What were Mussolini’s main goals for Italy?

What were his weaknesses?

Bell Ringer

A New Era in the Soviet Union

17-2

In 1922 Lenin and the communists formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

In 1924 Lenin died and a power struggle began within the Russian Politburo.

One group was led by Leon Trotsky, while another group was headed by Joseph Stalin.

By 1929 Stalin had eliminated his rivals in the Politburo.

Trotsky left Russia for Mexico in 1929, he was murdered in 1940.

The Soviet Union

Suffered numerous strokes

No clear successor -Trotsky vs. Stalin

Lenin advised against Stalin

Lenin dies in 1924

Petrograd renamed Leningrad

Lenin’s Death

Lenin’s Body on Permanent Display

Most popular Bolshevik

Stalin still managed to cut out of the party

Exiled to Kazakhstan in 1928

Expelled from Soviet Union in 1929

Assassinated in Mexico in 1940

The Fall of Trotsky

Stalin Becomes Dictator

• Stalin’s plan for rapid Russian industrialization• Took private farms and placed them under government

control collectivization.• Emphasized maximum production of capital goods

• Goods devoted to the production of other goods such as heavy machines

Five Year Plans

Soviet Union under Stalin

The plan quadrupled the production of

heavy machinery and doubled oil production

Steel production in Russia increased from 4 million to 8 million

Results of the Five Year Plans

Result: millions of workers and their families lived in pitiful conditions

Strict laws limited where workers could move

Workers increased by millions between 1932 and 1940

The total investment in housing actually declined in 1929

Little provisions made for enormous expanding working class in cities

The Social and Political Costs of the Five Year Plans

Great Purge of 1930’s• any opposition to Stalin was sent to labor camps in Siberia or

executed.• Including all the old prominent Bolsheviks• Estimated 8 million imprisoned or executed by the late 1930’s

The Great Purge

The Stalin Era overturned most of the permissive social legislation that was passed in the early 1920’s

Stalin viewed families as a small collective in which parents were to teach discipline, hard work, and a sense of duty to their children

Divorced fathers who did not support their children were heavily fined

The Cost of Stalin’s Programs

Democracy failed to survive in Spain.

Spanish military forces under Francisco Franco revolted against the democratic gov’t in 1936.

Foreign intervention complicated the war.

Germany and Italy supported Franco.

The Soviet Union sent troops and advisors to aid the republican gov’t.

Spanish Civil War

Germany used the Spanish Civil War to test new weapons and break in their newly formed air force.

In 1939 Franco’s forces captured Madrid

Read pages 543-545 and answer the following questions:1. Describe Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP).2. Define Politburo3. What was Stalin’s goal for the USSR?4. What were the Five Year Plans?5. Describe the Great Purge of the 1930’s.6. Define collectivities.7. List the countries who participated in the

Spanish Civil War.

Assignment