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Psychology!/* Tim- 李庭柏 Larry- 梁逸安 Truman- 吳柏辰 */

The History of Psychology!

Early development ! I’m Rudolf Goclenius!

The first use of the term "psychology" is attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Goclenius , published in 1590.More than six decades earlier, however, the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić used the term in the title of a work which was subsequently lost.This, of course, may not have been the very first usage, but it is the earliest documented use at present.

Early development ! The root of the word psychology is very roughly

equivalent to "soul" in Greek, and equivalent to "study". Psychology came to be considered a study of the soul much later, in Christian times. Psychology as a medical discipline can be seen in Thomas Willis' reference to psychology (the "Doctrine of the Soul") in terms of brain function, as part of his 1672 anatomical treatise "De Anima Brutorum". Until about the end of the 19th century, psychology was regarded as a branch of philosophy.

Early modern era !

In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), known as "the father of psychology", founded a laboratory for the study of psychology at Leipzig University in Germany. The American philosopher William James published his seminal book, Principles of Psychology, in 1890, laying the foundations for many of the questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), a pioneer in the experimental study of memory at the University of Berlin; and the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who investigated the learning process now referred to as classical conditioning.

Early modern era !

Meanwhile, during the 1890s, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, who was trained as a neurologist and had no formal training in experimental psychology, had developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods and introspection, and was focused in particular on resolving mental distress and psychopathology.

Early modern era !

Freud's theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality and repression as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Although Freud's theories are only of limited interest in modern academic psychology departments, his application of psychology to clinical work has been very influential.

modern era !However, it became increasingly clear that although

behaviorism had made some important discoveries, it was deficient as a guiding theory of human behavior. Noam Chomsky's review of Skinner's book Verbal Behavior is considered one of the major factors in the ending of behaviorism's reign. In his theory of Generative Grammar Chomsky demonstrated that language could not be learned purely from conditioning, because people could produce sentences unique in structure and meaning that couldn't possibly be generated solely through experience of natural language Similarly, work by Albert Bandura showed that children could learn by social observation, without any change in overt behavior, and so must be accounted for by internal representations.

modern era !Links between brain and nervous system function

were also becoming common, partly due to the experimental work of people such as Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb, and partly due to studies of people with brain injury. With the development of technologies for accurately measuring brain function, neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience have become some of the most active areas in contemporary psychology. With the increasing involvement of other disciplines in the quest to understand the mind, the umbrella discipline of cognitive science has been created as a means of focusing such efforts in a constructive way.

About Sigmund Freud !

Sigmund Freud ! Sigmund FreudBornMay 6, 1856

Příbor, (formerly Freiberg), Austria-Hungary

DiedSeptember 23, 1939 (aged 83)ResidenceAustria, (later) EnglandNationalityAustrianFieldNeurology, Psychiatry, Psychology,

Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud ! Early life

Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Parents in German on May 6 1856. Due to his intellect, his parents favored him over his siblings and offered everything to give him a proper education. As a result, Freud did extremely well during his first 8 years of school. But at the age of 17, his grades plummeted.

Sigmund Freud ! Medical school

In 1874, the concept of "psychodynamics" was seeded with the publication of Lectures by German physiologist Ernst von Brücke. During this year, at the University of Vienna, Brucke was also coincidentally the supervisor for first-year medical student Sigmund Freud. In his Lectures on Physiology, Brücke set forth the radical view that the living organism is a dynamic system to which the laws of chemistry and physics apply. This was the starting point for Freud's dynamic psychology of the

mind and its relation to the unconscious.

Sigmund Freud ! Later life

He married in 1886, after the opening of a private clinic, specializing in nerve and brain damage.

In his 40s, Freud himself suffered from many cases of psychosomatic diseases as well as many kinds of fears. Developing theories using his own thoughts and dreams, including psychoanalysis and dream interpretation, Freud felt that he had discovered the cause of his psychical suffering using self-analysis. After the publication of Freud's books in 1900 and 1901, interest in his theories began to grow, and a circle of supporters developed in the following period.

Sigmund Freud ! Later life

In 1930 Freud received the Goethe Prize in appreciation of his contribution to psychology and to German literary culture

A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to mouth cancer.

He was dead on September 23, 1939.

Sigmund Freud ! Later life

In 1930 Freud received the Goethe Prize in appreciation of his contribution to psychology and to German literary culture

A heavy cigar smoker, Freud endured more than 30 operations during his life due to mouth cancer.

He was dead on September 23, 1939.

Sigmund Freud ! His Innovations

The unconscious Psychosexual development Defense mechanisms The life and death instincts Social psychology Freud has been influential in two related but distinct

ways. He simultaneously developed a theory of how the human mind is organized and operates internally, and how human behavior both conditions and results from this particular theoretical understanding. This lead him to favor certain clinical techniques for attempting to help cure psychopathology.

Sigmund Freud ! The unconscious

During the 19th century, the dominant trend in Western thought was positivism. Freud suggested that we are not entirely aware of what we think and often act for reasons that have little to do with our conscious thoughts.

In 1890, when psychoanalysis was still unheard of, William James examined the way Schopenhauer, von Hartmann, Janet, Binet and others had used the term 'unconscious' and 'subconscious'".

Sigmund Freud ! Dreams, which he called the "royal road to the

unconscious," provided the best access to our unconscious life and the best illustration of its "logic," which was different from the logic of conscious thought. Freud developed his first topology of the psyche in The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) in which he proposed the argument that the unconscious exists and described a method for gaining access to it.

Crucial to the operation of the unconscious is "repression."

Freud distinguished between three concepts of the unconscious: the descriptive unconscious, the dynamic unconscious, and the system unconscious.

Sigmund Freud ! Psychosexual development

Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and thus turned to ancient mythology and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles.

Freud originally posited childhood sexual abuse as a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory" as insufficiently explanatory, noting that he had found many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events.

Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process designed by the concept of sublimation.

Freud's way of interpretation has been called phallocentric by many contemporary thinkers.

Sigmund Freud ! Ego, super-ego, and idId: (fully unconscious) Containing the

drives and those things repressed by consciousness.

Ego: (mostly conscious) Dealing with external reality

Super ego: (partly conscious) The conscience or the internal moral judge.

Sigmund Freud ! Defense mechanisms According to Freud, the defense mechanisms

are the methods by which the ego can solve the conflicts between the super-ego and the id. The use of defense mechanisms may attenuate the conflict between the id and super-ego, but their overuse or reuse rather than confrontation can lead to either anxiety or guilt which may result in psychological disorders such as depression.

The defense mechanisms include denial, reaction formation, displacement, repression/suppression, projection, intellectualization, rationalization, compensation, sublimation and regressive emotionality.

Sigmund Freud ! The life and death instinctsFreud believed that humans were driven b

y two conflicting central desires: the life drive (Eros) (incorporating the sex drive) and the death drive (Thanatos).

It should be added that these ideas owe a great deal to both Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Sigmund Freud ! Social psychologyFreud gave explanations of the genesis of

religion in his writings, including Totem and Taboo, Moses and Monotheism, and The Future of an Illusion.

In Totem and Taboo (1913), he proposed that humans originally banded together in “primal hordes”, consisting of a male, a number of females and the offspring of this polygamous arrangement.

The scope of psychology

Research psychology

Applied psychology

Research psychology

Abnormal psychology Biological psychology Cognitive psychology Comparative psychology Developmental psychology Personality psychology Quantitative psychology Social psychology

Applied psychology

Clinical psychology Counseling psychology Educational psychology Psychology and Law Health psychology Human factors psychology Industrial and organizational psychology School psychology

Research psychology

Abnormal psychologyAbnormal psychology is the study of abnormal behavior in order to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. Abnormal psychology studies the nature of psychopathology and its causes, and this knowledge is applied in clinical psychology to treating patients with psychological disorders.

Research psychology

※Psychopathology

Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviors and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment.

Research psychology

Biological psychologyBiological psychology is the scientific study of the biological bases of behavior and mental states. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system, it is sensible to study how the brain functions in order to understand behavior. This is the approach taken in behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and neuropsychology.

Research psychologyCognitive psychology

The nature of thought is another core interest in psychology. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well researched areas.

Research psychology

Comparative psychologyComparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings.

Development psychologyMainly focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age.

Research psychology

Personality psychology

Personality psychology studies enduring psychological patterns of behavior, thought and emotion, commonly called an individual's personality.

extraversion—introversion

neuroticism—emotional stability

psychoticism.

Research psychology

Quantitative psychology

Quantitative psychology involves the application of statistical analysis to psychological research, and the development of novel statistical approaches for measuring and explaining human behavior. And it is loosely comprised of the subfields psychometrics and mathematical psychology.

Research psychology

Social psychology

Social psychology is the study of the nature and causes of human social behavior, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other.

Applied psychology

Clinical psychology

Clinical psychology is the application of psychological science and research to the understanding, treatment, and assessment of health problems, particularly emotional, behavioral and mental health problems. It has traditionally been associated with psychological treatment and psychotherapy.

Applied psycholgoyThe work performed by clinical psychologists tends to be done inside various therapy models. A popular model is the Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) framework. One of the most famous CBT therapies is cognitive therapy.

※Cognitive therapyfocused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could cause or maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives). Cognitive therapy seeks to identify and change "distorted" or "unrealistic" ways of thinking, and therefore to influence emotion and behavior.

Applied psychology

Counseling psychlogyCounseling psychology differs from clinical psychology in that it is focused more on normal developmental issues and everyday stress rather than psychopathology. Counseling psychologists are employed in a variety of settings, including universities, hospitals, schools, governmental organizations, businesses, private practice, and community mental health centers.

Applied psychology

Educational psychologyEducational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching.

Psychology and lawTogether, Forensic psychology and Legal Psychology compose the area known as Psychology and Law.

Applied psychology

※Forensic psychologyForensic psychology is the application of psychological principles and knowledge to various legal activities. Typical issues include child custody disputes, child abuse or neglect, assessing personal capacity to manage one's affairs, matters of competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, personal injury, and advising judges in matters relating to sentencing regarding various mitigants and the actuarial assessment of future risk.

Applied psychology

Health psychologyHealth psychology is the application of psychological theory and research to health, illness and health care. Health psychology is concerned with the psychology of a much wider range of health-related behavior including healthy eating, the doctor-patient relationship, a patient's understanding of health information, and beliefs about illness.

Human factors psychologyHuman factors psychology is the study of how cognitive and psychological processes affect our interaction with tools and objects in the environment.

Applied psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology

Industrial and organizational psychology (I/O) is among the newest fields in psychology. Industrial Psychology focuses on improving, evaluating, and predicting job performance while Organizational Psychology focuses on how organizations impact and interact with individuals.

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