English for Writing Scientific Articles

English for Writing Scientific Articles

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IMRD ModelIntroduction (I)Methods (and materials) (M)Results (R)Discussion (D)Overall shape of a research paperGeneral

SpecificSpecific

GeneralSwale, M. J. & Feak, B. C. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential tasks and Skills. Ann Arbor, Massachusetts: The University of Michigan Press. (Thinking process)

(Parts of speech) (Sentence) (Sentence pattern) (Connectors or conjunction) (Tense) (Parts of speech) (Noun) (Adjective) (Verbs)A faculty member works hard.My room is clean. (Sentence) Predicate S V O1. Bill Gates donated billions to charity. Predicate S V2. Good friends are loyal people.Simple sentencesTom read a book.John went to a party.Filmmaker George Lucas has changed the film industry in many ways.Tom and Tim read a book.John and June went to a market and a party.

Compound sentencesFAN BOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, soTom read a book, but John went to a party.Tom read a book; John went to a party.Tom read a book; however, John went to a party.Tom read a book. John went to a party.

Tom read a book John went to a party. (Tense) (Present Simple Tense) This year, daylight-saving time starts three weeks early. It is not a change that could affect everything from computer systems to golf courses.Their involvement does not help emergency department staff to resolve problems more efficiently. (Tense) (Past Simple Tense) These nurses represented a broad range of nursing specialties, institution sizes and varying levels of technical competence and familiarity.Analyses of subsamples did not reveal additional effects of dose.

(Tense) past tense present tense past tense present tense (Taken in part from instructions to Authors, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy by Prapon Wilairat May 7, 2003)TENSESIntroMethodsResultsDiscussionPresent tensehighlowlowhighPast tensemidhighhighmidPassive voicelowhighvariablevariableCitations/referenceshighlowmidhighQualificationmidlowmidhighCommentaryhighlowvariablehighSwale, M. J. & Feak, B. C. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential tasks and Skills. Ann Arbor, Massachusetts: The University of Michigan Press. (Language Functions) (Research purpose)

The purpose(s) ofThe aim(s) ofThe goal(s) ofThe objective(s) ofThe reason(s) of

thispaperbookresearchstudy was (were)is (are) to

V1Noun details of purpose (s). The reason Panee is dieting is to reduce her weight by 10 kg in three months.

Thispaperbookresearchstudy was designedconductedtoin order toV1noun or noun phrase. (Language Functions) (Research purpose)

1. This narrative study was designed to enlarge understanding about healing and spirituality in the nurse-client interaction.

(Language Functions) (Research purpose)

This studyV2 noun or noun phrase.investigatedexploreddiscoveredanalyzed2. This study analyzed the discourse of visually impaired older adult friends while they talk about sexuality. Parts (noun or noun phrase)Verb to beNoun or noun phrase.Subject (s) was/weredetails of subjects.The subjects of this study were 177 second-year Medical Students of the 2004 academic year attending the Faculty of Medicine at Mahidol University.

PopulationsubjectsSample Whole (noun or noun phrase)V2Parts (noun or noun phrase)The populationThe sampleincludedcomprisedconsisted ofsubjects. ( participants. [])[noun = PEOPLE]was made up ofwas composed ofwas formed ofwas constituted ofby procedures.by operations.[][noun = ACTION]was formed bywas constituted byprocedures.operations.2. The study included 680 older people diagnosed with respiratory tract infections in 22 Canadian nursing homes. 1. Questionnaires were used as research tools.Typeof a tool or an instrumentwas used as researcha tool or an instrument.Nameof tools orinstruments weretools or instruments.3. Observations, interviews, and documents were used for collecting data.

Typeof a tool or an instrumentwas used for V-ingdata.Nameof tools orinstruments were5. Descriptive survey methods were used to collect data from 12 school administrators and 153 teachers.6. Think aloud and individual interviews were used in order to find more in-depth data about the use of language learning strategies.

Typeof a tool or an instrumentwas used toin order to V1from subjects ()Nameof tools orinstruments werereasons ()7. Interviews were conducted with ten nurses.A tool or an instrumentwas/wereV3with subjects ().Respondents were asked to answer mailed questionnaires.

Subjects ()or respondentswereV3toV1a tool or an instrument.details of scales.1. The validity of the tools was verified.

The validity ofthe tool (s) or the instrument (s)wasV3.3. The reliability of the questionnaires was .96.The reliability ofthe tool (s) or the instrument (s)wasfigure of the reliability value.The reliabilities ofwere1. Questionnaires and letters of cooperation were mailed to faculty members.

A tool (instrument)wasV3toSubjects.Tools (instruments)were2. A return rate of 84.94% (468 out of 551 potential respondents) was obtained.

A return rate ofpercent(proportion of respondents)wasV3.SubjectObjectNounV2noun.SubjectVerb to beNounwas/wereV3.active voicepassive voice3. The investigator asked one broad question.6. Tapes were transcribed and then analyzed to elicit key ideas and themes.7. Data were collected at beamline 24-ID.2. T-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to estimate the difference in the number of nurse case management contacts by selected characteristics.

Nounverb to beV3V1noun.Statistics was/wereused developed calculatedtopurpose or reasonfunctions of statistic(s).1. Spearman rank correlations examined bivariate associations between survival after final dose change and other variables, including dose in morphine equivalent mg and percentage dose increase.

NounV2noun or noun phrase.Statistic(s) examineddeterminedillustratedfunctions of statistic(s).1. Results of this study showed that the case management model seemed to have a positive impact on clients' mental status, functional level, and satisfaction.

The results ofdata analysisthis studythis researchV2that clause indicating results.showed revealedillustrateddemonstratedexplained: (Paragraph)Topic sentence Students require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact, studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes consistently score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow students the best possible chance of success in their studies. Clearly, physical exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on standardized tests.Supporting sentences:facts, statistics, logical reasoning, research results Concluding sentenceTransitional sentence (Prewriting)QuestioningBrainstormingClusteringFree writing

Clustering topic: A place from my childhood (Prewriting)Childhood PlaceschoolMy bedroompark1st housekitchenbreakfastAfter schoolviewstairwayTeachereyesladydarkstaringnarrowProf.JS (Organization)

1. 2. (Title)3. (Order)

(Writing Process) 1 2 3 ROUGH DRAFT 4 1. (Topic sentence) 2. (Supporting sentences) 3. (Concluding sentence) 4. (Transitional sentence)1. (Topic sentence)

Marriage is an event in a persons life.The average age for people in the United Sates to marry is the year 2000 was 25 for a woman and 27 for a man.The average age for people in the United Sates to marry has changes in the past 100 years.A PDA can perform a variety of useful functions.Consider these four factors when choosing a college.1. (Topic sentence)

River rafting dangerous description making choice important requirement

(narrow) (specific) (broad) (general)River rafting is a challenging sport with important requirements.Subjectcontrolling ideaSome marriages are a union of two families.Some marriages are a union of two individuals.Some weddings are very elaborate.Some weddings are very simple.Some weddings take place in unusual locations.SupportSupportSupportParagraphConcluding sentenceTopic sentenceGeneral statementThesis statementEssayIII. ConclusionI. IntroductionA. Topic sentenceSupportSupportSupport(Concluding sentence)II. BodyRestatement or summary of the main points; final commentB. Topic sentenceSupportSupportSupport(Concluding sentence)C. Topic sentenceSupportSupportSupport(Concluding sentence)Introduction & ConclusionIntroductionConclusionGeneralGeneralSpecificSpecificAn approach to academic writingAudienceOrganizationStyleFlowPresentationPurposeConsiderations in Academic Writing (Style)Researchers looked at the way strain builds up around a fault. (less formal style)Researchers observed the way strain builds up around a fault. (academic style)The government has made good / considerable progress in solving environmental problems. We got / obtained encouraging results. Export figures wont improve until the economy is stronger. Export figures will not improve until the economy is stronger.notany nonot much littlenot many fewThe analysis didnt yield any new results. The analysis yielded no new results. run on and so on and so forth etcThese semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, etc. These semiconductors can be used in robots, CD players, and other electronic devices.

You You can see the results in Table 1. The results can be seen in Table 1. (Direct questions)What can be done to lower costs? We now need to consider what can be done to lower costs. OrWe now need to consider how costs may be lower.Then the solution can be discarded. The solution can then be discarded.

I we We previously showed that immortalized human embryonic kidney (HEK) epithelial cells expressing hTERT, LT, and ST (HA1E), are rendered tumorigenic by the introduction of H-RASV12 (Hahn etal., 1999).To test this hypothesis, we manipulated the MAPK and PI3K pathways in HA1E cells. This/These + noun ESL lecturers know that students need to understand the differences between formal and informal language. However, this understanding cannot be acquired quickly. this understanding the differences between formal and informal language (Flow) Passage A/Passage B Lasers have found widespread application in medicine. For example, they play an important role in the treatment of eye disease and the prevention of blindness. The eye is ideally suited for laser surgery because most of the eye tissue is transparent. Because of this transparency, the frequency and focus of the laser beam can be adjusted according to the absorption of the tissue so that the beam cuts inside the eye with minimal damage to the surrounding tissue even the tissue between the laser and the incision. Lasers are also more effective than other methods in treating some causes of blindness. However, the interaction between laser light and eye tissue is not fully understood. Punctuation depends on the type of initiator in the second clause.If there is no second clause initiator (such as but, if, or hence), punctuation depends on the type of clause being joined.Nonfinite + FiniteHis theory being wrong, he lost the argument.Subordinatorbecause, if, whileConnectorhowever, thus, alsoConjunctionand, but, orBirds fly, while fish swim.Birds fly; however, fish swim.Birds fly, but fish swim.Use a comma.Use a semicolon or period.Use a comma.Finite + FiniteFinite + NonfiniteUse a comma.Use a semicolon.Use a comma.His theory was wrong; he lost the argument.He lost the argument , his theory being wrong.Birds fly, but fish swim.Birds fly ,but fish swim.Frequency of ConnectorsRankItemTotal occurrence1however622first, second, etc.523thus334also305for example296in addition207finally198therefore169on the other hand1410then1211nevertheless11RankItemTotal occurrencefor instancemoreover 9in particularbut17in fact 8yet19that is 6in contrastin other words22further 5similarlyof course25as a result 4Positional Categories of ConnectorsCategoryConnectorsOccurrencein initial position %AFirst, second, etc., in addition, nevertheless, finally, that is, as a result100 BMoreover, thus, in particular/in fact, in other words, of course75-95 CHowever, for instance, on the other hand, furthermore50-74DAlso, for example, therefore, then25-49 (Presentation) homophone too/to/two goal/gold back/black whether/weather1. I student the Mahidol U.Her study at Meafahloung U.I favorite the pet and the song.2. (subject-verb agreement) Sport make a body strong.When I know to English grade. It make me so sad.

3. (tense) She go to shopping yesterday.I will sent email to her tomorrow. 4. Hi teather.I met my boyfriend wilt girl.

5. I went to school but I failed the bus.I like to fish in the liver.6. Passive voiceSometime they are make me anger.This paper wrote by me.

KISSKeep it simple & stupid.