By:Deep Patel-M13CL09 Civil Department

Highway Construction on

Black Cotton Soil

What is Highway?

A highway is any public road or other public way on land.

A main road, especially one between towns or cities.

Planning and Development

Financing

Environmental Impact Assessment

Highway Safety

Geometric Design

Pavement Design

Procedure

Class Length (km)

Expressways 1,000 km (620 mi)

Total National Highways 92,851.05 km (57,694.97 mi)

National Highways (Already 4/6 laned) 16,000 km (9,900 mi)

National Highways (Being 4/6 laned)25,000 km (16,000 mi)

State Highways 154,522 km (96,016 mi)

Major and other district roads 2,577,396 km (1,601,520 mi)

Rural & other roads 1,433,577 km (890,783 mi)

Total (approx) 4,245,429 km (2,637,987 mi)

Types of Highway

India has a road network of 4,245,429 km (2,637,987 mi) over in 2013,the second largest road network in the world.

Type of Roadway

Rural Urban

US (feet) Metric (meters) US (feet) Metric

(meters)

Freeway 12 3.6 12 3.6

Ramps (1-lane)

12-30 3.6-9.2 12-30 3.6-9.2

Arterial 11-12 3.3-3.6 10-12 3.0-3.6

Collector 10-12 3.0-3.6 10-12 3.0-3.6

Local 9-12 2.7-3.6 9-12 2.7-3.6

Width of highways

Black cotton soil

The property of volumetric changes with the change of

atmospheric conditions makes black cotton soil dangerous to the foundation of buildings.

It has a great affinity to water.

This tendency of soil is on account of the presence of fine clay particles.

The cracks thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.

Characteristics

Where in India?

India has large tracks of expansive soil known as Black Cotton soil (BC soil), covering an area of 0.8 million square kilometer, which is about 20% of total land area.

The major areas of their occurrence are states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, southern parts of Uttar Pradesh, eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

Black cotton soil (BC soil) has very low bearing capacity and high swelling and shrinkage characteristics

Soil stabilization method

Soil replacement method

Methods to improve soil bearing capacity

Cement stabilization

Lime Stabilization

Bituminous Stabilization

Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and Lime-Cement-Fly Ash (LCF) etc.

Soil stabilization methods

In general, all lime treated fine grained soils exhibit

decreased plasticity, improved workability and reduced volume change characteristics.

However, not all soils exhibit improved strength characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil lime mixtures are dependent on many variables.

Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing conditions (time, temperature, moisture) are the most important.

Lime stabilization

Cont.

In order to achieve the above objective, the black cotton soil has

been arbitrarily reinforced with lime. So the suitability of lime is

considered to enhance the properties of black cotton soil.

A cycle of experiments such as Liquid limit test, Plastic Limit Test,

Permeability test, California bearing ratio test (CBR) test,

unconfined compressive strength and Hydrometer test is carried

out on black cotton soil sample with different percentages of lime.

Properties of Black Cotton Soil

Sr.No.: Particulars Test Value

1. Specific Gravity 2.56

2. Liquid Limit% 48.5%

3. Plastic Limit% 22.7%

4. Plasticity Index% 25.8%

5. Shrinkage Limit% 8.61%

6. Grain Size Distribution% 89.783%

BCS - Black cotton soilSAM0 - Black cotton soil+5% limeSAM5 - SAM0 +5% Rice husk ash

SAM10 - SAM0+10% Rice husk ashSAM15 - SAM0+15% Rice husk ashSAM20 - SAM0+20% Rice husk ash

Soil replacement

Soil replacement

•Remove soil of subgrade with another soil which sensitivity of swelling and shrinkage is low compare of black cotton soil. This process is known as soil replacement.

Bhavnagar-Dholera State Highway No- 6:

This area region is highly affected with salinity and soil type is expansive soil

Swelling of soil in subgrade in expansive type of soil Shrinkage creates crakes in subgrade in dry session. Consolidation creates uneven pavement in dry session.

Highway Constructed on

Black Cotton Soil

We can connect village to city or village to

village which are highly affected by black cotton soil with help of processing method to improve strength of highway on Black Cotton Soil.

Conclusion