Of the 18 interventions, 12 (66,6%)13, 15-17, 19, 21-

24, 27-29 took place in United States of America while the 6 (33,3%) left were in Canada14, 30, Australia20, 26, Austria18 and Denamark25. The period of study for 17 (94%) articles was between 4 and 6 years, and 2 years for the rest25. The places where the inter-ventions have been carried out were mainly the fa-mily residence14-17, 20-22, 26-28 and/or educational cen-ters13, 18, 30.

The most used instruments for the intervention were the anthropometric measures13-17 ,21, 23-27, 30, the surveys14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, the questionnaires on so-cioeconomic status15, 16, 25 and demographic characte-ristics13, 21, 23, 27-30 (a detailed description of these and of the principal objective of each study are provided in Table III).

Varied information was found about the subjected population, the most studied ethnicity background was the Hispanic14, 17, 23, 27, 30 followed by the Afri-can16, 22, 28, 29, the place of birth was mainly used for the generational classification13, 17, 18, 22, 24-28, 30, followed by the years of residence of the parents20, 21, 23, 29. The in-tervention with the largest number of individuals had n=2074528 and the smallest had n=210 persons14.

Most studies13, 17, 18, 20-22, 24, 26-30 show that the coexis-ting social conditions between the three identified gene-rations produce differences in their nutritional status, hi-ghlighting the protective effect of the immigrant status of the first generation, characterized by the alimentary culture and the linguistic isolation, which protect them from the risk of overweight or obesity17, 21, 28-30 while in the case of the second and third generation their weight gain get equalized to the native population due to the adaptation or acculturation process13, 17, 21, 28-30.

The prevalence of overweight and later obesity was higher in Hispanic individuals compared to the native population of the studied country17, 19, 22, 28. No relation was found in the study of nutritional status differences between sexes. Neither was confirmed the hypothesis that the access to alimentary aids protects the indivi-duals from malnutrition or overweight/obesity.

Discussion

As has been observed, the most part of the studies took place in The United States of America proba-bly due to the immigration population of this country which comprises 40.377.757 persons (Data was ob-tained from the emigration database of The Migration Policy Institute of USA, http://www.migrationinfor-mation.org/datahub/countrydata/country.cfm) and be-cause historically has been under study (Early Child-hood Longitudinal Study, ECLS Study - http://nces.ed.gov/ecls/).

The use of the familiar residence as the principal place of intervention is due to the easy access to the family data from mothers. Also, the school center was an optimal place for collecting information from children26, 30, 31. The use of the surveys-in-home pro-vided continuity for information collection to define the ethnic profile and the social status, as well as the questionnaires referred to alimentation, origin country, familiar characteristics and incomes.

Some U.S. studies13, 16, 19, 21, 22, 28, 29 observed several ethnic origins being the Hispanic the most studied due to the heterogeneity within this ethnic group and to its massive immigration to the host country24, 27.

The exclusive election of cohort studies could be considered a limitation but its design generates a large amount of inputs due to its long-time term in compa-rison to the observational studies of cross-sectional and case-control design12. Another possible limitation of this revision is the exclusion of studies about adult population for which there is a larger number of arti-



Tabl

a I

Resu

me

of th

e re

view

ed a

rtic

les

abou

t the

sco

pe o

f the

soc

ial d

eter

min

ants

of h

ealth

on

the

nutr

ition

al s

tatu

s of

the

child

-ado

lesc

ent g

ener

atio

ns o

f im

mig

rant

s.

Auth

orYe

arPo

pula

tion

Gen

erat

iona

l cl

assi

ficat

ion

Ethn

ic o

rigi

nIn

terv

entio

nPe

riod

plac

ePr

inci

pal C

oncl

usio

ns

Popk

in B

M M

. et

al.13

1997

η: 1

4438

M: %

49.1

F: %

50.1

Age

: 13-

18

(864

6)

1stG

Ch.

Ps-F

B2nd

G 1

P-FB

3rdG

Ps-

NB

3rd+G

gPs

-FB

%53

.5 N

oHs-

Wh

%21

.8 N

oHs-

B%

0.8

NoH

s-A

I%

15.7

Hs

%6.

8 A

s

Ant

rpM

e.In

tv-A

d.

Re-

intv

(2y)

.q-

inSc

h.qP

s.

4 y.

USA

Am

ong

ethn

iciti

es, ♂

are

mor

e O

B th

an ♀

exc

ept ♂

with

Non

-H

isp-

B e

thni

city

.Th

e ♂

-Ado

ls 1

3-15

y su

ffer +

OB

and

hav

e ↓O

B a

t 16-

18y

than

♀.

Onl

y in

His

pani

cs &

Asi

an e

thni

city

the

1st G

is ↓

OB

than

2&

3+G

af

fect

ed b

y ac

cultu

ratio

n.

O’L

ough

lin J

et

al.14

1998

η: 2

10M

: %46

.9F:

%47

.2χ

Age

:10.

8

<%25

%

25–4

9

%50

–74

%75

–99

%10

0 (R

sy/A

ge)

%15

.8 A

s.%

5.2

Ar

%24

.2 C

-S A

m.

%23

.8 E

U.

%21

.7 C

anad

a.

Ant

rp-M

esv

InH

-Ad.

svin

H-P

s.

5 y.

Can

ada

The

ethn

ic o

rigin

, the

leng

th o

f sta

y in

hos

t cou

ntry

, Ps B

MI (

Pa-

rent

s) c

ondi

tion

stud

ents

ove

rwei

ght a

nd o

besi

ty in

ear

ly a

ge.

Sum

insk

i RR

et

al.15

1999

η: 1

127

M: 5

87F:

540

χ A

ge: 8

.0

Aca

dem

ic y

ear:

K/ F

irst /

Seco

ndFo

urth

/ Fift

h

Mx-

Am

A

ntrp

Me.

PsR

e.6

y.U

SATh

e re

ceiv

ed fo

od a

ids b

y 5.

5 ye

ars o

bese

chi

ldre

n in

kin

derg

arte

n co

urse

did

n’t r

educ

e th

e O

B p

afte

r 5 y

ears

of m

onito

ring,

reac

hing

an

ave

rage

91%

of c

hild

ren

aged

9.5

-10.

5 ye

ars f

rom

bot

h se

xes.

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et

al.16

2003

η: 1

3,11

3M

: %53

.5F:

%46

.5χ

Age

: 16.

0

Hs

Wh

Af-

Am

As

%54

.4 N

oHs-

Wh

%21

.3 A

fAm

%17

.2 H

s%

7.0

As

Ant

rp-M

e.sv

InH

-Ad.

svin

H-P

s.

4 y.

USA

The

pOW

is ↑

in A

f-A

m ♀

follo

wed

by

Hs ≠

to A

s ♂+♀

rela

ted

to

thei

r SES

and

par

ent’s

edu

catio

n le

vel.

Equa

lizin

g th

ese

2 fa

ctor

s, th

e di

ffere

nces

incr

ease

am

ong

the

4 et

hnic

ities

, with

a ↑

pO

W in

Af-

Am

gro

up.

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et

al.17

2003

η: 8

613

M: %

50.5

F: %

49.5

χ A

ge: 1

5.93

1stG

Ps-

FB2nd

G 1

P-FB

3rdG

Ps-

NB

%78

.1W

h%

13.4

Mx

%4.

6 PR

%3.

9 C

b

Ant

rpM

e.

svIn

H-A

d.sv

inH

-Ps.

4 y.

USA

Bet

wee

n 4

ethn

iciti

es th

e 1s

t G is

rela

ted

to p

oor s

truct

ural

cha

ract

e-ris

tics,

com

parin

g th

e 3G

ther

e is

a ↑

OW

in 2

nd a

nd 3

rd G

whi

le in

re

latio

n to

thes

e ch

arac

teris

tics

and

accu

ltura

tion

ones

it is

↑ in

all

G o

f Mx

and

Cb.

Kirc

heng

ast S

et

al.18

2005

η:19

09M

: %-

F: %

-A

ge: 6

-15

y.

1stG

Ps-

FB2nd

G 1

P-FB

3rdG

Ps-

NB

437

Tuk

555

Yu79

4 A

st

Ant

rpM

e.SE

S-Sc

h.4

y.A

ustri

aIn

Mig

♀ th

ere

is ↑

p O

W&

OB

com

pare

d to

the A

st. A

mon

g ♂

the

p is

↑ in

Yu

child

ren

(10y

). In

pub

erty

(15y

) the

Tuk

Ch&

Ado

ls h

ave

↑ O

W&

OB

risk

than

thei

r hom

olog

ues.

Whi

take

r R

et a

l.1920

06η:

245

2M

:F:

χ A

ge: 3

Wh.

Bk. Hs.

Ot.

NoH

s-W

hN

oHs-

Bk

Hs (

any

race

)O

t rac

e, N

o-H

s

Ant

rpM

e.Ps

Re-

Fy$.

Re-

M.E

dc.

svFd

Sec.

3 y.

USA

Am

ong

ethn

iciti

es th

e p

OB

is h

ighe

r in

His

pani

c w

ith a

¼ o

f the

m

OB

. No

mod

erat

e ef

fect

was

show

en fo

r the

3 S

ES fa

ctor

s (M

.Edc

/Fy

$/Fd

Sec)

on

OB

bet

wee

n et

hnic

gro

ups.

Ren

azho

A

et a

l.2020

06η:

337

M: %

49.0

F: %

51.0

Age

: 3-1

2 y.

≤1 y

rs1-

5 yr

s 6-

10 y

rs

≥11

yrs

%18

.7 C

-Af.

%70

.9 E

st/S

th-A

f.%

10.4

Wes

-Af.

Ant

rpM

e.Ps

Re-

Fy$.

Re-

Ps.E

dc.

PsR

e-LO

S.

-A

us♂

resi

ding

< th

an1

year

pre

sent

a ↑

p de

und

ernu

tritio

n w

hile

is

inve

rsel

y re

late

d to

a ↑

leng

th o

f sta

y. A

mon

g et

hnic

ities

, Wes

tern

A

fric

an c

hild

ren

are

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e O

W&

OB

com

pare

d to

oth

er

ethn

iciti

es.



Tabl

a I (

cont

.) Re

sum

e of

the

revi

ewed

art

icle

s ab

out t

he s

cope

of t

he s

ocia

l det

erm

inan

ts o

f hea

lth o

n th

e nu

triti

onal

sta

tus

of th

e ch

ild-a

dole

scen

t gen

erat

ions

of i

mm

igra

nts.

Auth

orYe

arPo

pula

tion

Gen

erat

iona

l cl

assi

ficat

ion

Ethn

ic o

rigi

nIn

terv

entio

nPe

riod

plac

ePr

inci

pal C

oncl

usio

ns

Van

Hoo

k J

et a

l.2120

07η:

166

64M

: %-

F: %

-χ

Age

: -

-G1.

0(Ps

12y

rs<)

-G1.

5(Ps

0-1

1yrs

)-C

h-N

tPs

Hs.

As.

Pcf I

slan

der.

Ant

rp-M

e.In

tv-M

.qP

s.sv

SchE

nv.

svSE

S.

6 y.

U

SATh

e SE

S af

fect

s in

a le

sser

deg

ree

on th

e ↑

of B

MI i

n th

e G

1.0

whi

-le

it is

≈ i

n G

1.5

and

NtP

s. B

ut a

↓G

DP/

c of

the

CB

↑ th

e B

MIB

in

the

G1.

5 ≠

to G

1.0

whe

reas

to a

↑ G

DP/

c a

↓ B

MIB

/G is

pre

sent

in

both

.

Kal

il A

et

al.22

2008

η: 6

068

M: %

51.5

F: %

48.5

Age

: 6 y

.

Ch/

Ps F

B.N

ct-M

Ch/

Ps F

B.U

Sct-M

1Ps-

FB.N

ct-M

1Ps-

FB-U

Sct-M

Ps-N

B

%57

.7 W

h.%

18.9

Lt.

%16

.0 A

f Am

.%

4.6

Ot.

qFC

s.sv

inH

-Ps.

4 y.

USA

Am

ong

imm

igra

nts:

bei

ng C

h-FB

.Nct

-M, L

atin

e, fr

om a

larg

e fa

mily

and

with

low

inco

mes

hav

e a

high

er p

roba

bilit

y to

be

food

in

secu

re (F

Inse

c).

Bet

wee

n na

tives

and

imm

igra

nts:

Ch-

FB.N

ct-M

suffe

rs d

oble

FIn

-se

c th

an C

h-FB

.USc

t-M. T

he a

cces

s to

food

aid

s doe

sn’t

decr

ease

th

e bi

g ≠

in F

Inse

c be

twee

n th

em.

Ros

as L

G

et a

l.2320

09η:

374

M: %

47F:

%52

,9χ

Age

: 5

M.M

x-R

sMx

M.M

x-R

sCA

-US:

5-10

yrs

.11

-15

yrs.

16<

yrs .

% 2

0 G

uana

juat

o.%

12

Jalis

co.

% 2

4 M

icho

acán

.

Med

-Ant

rp.

qSES

qSup

l.

5 y.

USA

Mex

ico

Res

idin

g >1

0 ye

ars i

n th

e U

SA, t

he m

othe

r’s o

besi

ty a

nd u

nder

esti-

mat

e th

eir c

hild

ren

actu

al w

eigh

t inc

reas

e si

gnifi

cant

ly th

eir r

isk

to

OW

and

OB

, in

cont

rast

to th

e M

x po

pula

tion.

Bal

istre

ri K

S

et a

l.2420

09η:

126

96M

: %51

.5F:

%48

.5A

ge: 5

-7

WhC

h-N

t Ps.

HsC

h-M

ig P

s.H

sCh-

Nt P

s.

%69

Mx.

%9

PR.

%3

Cb.

%

19 O

t Hs.

Ant

rp-M

e qS

ES.

6 y.

USA

Two

SES

indi

cato

rs a

s inc

omes

and

Ps e

duca

tion

leve

l ↑ th

e ch

ild’s

IM

C in

the

case

of H

sCh-

Mig

Ps,

this

effe

ct d

oesn

’t m

aint

ain

from

an

eth

nic

appr

oach

.

Teilm

ann

G

et a

l.2520

09η:

276

M: %

0F:

%10

0A

ge: 4

-13

Edad

Ado

pció

n:

< 2

yrs

>2 y

rsN

B-D

enm

ark

%35

.8 H

indú

.%

13.8

S-C

orea

.%

29 O

t As.

%13

.8 S

-Am

% 5

.4 E

-EU

% 1

.8 A

f.

Ant

rp-M

e2

y.D

enm

kTh

e w

eigh

t, he

ight

and

BM

I in

child

hood

are

↓ in

ado

pted

♀ c

om-

pare

d to

nat

ives

but

in e

arlie

r pub

erty

the A

ntrp

-Me

are

appr

oxim

ate

betw

een

both

gro

ups.

In fu

ll pu

berta

l age

, ado

pted

♀ h

ave

↑ B

MI t

han

girls

of D

anis

h or

igin

.

Ren

zaho

A

et a

l.2620

09η:

498

3M

: %50

.9F:

%49

.1

χ A

ge: 4

.9

PC-B

plac

e:A

us/E

U/A

s/O

tC

h-L.

s-H

ome:

%12

.5 N

o-En

g%

87.

5 En

g on

ly

PC-B

plac

e:%

75.

2 A

us.

% 3

.7 N

-Z/P

cf%

5.8

UK

/Ir.

% 1

.8 O

t EU

.%

7.2

As

% 6

.3 O

t.

Ant

rp-M

e.In

tv- P

C.

6 y.

Aus

PC-(

UK

/Irla

nd) c

hild

ren,

who

use

Eng

lish

as L

.s-H

ome,

are

less

pr

obab

le to

be

OW

/OB

than

PC

-Aus

chi

ldre

n w

ho u

se a

≠L.

s-H

ome

to E

nglis

h.

The

prev

alen

ce o

f thi

nnes

s is h

ighe

r in

PC-(

N-Z

lnd/

paci

fic) a

nd

PC-A

sia

child

ren.



Tabl

a I (

cont

.) Re

sum

e of

the

revi

ewed

art

icle

s ab

out t

he s

cope

of t

he s

ocia

l det

erm

inan

ts o

f hea

lth o

n th

e nu

triti

onal

sta

tus

of th

e ch

ild-a

dole

scen

t gen

erat

ions

of i

mm

igra

nts.

Auth

orYe

arPo

pula

tion

Gen

erat

iona

l cl

assi

ficat

ion

Ethn

ic o

rigi

nIn

terv

entio

nPe

riod

plac

ePr

inci

pal C

oncl

usio

ns

Bak

er B

et

al.27

2009

η: 4

360

M: %

-F:

%-

χ A

ge: 1

0

HsC

h-M

igPs

HsC

h-N

tPs

NoH

s-W

h

%69

Mx.

%9

PR.

%3

Cb.

%19

Ot H

s.

Ant

rp-M

e.qF

Cs.

svM

ep.

qCB

Ps.

PsR

e(Fy

$TV

t)

6 y.

USA

Mep

impa

ct o

n B

MI-

Ch

chan

ges b

y th

e Fy

$ an

d th

e et

hnic

ity/n

ati-

vity

stat

e. A

t ↑ F

y$, M

ep p

reve

nts C

h-M

igPs

from

OW

whi

le a

t ↓

Fy$

the

effe

ct o

f Mep

on

Ch-

NtP

s and

WhC

h B

MI i

s low

er.

Mul

lan

Har

ris K

et

al.28

2010

η: 2

0 74

5M

: %51

,43

F: %

48.5

7A

ge: 1

1-18

1stG

Ad.

Ps-F

B2nd

G A

d.U

S.Ps

-FB

3rd+G

Ad.

Ps-N

B

%15

.8 B

k.%

12.0

Hs.

%4.

3 A

s.%

67.9

Wh.

svIn

H-A

d.In

trv-A

d.4

y.U

SAA

mon

g ge

nera

tions

: the

inic

ial a

nd g

row

th B

MI i

s ↓ fo

r the

1rs

tG

≠ to

the

2nd

y 3r

d G

, whi

le a

mon

g th

e 4

race

s, th

e H

s and

Bk

have

hi

gher

gai

n of

BM

I. Be

twee

n se

xes: ♀

tend

to g

ain

mor

e BM

I tha

n ♂

dur

ing

adol

esce

nce.

Van.

Hoo

k J

et a

l.2920

10η:

201

50M

: %-

F: %

-χ

Age

: -

-G1.

0(Ps

12y

rs<)

-G1.

5(Ps

0-1

1yrs

)-C

h-N

tPs

%17

Bk.

%14

Hs.

%3

As.

%67

Wh.

Ant

rpM

e.In

tv-M

.En

-Ps.P

FMC

.

6 y.

USA

Acc

ultu

ratio

n m

easu

red

by:

Soci

aliz

atio

n pl

ace:

Ch-

G1.

0 ♂

W+

than

Ch-

G1.

5 an

d C

h-N

tPs.

With

in th

e et

hnic

gro

ups, ♀

gai

n le

ss W

than

♂ o

f G1.

0 y

G1.

5.So

cial

isol

atio

n: ♂

of G

1.0

who

hav

e a

↓En-

Ps.P

FMC

pre

sent

↓B

MIB

/G.

Max

imov

a K

et

al.30

2011

η: 6

392

M: %

50.6

F: %

49.4

χ A

ge: 1

1.2

1stG

Ps-

FB2nd

G 1

P-FB

3rdG

Ps-

NB

%17

.8 A

s.%

27.3

C-S

Am

.%

19.9

EU

.%

17.4

Ot.

Ant

rp-M

eq-

inSc

h 4

y.C

anad

a Th

e le

ngth

of s

tay

in th

e ho

st c

ount

ry ↑

the

expo

sitio

n to

unh

ealth

y ha

bits

con

clud

ing

in a

↑B

MI (

2nd

and

3rd

gene

ratio

n ≠

to th

e 1r

st).

≠: D

iffer

ent.

<: L

ess t

han.

≈: n

early

/app

roxi

mat

e.↑:

hig

h. ↓

: Few

er. η

: Tot

al n

umbe

r of p

erso

ns. p

: pre

vale

nce.

F: F

amel

a. M

: Mal

e. ♀

: wom

en/g

irls. ♂

: men

/boy

s. χA

ge: m

ean

age.

A

dols:

Ado

lesc

ents

. BM

I(IM

C):

Bod

y m

ass i

ndex

. BM

I B/G: B

asal

/Gro

wth

bod

y m

ass i

ndex

. OB:

Obe

sity

. OW

: ove

rwei

ght.

W: w

eigh

t. G

: Gen

erat

ion.

G1.

0Ps (

12yr

s<):

gene

ratio

n 1.

0 re

pres

ents

par

ents

w

ho a

rriv

ed w

ith 1

2 ye

ars.

G1.

5 (P

s 0-1

1yrs

): ge

nera

tion

1.5

repr

esen

ts p

aren

ts w

ho a

rriv

ed b

etw

een

0-11

yea

rs. C

B: c

ount

ry b

irth.

GD

P: g

ross

dom

estic

pro

duct

. Hs:

Spa

nish

. As:

Asi

an. S

-Cor

ea: S

outh

-C

orea

. Ar:

Ara

bian

. C-S

Am

: Cen

tral-S

outh

Am

eric

a. E

U: E

urop

ean.

E-E

U: E

ast-E

urop

ean.

AfA

m: A

fric

an-A

mer

ican

. C-A

f : C

entra

l-Afr

ica.

Est

/Sth

-Af:

East

/Sou

th A

fric

a. W

es-A

f: W

estre

n A

fric

a. P

cf

Isla

nder

: Pac

ific

Isla

nder

. Aus

: Aus

tralia

. N-Z

/Pcf

: New

Zee

land

/Pac

ific.

UK

/Ir: U

ntid

Kin

gdom

/ Irla

nd. M

x: M

exic

an. M

x-A

m: M

exic

an-A

mer

ican

. M.M

x-R

sMx:

Mex

ican

mot

her-r

esid

ent i

n M

exic

o.

M.M

x-R

sCA

-US:

Mex

ican

mot

her-r

esid

ent i

n C

alifo

rnia

,USA

. PR

: Pue

rto R

ican

. Cb:

Cub

an..

K: K

inde

rgar

ten.

Tuk

: Tur

kish

. Yu:

Yug

osla

vian

. Ast

: Aus

trian

. Lt:

Latin

. Ot:

Oth

er. R

sy/A

ge: T

otal

yea

rs

of re

side

nce/

age

at t

he m

omen

t. LO

S: L

engt

h of

stay

. PC

-Bpl

ace:

Prim

er c

arer

-Birt

h pl

ace.

Ch-

L.s-

Hom

e: C

hild

-lang

uage

spea

k-ho

me.

Ch/

Ad.

Ps-F

B: C

hild

/ Ado

lesc

ent a

nd p

aren

ts a

re fo

reig

n-bo

rn. C

h-N

tPs:

Chi

ld w

ith n

ativ

e pa

rent

s. C

h/Ps

FB: C

hild

/Par

ents

For

eign

-bor

n an

d(.N

ct-M

): N

on-c

itize

n-m

othe

r. an

d(.U

Sct-M

): C

itize

n M

othe

r of t

he U

SA. A

d.U

S.Ps

-FB:

USA

nat

ive

adol

esce

nt w

ith fo

reig

n bo

rn p

aren

ts. A

d.Ps

-NB:

Ado

lesc

ent a

nd p

aren

ts a

re fo

reig

n bo

rn.1

P-FB

: one

of b

oth

pare

nts i

s for

eign

-bor

n. a

nd(.N

ct-M

): N

on-c

itize

n- m

othe

r. an

d(.U

Sct-M

): C

itize

n m

othe

r of t

he U

SA. P

s-N

B: P

aren

ts

are

nativ

e-bo

rn. N

oHs-

Wh:

Whi

te n

ot S

pani

sh. N

oHs-

B: B

lack

not

Spa

nish

. NoH

s-A

I: A

mer

ican

-Ind

ian

not S

pani

sh. W

hCh-

Nt P

s: W

hite

chi

ld-n

ativ

e pa

rent

s. H

sCh-

Nt P

s: S

pani

sh c

hild

-nat

ive

pare

nts.

HsC

h-M

ig P

s: S

pani

sh c

hild

-mig

rant

par

ents

. Che

ck th

e in

terv

entio

ns a

bbre

viat

ions

inTa

ble

III.



Tabl

a II

An

alys

is o

f the

stu

dies

met

hodo

logi

cal q

ualit

y th

roug

h th

e 22

ass

essm

ent p

oint

s of

the

STRO

BE g

uide

12.

Artic

les/

Poi

nts

#1#2

#3#4

#5#6

#7#8

*#9

#10

#11

#12

#13*

#14*

#15*

#16

#17

#18

#19

#20

#21

#22

Tota

l

Popk

in B

M e

t al.13

22(1

4)

O’L

ough

lin J

et a

l.1422

(16)

Sum

insk

i RR

et a

l.1522

(15)

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et a

l.1620

(16)

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et a

l.1722

(17)

Kirc

heng

ast S

et a

l.1821

(15)

Whi

take

r et a

l.1922

(17)

Ren

azho

A e

t al.20

21(1

6)

Van

Hoo

k J e

t al.21

21(1

8)

Kal

il A

et a

l.2220

(16)

Ros

as L

G e

t al.23

21(1

6)

Bal

istre

ri K

S et

al.24

22(1

6)

Teilm

an G

et a

l.2522

(16)

Ren

zaho

A e

t al.26

22(1

8)

Bak

er B

et a

l.2721

(16)

Mul

lan

Har

ris K

et a

l.2822

(14)

Van.

Hoo

k J e

t al.29

22(1

6)

Max

imov

a K

et a

l.3020

(13)

Com

plet

ely

mee

t the

ass

essm

ent p

oint

s inc

ludi

ng th

e su

b-po

ints

. M

eet t

he a

sses

smen

t poi

nt a

nd p

art o

f its

sub-

poin

ts.

Don

’t m

eet t

he a

sses

smen

t poi

nt o

r its

sub-

poin

ts. (

) N

umbe

r of v

erifi

catio

n po

ints

tota

lly c

ompl

eted

. * S

peci

fic q

ualit

y ve

rific

atio

n po

ints

for c

ohor

t stu

dies

.



Tabl

a II

I O

bjec

tive

and

desc

ript

ion

of th

e in

terv

entio

n re

aliz

ed in

the

revi

ewed

stu

dies

.

Auth

or/y

ear

Obj

ectiv

eIn

terv

entio

n D

escr

iptio

n

Popk

in B

M

et a

l.13

1997

Expl

ain

the

unde

rlyin

g co

nditi

ons o

f ado

lesc

ent h

ealth

and

he

alth

beh

avio

r with

spec

ial e

mph

asis

on

the

effe

cts o

f the

m

ultip

le c

onte

xts o

f ado

lesc

ent l

ife

Intr

v-A

d R

e-In

tv(2

y). (

Ant

rpM

e).

Ado

lesc

ents

inte

rvie

w fo

r: w

eigh

t (K

g) y

hei

ght (

m).

Rep

eate

d 2

year

s lat

er.

q-in

Sch.

Que

stio

nnai

re in

scho

ol fo

r par

ticip

ant’s

ele

ctio

n.

qPs.

Pare

nts q

uest

ionn

aire

: Eth

nici

ty a

nd ra

ce d

ata.

O’L

ough

lin J

et

al.14

1998

Incr

ease

d un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e ea

rly d

eter

min

ants

of o

besi

ty

is e

ssen

tial b

ecau

se o

f the

incr

easi

ng p

reva

lenc

e of

obe

sity

in

man

y in

dust

rializ

ed c

ount

ries.

Ant

rp-M

e. 2

mea

sure

s of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

). sv

InH

-Ad.

svin

H-P

s. Su

rvey

and

inte

rvie

w to

par

ents

and

chi

ldre

n fo

r SD

E da

ta.

Sum

insk

i RR

et

al.15

1999

To d

escr

ibe

the

prob

lem

of o

besi

ty in

Mex

ican

Am

eric

an c

hil-

dren

and

pro

vide

a m

etho

d fo

r ide

ntify

ing

Mex

ican

Am

eric

an

child

ren

at ri

sk fo

r obe

sity

.

Ant

rpM

e. M

easu

res o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m) i

n sc

hool

.Ps

Re.

Par

ents

repo

rt ab

out:

age,

eth

nici

ty, e

atin

g pa

ttern

s, ac

cess

to a

ids f

or sc

hool

mea

ls.

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et

al.16

2003

To e

xam

ine

the

exte

nt to

whi

ch ra

ce/e

thni

c di

ffere

nces

in in

com

e an

d ed

ucat

ion

acco

unt f

or se

x-sp

ecifi

c di

spar

ities

in

over

wei

ght p

reva

lenc

e in

whi

te, A

fric

anA

mer

ican

, His

pani

c, a

nd A

sian

U.S

. tee

ns.

Ant

rp-M

e. B

MI:

mea

sure

of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

).sv

InH

-Ad.

svi

nH-P

s. Su

rvey

to

pare

nts a

nd c

hild

ren

abou

t: et

hnic

ity/ra

ce, f

amili

ar in

com

es

and

educ

atio

n le

vel d

ata.

Gor

don

Lars

en P

et

al.17

2003

Expl

ore

mec

hani

sms t

hat m

ay e

xpla

in th

e ov

erw

eigh

t diff

eren

tial

acro

ss im

mig

rant

gen

erat

ions

am

ong

thre

e la

rge

subp

opul

atio

ns

of H

ispan

ic (M

exic

an, P

uerto

Ric

an, a

nd C

uban

) you

th in

the

US.

Ant

rpM

e. M

easu

res o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

svIn

H-A

d. sv

inH

-Ps.

Surv

ey in

hom

e ab

out:

stru

ctur

al a

nd a

ccul

tura

tion

char

acte

ristic

s. A

w

eek

repo

rt ab

out:

eatin

g pa

ttern

s and

phy

sica

l act

ivity

.

Kirc

heng

ast S

et

al.18

2005

Ana

lyze

the

prev

alen

ce o

f ove

rwei

ght a

nd o

besi

ty a

mon

g m

igra

nt c

hild

ren

and

adol

esce

nts i

n V

ienn

a, A

ustri

a, b

y co

m-

parin

g th

e w

eigh

t sta

tus o

f Tur

kish

and

Yug

osla

vian

chi

ldre

n/ad

oles

cent

s with

thei

r Aus

trian

cou

nter

parts

.

Ant

rpM

e. 2

mea

sure

s of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

) at 6

and

10

year

s. SE

S-Sc

h. S

ES c

lass

ifica

tion

by: t

ype

of sc

hool

(pub

lic o

r priv

ate)

.

Whi

take

r R

et a

l.19

2006

To d

eter

min

e w

heth

er th

ere

are

raci

al/ e

thni

c di

ffere

nces

in

the

prev

alen

ce o

f obe

sity

am

ong

pres

choo

l chi

ldre

n an

d to

de

term

ine

whe

ther

thes

e di

ffere

nces

are

exp

lain

ed b

y so

cioe

co-

nom

ic fa

ctor

s.

Ant

rpM

e. M

easu

res o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

Ethn

ic o

rigin

of p

aren

ts c

olle

cted

in fa

mili

ar re

side

nce.

PsR

e-Fy

$. R

e-M

.Edc

. Mot

hers

repo

rt ab

out:

Fam

iliar

inco

mes

and

mot

her’s

edu

catio

n le

vel.

svFd

Sec.

Sur

vey

of 1

8 ite

ms a

bout

: fam

ily fo

od se

curit

y.

Ren

azho

A

et a

l.20

2006

Ass

ess t

he a

nthr

opom

etric

stat

us o

f mig

rant

/refu

gee

child

ren

from

sub-

Saha

ra A

fric

a. It

is p

ostu

late

d th

at th

e po

pula

tion

of

mig

rant

/refu

gee

in A

ustra

lia fr

om S

SA e

xhib

it a

mix

ture

of

unde

rnut

ritio

n an

d ob

esity

with

und

ernu

tritio

n be

ing

rela

ted

to

shor

ter t

ime

in A

ustra

lia a

nd o

besi

ty to

a lo

nger

leng

th o

f sta

y.

Ant

rpM

e. C

lass

ifica

tion

of N

utrit

iona

l-Sta

tus b

y: m

easu

res o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

PsR

e-Fy

$. P

aren

ts re

ports

abo

ut: t

heir

occu

patio

n an

d fa

mili

ar in

com

es.

Re-

Ps.E

dc. P

aren

ts re

ports

abo

ut: e

duca

tion

leve

l and

num

ber o

f sib

lings

Ps

Re-

LOS.

Par

ents

repo

rts a

bout

: Len

gth

of st

ay.

Van

Hoo

k J

et a

l.21

2007

Exam

ined

soci

oeco

nom

ic st

atus

(SES

) and

eco

nom

ic d

evel

o-pm

ent o

f the

send

ing

coun

try a

s add

ition

al fa

ctor

s inf

luen

cing

ch

ildre

n bo

dy m

ass i

ndex

(BM

I) a

nd a

s mod

erat

ing

the

rela

-tio

nshi

p be

twee

n pa

rent

al g

ener

atio

nal s

tatu

s and

BM

I.

Ant

rp-M

e. B

MI:

mea

sure

of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

).In

tv-M

. Mot

her’s

inte

rvie

w a

bout

: fam

ily re

side

nce

and

birth

plac

e.qP

s. Pa

rent

’s q

uest

ionn

aire

: fam

ily c

hara

cter

istic

s. sv

SES.

Sur

vey

for s

ocio

econ

omic

SES

dat

a.

svSc

hEnv

Sur

vey

abou

t sch

olar

env

ironm

ent.



Tabl

a II

I (co

nt.)

Obj

ectiv

e an

d de

scri

ptio

n of

the

inte

rven

tion

real

ized

in th

e re

view

ed s

tudi

es.

Auth

or/y

ear

Obj

ectiv

eIn

terv

entio

n D

escr

iptio

n

Kal

il A

et a

l. 22

2008

Expl

ain

the

diffe

rent

ial r

ates

of f

ood

inse

curit

y be

twee

n lo

w-in

com

e na

tive

and

imm

igra

nt p

opul

atio

ns, i

n pa

rticu

lar,

the

key

fact

ors t

hat e

xpla

in d

iffer

ence

s in

rate

s of f

ood

inse

cu-

rity

amon

g th

e ch

ildre

n of

imm

igra

nt n

onci

tizen

s, ch

ildre

n of

im

mig

rant

citi

zens

, and

chi

ldre

n of

nat

ives

.

qFC

s. H

unge

r and

food

secu

rity

in h

ome:

scar

city

, qua

lity,

qua

ntity

of f

ood

and

daily

inta

kes.

svin

H-P

s. Pa

rent

’s in

hom

e su

rvey

: birt

hpla

ce, n

atio

nalit

y, o

ccup

atio

n, e

duca

tion,

mot

her’s

em

otio

n st

ate

and

ded

icat

ion

to c

hild

care

. Chi

ld’s

race

. Fam

iliar

’s in

com

es a

nd p

artic

ipat

ion

in fr

ee sc

hola

r mea

l pro

gram

.

Ros

as L

G e

t al.23

2009

Exam

ine

and

com

pare

mot

hers

’ per

cept

ion

of w

eigh

t in

Mex

ico

(MX

) and

in a

n im

mig

rant

com

mun

ity in

Cal

iforn

ia (C

A).

Med

-Ant

rp. B

MI:

mea

sure

of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

) of c

hild

ren.

qS

ES. T

wo

ques

tionn

aire

s for

SES

dat

a.

qSup

l. M

othe

r’s p

erce

ptio

n of

her

chi

ld W

eigh

t usi

ng C

ollin

s sca

le.

Bal

istre

ri K

S

et a

l.24

2009

Exam

ine

how

His

pani

c pa

rent

s’ in

com

e an

d ed

ucat

ion,

com

bi-

ned

with

thei

r nat

ivity

stat

us (S

t-Nt),

influ

ence

d th

e bo

dy m

ass

inde

x (B

MI)

of t

heir

child

ren,

com

pare

d w

ith n

on-H

ispa

nic

Whi

te c

hild

ren

(W-C

h) a

nd th

eir p

aren

ts (C

h-Ps

).

Ant

rp-M

e. m

easu

re o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

qSES

. Que

stio

nnai

re a

bout

par

ent’s

edu

catio

n an

d fa

mili

ar’s

inco

mes

.

Teilm

ann

G e

t al.25

2009

Stud

y th

e po

ssib

le e

ffect

s on

pube

rtal m

atur

atio

n of

birt

h w

ei-

ght,

age

at a

dopt

ion

and

regi

on o

f orig

in.

Med

-Ant

rp. B

MI:

mea

sure

of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

) of c

hild

ren.

Ren

zaho

A e

t al.26

2009

Exam

ined

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

child

hood

nut

ritio

nal s

tatu

s an

d et

hnic

ity in

a n

atio

nally

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e of

4- t

o 5-

year

-old

chi

ldre

n, c

ompr

ised

of d

iver

se e

thni

c an

d cu

ltura

l ba

ckgr

ound

s.

Intv

-PC

. Int

ervi

ew: 2

,5 h

, to

the

prim

ary

care

r abo

ut S

ED-c

: prim

ary

care

r’s b

irthp

lace

, ag

e, e

duca

tiona

l atta

inm

ent,

gend

er,

partn

er, m

ain

lang

uage

spok

en a

t hom

e, t

otal

inco

mes

, nu

mbe

r of s

iblin

gs.

Bak

er B

et a

l.27

2009

Exam

ines

the

rela

tions

hip

betw

een

mat

erna

l em

ploy

men

t and

ch

ild o

verw

eigh

t am

ong

fifth

gra

de H

ispa

nic

and

non-

His

pani

c w

hite

chi

ldre

n.

Ant

rp-M

e. B

MI:

mea

sure

of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

). qF

Cs.

Food

freq

uenc

y qu

estio

nnai

re fo

r chi

ldre

n.

svM

ep. S

urve

y ab

out m

othe

r em

ploy

men

t. qC

BPs.

Que

stio

nnai

re a

bout

par

ents

birt

hpla

ce.

PsR

e(Fy

$TV

t). P

aren

t’s re

port

abou

t: fa

mili

ar in

com

es a

nd ti

me

dedi

cate

d by

chi

ldre

n fo

r TV.

Mul

lan

Har

ris K

et

al.28

2009

Estim

ate

the

patte

rn o

f cha

nge

of B

MI t

hrou

gh a

dole

scen

ce a

nd

it’s e

xten

ding

thro

ugh

the

trans

ition

to a

dulth

ood

by e

xam

inin

g th

e di

ffere

nces

by

race

, eth

nici

ty a

nd im

mig

rant

gen

erat

ion

and

gend

er.

Intr

v-A

d R

e-In

tv(2

y). (

Ant

rpM

e). A

dole

scen

ts in

terv

iew

for:

wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

Rep

eate

d 2

year

s lat

er.

q-in

Sch.

Que

stio

nnai

re in

scho

ol to

cho

ose

parti

cipa

nts.

Sv

InH

-Ad.

Sur

vey

in h

ome

abou

t: ra

ce, e

thni

city

.

Van.

Hoo

k J e

t al.29

2010

Expl

ain

the

degr

ee o

f im

pact

of g

ener

atio

nal s

tatu

s and

gen

der

ineq

ualit

ies i

n w

eigh

t gai

n th

roug

h tw

o di

ffere

nt d

imen

sion

s of

accu

ltura

tion,

the

plac

e of

soci

aliz

atio

n an

d th

e le

vel o

f int

egra

-tio

n in

the

host

cou

ntry

.

Ant

rpM

e. M

easu

res o

f wei

ght (

Kg)

and

hei

ght (

m).

Intv

-M. I

nter

view

to m

othe

rs: b

irthp

lace

. En

-Ps.

PFM

C C

apac

ity o

f per

form

ance

in E

nglis

h: D

eter

min

e th

e de

gree

of i

nteg

ratio

n of

fa

mily

mem

bers

in th

e ho

st c

ount

ry.

Max

imov

a K

et

al.30

2011

Det

erm

ine

if th

e ra

te o

f inc

reas

e in

bod

y m

ass i

ndex

(BM

I)

diffe

rs b

etw

een

1st ge

nera

tion;

2nd

gen

erat

ion

imm

igra

nt c

hil-

dren

and

nat

ive-

born

chi

ldre

n, a

nd if

the

rate

of i

ncre

ase

varie

s ac

ross

eth

nic

grou

ps.

Ant

rp-M

e. 3

mea

sure

s of w

eigh

t (K

g) a

nd h

eigh

t (m

). q-

inSc

h: q

uest

ionn

aire

in sc

hool

for s

ocio

-dem

ogra

phic

dat

a (S

DE)

: spo

ken

lang

uage

s, st

u-de

nt, f

athe

r and

mot

her’s

birt

hpla

ce, p

erio

d of

resi

denc

e in

Can

ada

and

curr

ent e

mpl

oym

ent

of p

aren

ts.

↑: h

igh.

↓: F

ewer

. η: T

otal

num

ber o

f per

sons

. BM

I(IM

C):

Bod

y m

ass i

ndex

.OB:

Obe

sity

. Ow

: ove

rwei

ght.

SES:

soci

oeco

nom

ic st

atus

. Ps:

par

ents

. KG

-Ch:

Chi

ld’s

act

ual w

eigh

t. Pe

rcp-

M: m

othe

r’s p

erce

ptio

n. M

.Mx-

R(M

x): M

exic

an m

othe

rs w

ith re

side

nce

in M

exic

o. M

.Mx-

R(C

A-U

SA):

Mex

ican

mot

hers

with

resi

denc

e in

Cal

iforn

ia, U

SA. S

t-Nt:

Nat

ivity

Sta

tus.

IMC

-Hisp

-Ch:

dob

y m

ass i

ndex

of S

pani

sh c

hild

. W-C

h: C

hild

’s w

eigh

t. C

h-Ps

: Chi

ld’s

par

ents

. Nut

& P

hyA

c: n

utrit

iona

l sta

tus a

nd p

hysi

cal a

ctiv

ity.



cles. Nevertheless, this age range is considered the sta-ge of “consequences” because before reaching it is in the childhood and teenage when there is an increasing susceptibility to environmental modulator factors (so-cioeconomics and demographics) producing changes that are transferred to adulthood in worse outcomes28.

Although no revisions were found that specifically address about the effect of the social determinants on the nutritional status of the young generations of im-migrants, Misra et al.31 focuses on the study of obesity prevalence and metabolic syndrome in socially vulne-rable persons and migrants from rural areas to cities of a same territory and the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type II. Another article, included in this study, Renzaho et al.26, addresses the relation between the nutritional status in childhood and the ethnicity in a representative sample of chil-dren aged 5 years from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds, finding the same results as Suminski et al15 and other authors26, 27, 29, concluding that there is a higher probability of body weight changes for His-panics who belong to a family with a high proportion of overweight/obesity and there is less weight gain among girls of any ethnicity.

The social determinants of health with greater in-fluence on the child-adolescent immigrants were the socio-demographic conditions; among them: the pe-riod of residence distinguish the three identified ge-nerations13, 20 within the studies while the linguistic barrier and the ethnic background are truly influential on the biological response to the experimented change caused by the acculturation process, establishing diffe-rences in the nutritional status26.

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