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AP European History Long Essay Question ANSWERS

Periods 1 & 2Question 1. Many historians maintain that the Renaissance can be viewed as a turning point in European society. Support, modify, or refute this interpretation, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.

Learning Objective Historical Thinking Skill

Key Concepts in theCurriculum Framework

OS-5 Analyze how the development of Renaissance humanism, the printing press, and the scientific method contributed to the emergence of a new theory of knowledge and conception of the universe.

OS-11 Explain how and why religion increasingly shifted from a matter of public concern to one of private belief over the course of European history.

SP-1 Explain the emergence of civic humanism and new conceptions of political authority during the Renaissance, as well as subsequent theories and practices that stressed the political importance and rights of the individual.

Periodization

Historical Argumentation

Appropriate use of Relevant Historical Evidence

1.1.I

ANSWERThesis: Possible thesis statements supporting, modifying, or refuting the interpretation may include the following:

The Renaissance was a dramatic turning point in the history of western civilization.

The Renaissance was not a significant turning point in history. The Renaissance had a profound impact upon some aspects of western

civilization but maintained continuity in major aspects of life and society.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument supporting the interpretation includes the following:

The Renaissance produced fundamental changes in all areas of European society and knowledge.


o The main focus of Renaissance study is often art; in which there was dramatic change in the approach and style.

Renewing classical skill in representing the human form, Renaissance art was more lively and realistic than its predecessors of the Middle Ages as illustrated by the works of Michelangelo, Raphael, and others.

The application of perspective and other new artistic approaches allowed for greater expression in art.

o Renewed interest in and study of classical philosophers spurred a better understanding of the world and motivated further scientific investigation.

Classical scholars rediscovered Greek and Roman ideas about the universe as well as mathematics and engineering.

Works by Archimedes, Eratosthenes and others inspired and challenged Renaissance scholars.

During the Renaissance, debates about the merits of various classical philosophers/scientists and their conflicting ideas about the world sparked the Scientific Revolution.

o The rise of secular humanism shifted the focus of society away from the Church and toward the state and individual.

Challenges to Church authority through the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution helped to inspire the Reformation.

o Renaissance art and architecture enlivened churches and cathedrals, providing inspiration and wonder in the lives of everyday citizens.

Architecture of Renaissance greats, such as Brunelleschi still dominate Italian cities.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument refuting the interpretation includes the following:

The changes of the Renaissance were not a significant turning point because they simply marked a return to the advances and discoveries of ancient Greece and Rome.

o Renaissance art was, in many ways, just beginning to equal work the ancients had done a thousand years earlier.

o Renaissance advances in science and philosophy were attempts to understand and reclaim knowledge which the ancients had already possessed.

o Renaissance art and architecture were reliant upon classical works for inspiration and technical applications.

Christianity remained the dominant force in the lives of almost all people during and after the Renaissance.


The great art and advances of the Renaissance benefited the wealthy and ruling elites and had little impact upon the lives and knowledge of the average European.

o Most people remained ignorant of ideas put forth by ancient or Renaissance philosophers and scientists; continuing to attribute natural phenomena to supernatural or superstitious origins.

Application of Historical Thinking Skills

Students earn points by using the evidence offered in support of their argument to identify and illustrate continuity and change over time. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following:

The medieval Age of Faith was shattered by the Renaissance which began a steady progress toward the modern world.

The Renaissance returned continuity between the ancient world and Europe which had been lost for centuries.

Synthesis

Students can earn the point for synthesis by crafting a persuasive and coherent essay. This can be accomplished by providing a conclusion that extends or modifies the analysis in the essay or by connecting to another historical period or context. Examples could include, but are not limited to, the following:

The Renaissance signified a shift in the functioning of European society and understanding, much as the collapse of the Roman Empire had done.

The Renaissance parallels the Industrial Revolution in regard to the changes in all aspects of society that would be instigated in each instance.

Question 2. Many historians maintain that the Enlightenment can be viewed as a turning point in European society. Support, modify, or refute this interpretation, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.



OS-7 Analyze how and to what extent the Enlightenment encouraged Europeans to understand human behavior, economic activity and politics as governed by natural laws.

Periodization


2.3.I2.3.II2.3.III



SP-4 Analyze how new political and economic theories from the 17th century and the Enlightenment challenged absolutism and shaped the development of constitutional states, parliamentary governments, and the concept of individual rights.

IS-9 Assess the extent to which women participated in and benefited from the shifting values of European society from the 15th century onwards.



The Enlightenment ushered in dramatic changes in the lives and society of Europe.

The Enlightenment brought major changes for some aspects of society and for a portion of the population, but much of European life continued largely as in earlier periods.

The Enlightenment did not bring significant change for the majority of Europeans.


The Enlightenment philosophes attempted to apply the rational analysis of the Scientific Revolution to the study and understanding of society and other problems.

o The works of Hume, Voltaire and others challenged traditional religious belief.

The rise of Deism as a religious philosophy arguing for a dispassionate uninvolved creator modified traditional Christian beliefs.

o The Enlightenment challenged traditional sources of political authority.


Many writers criticized the precepts of absolutist or monarchical power.

Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau all argued that government was a social contract and that authority came from this agreement rather than being inherent in royal prerogative or handed down from God.

Many writers, such as Voltaire, argued for varying degrees of religious toleration.

o Enlightenment thinkers challenged many aspects of traditional society. Montesquieu and Rousseau criticized traditional power

structures and social constructs. Adam Smith and others criticized the precepts of mercantilism

as a hindrance to economic progress. Beccaria critiqued the absurdity of torture and the death penalty

as means to prevent and punish crime.o The adoption and implementation of Enlightenment ideals by so-called

“Enlightened Monarchs” spread the impact of the Enlightenment to new realms and greater numbers of people.

Frederick the Great in Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Joseph II in Austria all implemented various enlightened policies in their territories.


The Enlightenment, by the admission of its own advocates, was a movement for the educated elite of the nobility and middle class.

o The philosophes envisioned political reform to limit monarchs but only to include and benefit the nobility and bourgeoisie in the governance of society, which still would leave the majority of the population without any voice in government.

o The majority of the population continued to follow traditional religion and superstitious folk tales as guides in life, ignorant of the advances and theories of science and rationalism.

o The economic policies favored by the physiocrats and Adam Smith aided the wealthy merchant classes and not the average farmer, peasant, or artisan.

o The ideas of republicanism and democracy favored by Enlightenment writers had been around since ancient Greece and Rome and were simply borrowed by later Europeans.

Various states had adopted republican forms prior to the Enlightenment, notably several Italian city-states.

o The “Enlightened despots” did not entirely embrace enlightened ideas but only those which served their purposes.


In Prussia and Russia, serfdom persisted and power and wealth remained firmly in the hands of the nobility.

In Austria, the majority of Joseph II’s attempted reforms failed due to opposition from nobles and peasants.



The Renaissance served as a bridge from the ideas of the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution and the application of those ideas as inspiration for the French Revolution and beyond.

The Enlightenment ideals were a clear break from medieval European beliefs and traditions, presenting a first glimpse of a modern worldview.

Synthesis


The Enlightenment challenge to political and religious authority mirrored the earlier turmoil surrounding the Reformation and its challenge to traditional Catholic and papal authority.

The Enlightenment was a redefining of social, political, and religious ideals in much the same way that the ideas of fascism and communism would seek to reshape the world in the twentieth century.

Periods 2 & 3Question 3. Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of Absolute monarchy contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the society and politics of Europe through the 17th and 18th century. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.


Key Concepts in theCurriculum Framewor


kSP-2 Explain the emergence of and theories behind the New Monarchies and absolute monarchies, and evaluate the degree to which they were able to centralize power in their states.

SP-3 Trace the changing relationship between states and ecclesiastical authority and the emergence of the principle of religious toleration.

IS-7 Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society.

Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time



2.1.I

ANSWERThesis: Possible thesis statements addressing continuity and change include the following:

The rise of absolutist government was a radical departure from earlier models of governance with profound ramifications for society.

The emergence of absolute monarchy simply was a re-imagining of forms of government which had previously existed within western civilization under new names and justifications.

The rise of absolutist governments caused dramatic changes in some aspects of life and politics, but for much of society caused little change.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument stressing continuity over time includes the following.

Absolute monarchy was a new justification for existing policies and government but not a drastic change in society.

o Monarchs with absolute power had been a norm in many parts of the world throughout the history of mankind, so modern European concepts of absolute monarchy was nothing new.

o The concepts of absolutism as spelled out in the 17th century, such as James I’s concept of the Divine Right of Kings, were a restatement of past religious justifications for monarchical rule.

o The centralizing of modern states in Europe, such as in France and Britain, led to a return of strong authority such as had been seen in Europe in the time of the Roman Empire and thus continued in well-


established governmental ideals to consolidate power against the decentralizing influence of Feudalism.

o The ideas of proponents of absolutism, such as Jean Bodin and Bishop Bossuet, relied upon traditional and religious justifications for royal absolutism.

Enlightened Absolutists, such as Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great, used their power to implement some changes in their realms but the majority of institutions were not changed.

o In Prussia and Russia, nobles continued to exercise enormous political and financial influence.

o Peasants continued to toil for meager returns and serfdom persisted as an institution for the benefit of the state and nobles.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument stressing change over time includes the following:

Absolute monarchy broke with the prevailing norms of medieval Europe which had governed society for nearly a thousand years.

o The centralizing impetus from monarchs seeking absolute control accompanied and reinforced the creation of the modern nation-states which broke with the feudal political make-up of medieval Europe.

o The consolidation of power in royal hands broke the power of the nobility.

Although positions of nobility would persist for centuries onward, those positions lacked the true power they had previously enjoyed distinct from royal patronage.

Jean Bodin argued for absolutism as the only means to maintain peace and order in the face of the turmoil and conflicts of religious and political factions.

Seeking to staff their new expanded royal bureaucracies, European monarchs increasingly turned to the burgeoning middle class for government officials rather than the noble and clerical elites of the past.



The trend of centralization would continue throughout the modern period, but often in the absence of absolutism in states such as Britain and later France.

Synthesis



Royal attempts to consolidate power at the expense of the nobility parallel attempts by communist regimes to expunge bourgeois elements from government administration and society.

Question 4. Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of the “new imperialism” of the 19th century contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the society and politics of Europe through the late 19th and early 20th century. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



INT-1Assess the relative influence of economic, religious, and political motives in promoting exploration and colonization.

INT-11 Explain how European expansion and colonization brought non-European societies into global economic, diplomatic, military and cultural networks.

SP-18 Evaluate how overseas competition and changes in the alliance system upset the Concert of Europe and set the stage for World War I.

OS-6 Explain how European exploration and colonization was facilitated by the development of the scientific method and led to a re-examination of cultural norms.




3.5.I3.5.II3.5.III

ANSWER


Thesis: Possible thesis statements addressing continuity and change include the following:

The increased imperialism of the 19th century had profound implications for society and the nations of Europe.

The “new imperialism” of the 19th century was nothing “new” and continued the same policies and trends seen in earlier European history.

The imperialism of the 19th century had profound impacts upon some aspects of European society while many things continued along the same path as in the past.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument stressing continuity over time includes the following:

The desire for imperial conquest and colonies in the 19th century was part of the trend of overseas exploitation which European nations had been pursuing since the 15th century.

o European conquests in Africa (by the British, French, and others) built upon the in-roads established in the hey-day of exploration by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 16th century.

o European expansion into Asia and Africa followed the example of conquest and colonization seen earlier in the Americas.

In the 19th century, the British government assumed direct control of India from the British East India Company.

o Europeans continued to force concessions of trade and territory from Asian countries just as they had since the first explorers arrived in India in the 1500s.

China was forced to concede territory and commercial control through the Opium Wars.

o The “Race for Africa” was simply an acceleration of the process of seizing and colonizing African territory by European powers which had begun with the first Portuguese outposts in the 15th century.

o The imperial expansion of the 19th century had as its aim the acquisition of land, wealth, and international prestige; just as expansionist policies had been for ages.

Europeans justified their imperialism along racial, ethnic, and religious grounds just as in earlier centuries.

o Kipling’s suggestion of the “white man’s burden” in civilizing non-European lands and people could be applied equally to the perspective of the 16th century as well as to that of the 19th century.



The imposition of European domination was a definitive shift in status and lifestyle for African and Asian populations who would be marginalized in their own lands.

The imperialism of the 19th century was a dramatic expansion of the policies of expansion and colonization from earlier centuries.

o Throughout the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, European powers had acquired various colonies throughout the world. In the 19th century, the European powers essentially moved to divide up all non-European territory.

Following the rise of industrialization in Europe, the European powers furthered the search for natural resources and markets far in excess of what had been done in the past.

The rise of nationalism in Europe further spurred the quest for imperial domination as a sign of national superiority and prestige.



The attempts to dominate overseas possessions by European powers continued well into the 20th century.

The reinvigorated imperialism of European powers in the 19th century generated new and powerful opposition from native groups around the world which adopted European concepts about nationalism and applied these ideas to their own cause for independence.

Synthesis


The European race for Empire in the 19th century parallels the arms races of the twentieth century.

o Military expansion was a key factor leading to World War I, particularly the naval arms race between Britain and Germany.

o The Cold War was characterized by the nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union and the NATO allies.

Periods 2 & 3


Question 5. Evaluate the extent to which the French Revolution can be viewed as a turning point in European history. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



PP-10 Explain the role of social inequality in contributing to and affecting the nature of the French Revolution and subsequent revolutions throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

OS-3 Explain how political revolution and war from the 17th century on altered the role of the church in political and intellectual life and the response of religious authorities and intellectuals to such challenges.



SP-7 Explain the emergence of representative government as an alternative to absolutism.


Periodization


2.1.IV

SCORING NOTES

Thesis: Possible thesis statements addressing continuity and change include the following.

The French Revolution was a profound turning point in European history, impacting all aspects of society and all areas of the continent.


The French Revolution had important implications for some aspects of society and certain regions of Europe, while other regions and segments of society were relatively unaffected.

The French Revolution continued trends and movements which had existed long before 1789.


The rise of Napoleon as Emperor in France illustrates that the majority of people still sought the stability and familiarity of monarchical rule.

o Napoleon’s seizure of power as a popular hero and his ability to revert to traditional norms on many social and religious issues showed the conservative tendency of the French population and the powerful hold of tradition.

Following the fall of Napoleon, the monarchy was restored and lasted for another thirty-three years in France under different dynasties.

Despite the religious changes attempted under the Revolutionary government, Catholicism returned to the fore under Napoleon and remains the majority religion in France until this day.

The majority of the French people continued life in agriculture without a significant impact upon the numbers employed in other professions.


The French Revolution toppled the idea of absolute monarchy in France.o The Revolution sparked a series of reforms, curtailing the power of the

monarchy and nobility, while granting ever greater freedoms to the middle and working classes.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen illustrates the revolutionary shift toward a new foundation for society upon universal rights rather than upon monarchical divine right or political tradition.

Popularly elected assemblies became the key governmental agency in France as seen with the Estates General, the Assembly and the Convention.

The French Revolutionary governments made important strides in reducing the influence of the Church upon politics.

The French Revolution ushered in improved legal status for women. The wars of the French Revolutionary period forced the institution of mass

conscription for the first time European history. The desire to export the benefits of the Revolution to other lands led to

warfare and turmoil throughout Europe.o Success by French armies led to the implementation of revolutionary

reforms throughout much of Europe.


The model of the French Revolution led to revolutionary movements throughout the world, such as the revolt led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in Haiti.


Students earn points by using the evidence offered in support of their argument to identify and illustrate continuity and change over time. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following.

The tumults of the French Revolution broke the dominance of monarchs and nobles in France and throughout much of Europe.

The changes of the French Revolution were temporary as conservative regimes reinstated monarchy and noble privilege throughout Europe in the early nineteenth century.

Synthesis


The French Revolution was an important turning point in the concept of equality and liberty for all citizens, although it would be as much as a century before such concepts were implemented.

Question 6. Evaluate the extent to which the Industrial Revolution can be viewed as a turning point in European history. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



PP-1 Explain how and why wealth generated from new trading, financial, and manufacturing practices and institutions created a market and then a consumer economy.

PP-3 Explain how geographic, economic, social and political factors affected the pace, nature and timing of industrialization in western and eastern Europe.


Periodization


3.1.I3.1.II3.1.III


PP-4 Explain how the development of new technologies and industries—as well as new means of communication, marketing, and transportation—contributed to expansion of consumerism and increased standards of living and quality of life in the 19th and 20th centuries.

PP-7 Explain how environmental conditions, the Agricultural Revolution, and industrialization contributed to demographic changes, the organization of manufacturing, and alterations in the family economy.

SP-5 Assess the role of colonization, the Industrial Revolution, total warfare, and economic depressions in altering the government’s relationship to the economy, both in overseeing economic activity and in addressing its social impact.

IS-3 Evaluate the role of technology, from the printing to modern transportation and telecommunications, in forming and transforming society.


The Industrial Revolution had a momentous impact upon European society, commerce, and politics.

The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact upon commerce and the means of production but much of society continued in the same manner as it always had in Europe.

The Industrial Revolution had little impact upon the major aspects of European society.


The majority of Europeans continued to work in traditional roles, particularly agriculture, despite increased industrialization.


Although industrialization had an impact on the economics of Europe, the religious, social and political lives of the average citizen did not change.

o The dominant Christian churches maintained their hold upon the religious lives of the majority of Europeans.

o Government continued to be dominated by monarchs, nobles and other ruling elites throughout the 18th and 19th century.

o The family continued to be the primary social and economic unit of society.

Although industrialization changed the name and nature of class conflict, Europe continued to be divided along the same lines as in pre-industrial society—i.e, those who had power and wealth versus those who lacked power and wealth but sought it for themselves.


Industrialization caused great dislocations in society and the family.o Increasing numbers of working class people shifted to industrial rather

than agricultural work.o Low wages in industrial jobs saw a dramatic increase in woman and

child labor as families attempted to compensate for the inadequate wages of adult males.

o In response to the tumult and changes of industrial life a variety of ideological responses sought to reshape society.

Chartists, socialists, and communists all sought a reshaping of society to provide protections or equality for the working classes.

Rapid urbanization accompanied the rise of industry.o As more and more people moved to industrial centers in pursuit of

employment, urbanization accelerated throughout Europe.o The rapid urbanization which accompanied industrialization led to new

and expanded urban, social problems. Large numbers of poor and unemployed crowded the city streets

without a means to support themselves. Crime increased as did the numbers of orphans left in the cities,

increasing demands upon civil government to house and rehabilitate such persons.

Disease and pollution became increasingly disturbing problems as industrialization and urbanization spread.

Advances in technology and transportation made possible the increased production and trade of manufactured goods and its accompanying specialization of production.

o The steam engine and its accompanying advances of the steam ship and railroad reshaped transportation and production.


o The development of canals expedited trade and travel throughout the continent.

European economies became increasingly dependent upon foreign markets for their goods and foreign resources to feed industrial production.

o This dependency led to increased competition for international markets and the acquisition of colonies.

Labor became increasingly organized in opposition to industrial exploitation.o Labor unions pushed for women’s and child labor laws.o Labor agitated for better wages, shorter work-weeks, and safer

working conditions. Industrialization provided the opportunity for an increase in the size and

importance of the middle class.o The growing middle class placed increased importance upon education

and expertise in employment.o The expendable income of the middle class professionals led to the

development of consumerism and its stress upon luxury, leisure and acquisition of status items.

o While working class women were employed outside the home in increasing numbers, middle class women adopted the “cult of domesticity” and the premium it placed upon women’s domestic sphere.



The earlier agricultural revolution allowed the dramatic growth of the Industrial Revolution. Without the increased production of agriculture goods, the urban workforce of the Industrial Revolution would have been untenable.

Synthesis


The earlier agricultural revolution allowed the dramatic growth of the Industrial Revolution. Without the increased production of agriculture goods, the urban workforce of the Industrial Revolution would have been untenable.


The Industrial Revolution reshaped society and international relations and provided the means for total war and the impetus for conflict on a grand scale in competition for resources and trade. Without industrialization, World Wars I and II would never have occurred.

Periods 3 & 4Question 7. Some historians argue that the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe were effective means of establishing and maintaining international peace and stability throughout the nineteenth century. Support, modify, or refute this stance, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.



SP-14 Analyze the role of warfare in remaking the political map of Europe and in shifting the global balance of power in the 19th and 20 centuries.

SP-16 Explain how the French Revolution and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars shifted the European balance of power and encouraged the creation of a new diplomatic framework.

SP-17 Explain the role of nationalism in altering the European balance of power, and explain attempts made to limit nationalism as a means to ensure continental stability.





3.4.I3.4.II



The Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe succeeded in maintaining peace and order in Europe for the better part of a century.

The Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe achieved some success in maintaining stability of Europe for most of a century; however, there were significant upheavals that served as exceptions to the rule.

The Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe failed to maintain peace and stability in Europe, serving only to mask the underlying turmoil with an appearance of tranquility.


The Congress of Vienna and the Congress system/Concert of Europe it established sought a conservative approach to the maintenance of the status quo in Europe following the defeat of Napoleon.

o Metternich’s plans for Europe included cooperation between the ruling elites of the major powers as a means to suppress radical and nationalist demands.

o Concerted efforts by conservative ruling elites quelled the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 throughout Europe, thwarting the ambitions of nationalists and radicals.

Under the Congress system, no major war among factions of European nations disturbed the peace of Europe for nearly a century from the fall of Napoleon until the outbreak of World War I.

o Those wars which did erupt were relatively short affairs and did not include a majority of the great powers of Europe.

The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 managed to negotiate peaceful means to resolve conflicts over colonial territories in Africa.


The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 illustrate that the maintenance of the status quo was not an acceptable state of affairs in the view of a large number of Europeans.

The success of the July Revolution in France (1830) showed the ability of revolutionaries to push for change despite the actions of reactionary ruling elites.

The toppling of the July Monarchy in France (1848) and the establishment of the Second French Republic showed that revolutionary discontent was not quelled by the Congress system.

The unification of Italy and then Germany showed the power of a nationalist movement in accomplishing its aims despite the opposition of conservative powers.

The 19th century was far from free of armed conflict.


o The Boer Wars in South Africa included precursors of the guerilla warfare and concentration camps that would be seen in later conflicts.

o The Crimean War saw a war between Russia and an alliance of other European powers.

o The Franco-Prussian War was in many ways the first modern, industrial war including new weapons and the use of the railroad in the war effort.



The Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe only succeeded in repressing the movements of nationalism and republicanism temporarily. The problems and tensions continued to percolate under the surface.

Synthesis


The Conservative movement in 19th century Europe, as epitomized by Metternich’s Concert of Europe, failed to address the growing movements for social and political change which had their roots prior to the French Revolution, opting instead for oppression to maintain the status quo. These repressed movements would eventually burst forth and destroy the balance of power the Concert of Europe had sought and continue unabated into the 20th century.

Just as the Industrial Revolution transformed the economic and social lives of Europe despite efforts to maintain the pre-industrial status quo, the development of nationalist and republican movements was unable to be stopped by conservative political elites.

Question 8. Some historians argue that the League of Nations was a dismal failure as a means of establishing and maintaining international peace and stability. Support, modify, or refute this stance, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.




PP-8 Analyze socialist, communist and fascist efforts to develop response to capitalism and why these efforts gained support during times of economic crisis.

SP-6 Explain how new ideas of political authority and the failure of democracy led to world wars, political revolutions, and the establishment of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century.






4.1.II4.1.III4.2.II


The League of Nations failed to accomplish its main goals of avoiding and mediating international conflict.

The League of Nations succeeded in accomplishing its goals in the long-run for peace and stability in the world.


The League of Nations managed some important achievements which were overshadowed by the momentous failures leading to World War II.


The absence of major world powers, such as the United States, Soviet Union and Germany, deprived the League of Nations of its credibility and undermined its ability to impose any decisions upon the world community.

The League of Nations issued mandates for territories seized from Central Powers during World War I and effectively granted control of those territories in Asia and Africa to the British and French.

o Native groups throughout Asia and Africa chafed under the mandates which granted colonial control to the British and French in opposition to the claim of nationalistic groups of the regions under the guise of locals not yet being ready for self-rule.

o The mandate policy led to continued colonial unrest throughout Africa and Asia, particularly in the Middle East.

The history of the League of Nations is one example after another of its inability to intervene to prevent aggression by expansionistic states.

o Under Mussolini, Italy seized Ethiopia and the League of Nations was powerless to stop the conflict.

o The League of Nations condemned but could not prevent Japanese seizure of Manchuria nor invasion of China.

o The League of Nations stood powerless as Hitler moved Germany towards war by remilitarizing the Rhineland, uniting with Austria, and seizing the Sudetenland.


The League of Nations was an important step in the development of international cooperation and conflict resolution.

o The League gave lesser nations an avenue to air their grievances against more powerful states and to seek redress.

o The League of Nations laid the groundwork for the type of international cooperation and consensus that would be essential for the United Nations to be more successful as an international agency in later decades.

o The League of Nations, although powerless to oppose aggression on its own, provided the framework and voice to the condemnation of the actions of the Axis powers prior to World War II which led to the Alliance of the majority of nations against the Axis in World War II.

The Mandate System, although unpopular, provided a measure of stability to recently liberated territories rather than leaving them exposed to the


territorial expansion of other powers or re-conquest by their previous overlords.



The League of Nations was an important, if not terribly successful, step on the road to international cooperation and conflict resolution.

o The League of Nations presaged the United Nations, but also other international organizations such as the European Union.

Synthesis


The League of Nations saw a globalization of political and diplomatic affairs in much the same way that commerce, industry and business became globalized throughout the 20th century.

Periods 1 & 4

Question 9. Evaluate the extent to which the Reformation reshaped the worldview of Europeans. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



OS-2 Analyze how religious reform in the 16th and 17th centuries, the expansion of printing, and the emergence of civic venues such as salons and coffeehouses challenged the control of the church over the creation and dissemination of knowledge.

OS-11 Explain how and why religion increasingly shifted from a matter of public concern to one of private belief over the course




1.3.I1.3.II1.3.III


of European history.

SP-3 Trace the changing relationship between states and ecclesiastical authority and the emergence of the principle of religious toleration.

SCORING NOTES

Thesis: Possible thesis statements addressing continuity and change include the following:

The Reformation brought dramatic changes to the lives and views of Europeans.

The Reformation changed some aspects of European society but had little impact on the majority of people and the majority of world views.

The Reformation had little significant impact upon the worldview of Europeans, simply substituting one set of beliefs that mirrored those they replaced.


The Reformation split Europe into different Christian factions; however, the vast majority of Europeans remained Christian and identified more closely with other Europeans than other groups from around the world as a result.

While the Reformation changed many people’s religious outlook, their political and ethnic perspectives remained unchanged.

o Europeans remained distrusting of the Muslims of North Africa and the Middle East, while viewing the natives of the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa as almost sub-human.

In the wake of the Reformation, the political status of most of Europe remained unchanged. Monarchs and nobles continued to dominate politics and even, at times, dominated religious determination for a region.

o As seen in the Holy Roman Empire after the Peace of Augsburg, nobles continued to dominate the lives of their subjects through their ability to dictate the religion of the region.


The ideas of Protestant reformers changed the way in which many Europeans viewed their roles in life and the path for a religious life.

o Luther’s ideas about “Justification by Faith” removed the compulsion to do good works from the forefront of the actions of many people.


o Calvin’s doctrine of predestination removed from the lives of the faithful the precept of having to earn a place in Heaven.

o The role of the papacy as an institution worthy of loyalty and subservience was undercut by the positions of Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and others.

The replacement of the Pope with various other religious or political leaders throughout different regions of Europe was a dramatic shift in the religious and political outlook of millions of Europeans.

o Radical reformers, such as the Anabaptists, caused dramatic turmoil with their dismissal of many of the cornerstone beliefs of Christianity and society.

Although religious wars were nothing new to Europe, the concept of different Christian groups fighting one another for religious reasons was a new twist on an old concept.

o Whereas the Muslims had been the traditional religious enemy from the Crusades, this religious zeal was now directed at non-conformist Christian groups within Europe.

o The Wars of religion within France pitted Christian against Christian in addition to the traditional factional fighting within the same national/ethnic group as typically seen in civil war.

Differing religious affiliation became a new source of agitation for independence within European states and helped to split people from their loyalty to traditional dynastic authorities.

o The various conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire, such as the Thirty Years’ War, were largely a result of a desire for religious freedom as much as political or constitutional disputes.

o The push for Protestant Dutch independence from Catholic Spain was religious in nature rather than solely ethnic or cultural.



The intolerance of religious diversity seen in the wake of the Reformation paralleled the persecutions of heretics, Jews, and Muslims which had been common throughout the Middle Ages.

Synthesis

Students can earn the point for synthesis by crafting a persuasive and coherent essay. This can be accomplished by providing a conclusion that extends or modifies


the analysis in the essay or by connecting to another historical period or context. Examples could include, but are not limited to, the following.

The rise of religious divisions within Europe accompanied the rise of stronger states and monarchies throughout the continent, as religion was frequently used as a pretext by states to justify war.

Question 10. Evaluate the extent to which the rise of fascism reshaped the worldview of Europeans. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.




OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.


SP-8 Explain how and why various groups, including communists and fascists, undermined parliamentary democracy through the establishment of regimes that maintained dictatorial control while manipulating democratic forms.

IS-10 Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of their history.




4.1.III4.2.II



Fascism reshaped the perspective of Europeans regarding ethnicity, politics, and society.

Fascism changed important aspects of Europeans’ worldview but significant portions of society continued unchanged.

Fascism failed to reshape Europe and simply reiterated views and policies which had existed for centuries.


Fascism placed the needs of the state above all others under the direction of an authoritarian dictator.

o The preeminence of the state was not a new concept, and in many ways the policies of fascism were not significantly different from earlier authoritarian regimes.

One of the goals of fascist regimes, from Mussolini to Hitler to Franco, was opposition to what they viewed as radical leftist ideals such as communism and the preservation of traditional authority and property rights.

In many ways the rise of fascism was a continuation of the bitterness and struggle from World War I.

o In the cases of both Hitler and Mussolini, they used the supposed injustices to their countries in the World War I peace settlements as a justification for their belligerent tactics.

The ultra-nationalism of the fascist states was an exaggeration of the nationalist movements that had begun and spread throughout the continent in the 19th century.

The anti-Semitism of the Nazis and others was consistent with the centuries of persecution faced by Jews periodically for centuries in Europe.


Fascist regimes replaced the tumultuous parliamentary systems of Europe with decisive, authoritarian state control.

o This approach resolved issues of internal conflict and instability but at the price of individual freedoms and rights.

The wars started by the likes of Mussolini, Hitler and Franco stamped out millions of lives throughout Europe.


o Franco’s Spanish Civil War divided and destroyed much of Spain’s economy with a devastating impact on its population.

o Mussolini’s invasions of Ethiopia, Albania, and Greece in addition to Italy’s union with Germany in declaring war on France and the rest of the Allies cost millions of lives.

o Hitler’s belligerent actions culminating in the invasion of Poland and later Russia was the spark for the death of millions and the destruction of many of the major cities of Europe.

o The demographic impact of the war and it death toll on combatants and civilians would be felt in Europe for decades.

Hitler’s particular brand of anti-Semitism was unique in its virulence and systematic alienation and murder of Jews throughout the continent.

European states would spend decades rebuilding their economies and infrastructure from the turmoil of World War II unleashed by the fascist states.



The fascist regimes were a rival of authoritarian government in opposition to the liberal democracies that had arisen in the 19th and early 20th century.

Fascist regimes’ state control resembled earlier authoritarian regimes such as absolute monarchies or even the imperial despotism of ancient Rome.

Synthesis

Students can earn the point for synthesis by crafting a persuasive and coherent essay. This can be accomplished by providing a conclusion that extends or modifies the analysis in the essay or by connecting to another historical period or context. Examples could include, but are not limited to, the following.

The policies of Fascist government bore a striking resemblance to the absolute monarchies of earlier eras.

The cult of personality surrounding leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler was similar to the pageantry surrounding earlier monarchs such as Louis XIV.

Periods 1 & 3


Question 11. Evaluate the extent to which the Scientific Revolution altered Europeans’ understanding of the world around them and their interactions with the world. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



OS-1 Account for the persistence of traditional and folk understandings of the cosmos and causation, even with the advent of the Scientific Revolution.

OS-4 Explain how a worldview based on science and reason challenged and preserved social and roles, especially the roles of women.

OS-5 Analyze how the development of Renaissance humanism, the printing press, and the scientific methods contributed to the emergence of a new theory of knowledge and conception of the universe.

IS-1 Explain the characteristics, practices, and beliefs of traditional communities in preindustrial Europe and how they were challenged by religious reform.




1.1.IV


The Scientific Revolution fundamentally altered Europeans’ understanding of the world and universe beyond, forever affecting how people interacted with nature and each other.

The Scientific Revolution had a profound impact upon some aspects of human understanding but did not fundamentally alter society.

The impact of the Scientific Revolution was negligible upon the average European citizen of the period.



The primary audience for the ideas and theories of the Scientific Revolution consisted of the academics, scholars, and educated elite of Europe. For the majority of the populace the Scientific Revolution and its ideas did not affect daily life in the short-term, but only through long-term developments that were not directly correlated to the Scientific Revolution in their minds.

The Scientific Revolution provided a new layer of understanding to Europeans, but the vast majority continued to believe in the tenets of one form of Christianity or another.

The Scientific Revolution did not have a direct or immediate impact upon the functioning of politics or society, leaving the most obvious aspects of European life unchanged.

In many cases, the advances of the Scientific Revolution were built upon the work of the Renaissance and its rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts and knowledge.


The advances of the Scientific Revolution reshaped Europeans’ understanding of the Universe.

o The concepts of Bacon and Descartes would lead to the development of the Scientific Method which would guide research and investigation for centuries to come.

o The work of Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler led to the overturning of the traditional understanding of the order of the Universe as accepted from the works of Ptolemy.

o The work of Boyle and others refuted Aristotle’s generally accepted concepts of the make-up of matter.

o The work of Harvey and others refuted the traditional medical practices of Europe, largely based upon the concept of the four humors and the ideas of the ancient Greek physician Galen.

o Newton’s theory of gravity presented new explanations for many of the phenomena of the Earth and Universe.

For some, the Scientific Revolution would call into question the religious explanations of the Universe and lead to an increase in atheism and agnosticism.

The Scientific Revolution provided a boost to the burgeoning manufacturing system in Europe and the application of scientific advances would lead to the Industrial Revolution with all the advances and turmoil that entailed.

The Scientific Revolution was the force behind the Enlightenment and the social and political changes that the Enlightenment would encourage.



Students earn points by using the evidence offered in support of their argument to identify and illustrate continuity and change over time. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following.

The Scientific Revolution was one step in a series of academic developments from the Scholasticism of an early period straight through the modern developments in science and industry. In many ways it is the epitome of the positivist belief in progress that continued humankind’s march to modernity in science, technology and understanding.

Synthesis


The Scientific Revolution had the same sort of game-changing impact upon knowledge and understanding that the Industrial Revolution would have upon economics and class structure.

Question 12. Evaluate the extent to which the ideological and political movements of the 19th century altered Europeans’ understanding of the world around them and their interactions with the world. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.




PP-14 Explain how industrialization elicited critiques from artists, socialists, workers’ movements and feminist organizations.

SP-1 Explain the emergence of civic humanism and new conceptions of political authority during the Renaissance, as well as subsequent theories and practices that stressed the political importance and rights of the




3.3.I3.3.III


individual.


IS-7 Evaluate how identities such as ethnicity, race, and class have defined the individual in relationship to society.


Emerging ideological and political movements altered the perspectives of Europeans and their approach to government and society.

The developing ideological and political movements of the 19th century failed to dramatically change European society.

The growing ideological and political movements of the 19th century impacted major parts of European society, but significant portions continued unchanged.


The new ideologies of the 19th century were, in reality, a reiteration of the same social, economic, and political grievances that had persisted for centuries.

o Chartism, socialism and communism were all manifestations of the grievances of the working classes which had previously been expressed in peasant revolts of earlier centuries. The context may have changed, but the underlying factor was the dissatisfaction of the laboring classes with the unequal distribution of wealth and control inherent in the economies of Europe.

o Conservatism as an ideology was an expression of the already in place notion of preventing dramatic change for the benefit of those elements of society that already enjoyed the privileges of the 19th century economic and political systems.


o Anarchism was a new ideology, but its anti-government sentiment echoed the ideas of all those who had previously chafed under the weight of taxation and government interference and regulation of the economy and society.

o The movement for labor organization was the modern equivalent of unrest by past peasants and producers seeking to keep a greater share of the proceeds from their production.


The ideologies of the 19th century were a new formulation of some older ideas and movements; however, they brought a new perspective and inspiration for social change to the late 19th century.

o Chartism, socialism, and unionization sought to redress the inequities of the modern industrial economy by pursuing a more just distribution of wealth.

o Communism, as espoused by Marx and Engels, called for the destruction of private property as a means to remove greed and its corrupting influence from society.

o Anarchism sought the destruction of formal government as the ultimate institution of greed and corruption that hindered society.

o Concepts such as Social Darwinism and eugenics were new explanations and justifications along evolutionary and genetic grounds for the inequities and injustices which already existed.

The reforms inspired by the various ideological groups would have long-lasting impacts upon European society,

o The tensions between the forces of conservatism, traditional liberalism and the more radical socialists, communists, and anarchists would erupt in violence on numerous occasions through the late 19th into the 20th century.

o The labor laws enacted at the behest of labor groups and others would gradually lead to immense improvements in working conditions across the continent.

o Gradual gains by labor and socialist groups would plant the seeds of the welfare state throughout Europe.

The conflicting goals of the various ideological groups would result in open and covert warfare as the movements progressed into the 20th century.

o The Spanish Civil War, World War II, and the Cold War can all be seen as a result of the conflicting ideological groups who had their origins in the late 19th century.




The ideologies of the 19th century perpetuated the conflict between the “haves” and “have-nots” of European society, providing a framework and justification for the animosities which had existed for centuries.

The ideologies of the 19th century sparked changed in the structure of European societies and reshaped the economic framework of the continent.

Synthesis


The Conservatism of the 19th century was the direct predecessor of the ultra-right wing fascism that would spark World War II.

The ideological conflicts of the late 19th century can still be seen in the political divisions of Europe today, including prominent socialist parties, resurgent right-wing nationalist groups, and small communist parties in much of Europe.

Periods 2 & 4Question 13. It can be argued that the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon were the most pivotal point in reshaping the political and social make-up of Europe. Support, modify, or refute this concept, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.



PP-10 Explain the role of social inequality in contributing to and affecting the nature of the French Revolution and subsequent revolutions throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

OS-3 Explain how political revolution and war



2.1.IV2.1.V


from the 17th century on altered the role of the church in political and intellectual life and the response of religious authorities and intellectuals to such challenges.

OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs.

SP-5 Assess the role of colonization, the Industrial Revolution, total warfare and economic depressions in altering the government’s relationship to the economy, both in overseeing economic activity and in addressing its social impact.




The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon had a pivotal role in reshaping European society.

The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon failed to change the nature of European politics and society.

The wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon reshaped some aspects of European society but major portions of society continued unchanged.


Despite the decades of turmoil surrounding the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, Europe was not fundamentally changed by the start of the 19th century.

o Following the collapse of the French Republic and the defeat of Napoleon, European states reverted to traditional, conservative, monarchical regimes and did away with many of the liberal reforms that had been imposed by the French.


o Nobles continued to play a prominent role in the governance and military leadership of European states.

o Christianity continued to be the dominant ideological framework for the world-view of Europeans.

o The causes of Republicans and radicals continued to be pursued for the remainder of the 19th century and into the 20th century due to the failure of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars to cause lasting change in the political and social systems of Europe.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument stressing change over time includes the following.

The Wars of the French Revolution introduced mass conscription into the military and political policies of Europe, a move that would be repeated in the great wars of the following century.

The Napoleonic Wars destroyed the Holy Roman Empire, completely shifting the balance of power and political make-up of central Europe.

o The end of the Holy Roman Empire opened the window for the unification of Italy as well as the later unification of Germany.

o The end of the Holy Roman Empire gave rise to the first stirrings of nationalism among the various ethnic groups of its former territories, particularly in Hungary and the Balkans.

The wars of the period introduced conflict between large factions of European powers that led to fighting across the length and breadth of the continent in a manner that would be repeated again in the world wars of the 20th century.

The misfortunes of the French in the wars led to the end of French colonial hopes in the Americas.

o The inspiration and turmoil of the French Revolution led to the Haitian revolt against French colonial rule under Toussaint L’Ouverture.

o The need for cash and the inability of the French to protect overseas territory led to Napoleon’s sale of Louisiana to the United States.

The imposition of new governments and rulers by the French Revolutionary governments and, later, by Napoleon, in defeated territories would serve as a model for the imposition of puppet governments by later conquerors such as the Nazis in World War II.

o Napoleon’s Continental System was an early attempt at economic warfare that would be revisited in both World Wars as a means to defeat the British.




The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars began a shift toward total war that would culminate in the World Wars.

The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars continued the trend of national consolidation of power and the continued growth in military power and its implementation in ever more devastating scales such as had begun with the Thirty Years’ War.

Synthesis


The Napoleonic Wars and the changes they sparked were key to the later unification of Italy and the unification of Germany.

The collapse of French colonial power in the Americas and the ideology of the French Revolution were key first steps in the process of decolonization.

Question 14. It can be argued that World War I was the most pivotal point in reshaping the political and social make-up of Europe. Support, modify, or refute this concept, providing specific evidence to justify your answer.




SP-13 Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics, and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power.





4.1.I4.1.II



IS-8 Evaluate how the impact of war on civilians has affected loyalty to and respect for the nation-state.


World War I profoundly altered the make-up of European society, proving critical in the creation of the world that we know today.

World War I had a profound impact upon European society and politics, but many underlying aspects of society remained unaltered.

World War I failed to reshape Europe significantly.


World War I was a continuation of the nationalistic conflicts and imperial rivalries that had begun in the times of the French Revolution and Napoleon.

o The imperialism and rivalries of the 19th century resulted in the great conflicts of the 20th century, particularly World War I.

In the victorious nations of World War I (Britain, France, and the United States), little changed as a result of the War. They continued with much the same political and economic systems that had existed prior to the War.

Support for argument: Possible evidence that could be used for an argument stressing change over time includes the following.

World War I introduced modern, industrial efficiency to warfare.o Modern industry produced enormous quantities of weapons and

supplies that allowed the fielding of massive armies for years on end.o Both sides developed more efficient means of slaughter and

destruction to be employed on the battlefield.


The machine gun, zeppelin, airplane, tank, flame thrower, and poison gas were all new, deadly implements of killing that changed warfare forever.

The concept of total war was a new development that committed all resources of a nation to the war effort, beyond the simple mass conscription that had been introduced in the previous century.

o Economic and industrial capacity became a target in warfare for the first time, with zeppelins and airplanes carrying out bombing raids against production and transportation targets.

o The use of submarines by the Germans was primarily an attempt to hinder the trade and war production of the allies.

The death and destruction of the War had a profound impact upon Europe for decades to come.

o The loss of millions of young men by all the combatant nations led to a gutting of the population and an accompanying labor shortage in many regions.

o Modernist reactions in art and literature reflected the despair and hopelessness that the war years engendered.

Dadaism, surrealism, and the “Lost Generation” writers exemplified the new intellectual movements that were a reaction to the dislocations and destruction of the War.

o The death and destruction, which many people blamed upon callous ruling elites, led to a search for change in politics and economics.

The rise of socialist and communist parties throughout Europe was spurred by the turmoil of World War I.

The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and Russian Empires created new, weak, nationalistic states throughout Europe and a source of conflict for decades to come.

o The new states of Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia would be hotspots for tensions in the years after World War I.

o The bitterness over lost territory would lead to a desire for conquest amongst the Germans, Russians, Hungarians, and others.

o The failure by some states to benefit from the collapse of these empire, notably Italy’s sense of being short-changed by the peace process, would allow the rise of authoritarian, militaristic states.

The collapse of the Russian Tsarist regime led to the establishment of the first communist regime in the world and provided decades of tensions over the specter of communist revolution throughout Europe.

The dislocations and privations of the War left the world susceptible to the worst pandemic in centuries, the Spanish Flu outbreak that accompanied the end of the War.


o The employment of colonial troops from around the world allowed the spread of disease more widely when the troops returned home after the war.

The distraction of the European powers with war in Europe allowed Japan to establish itself as a major player in the politics and economy of the Pacific.

The debts and destruction of the War left the European nations reliant upon American loans and investment for the post-War economic growth.

o The economic dependence of Europe upon the U.S. resulted in the collapse of the European economy in the wake of the American stock market crash.



The impact of World War I reshaped the economic, political, and social life of Europe as all groups reacted to the deprivations, death, and turmoil of the war years.

Synthesis


World War I and its peace settlement laid the groundwork for the turmoil of the 1930s and World War II.

o The technological advances of World War I would be refined and improved for even greater destructive capacity in World War II.

o The bitterness of nations such as Germany and Italy from the peace settlements would lead to the rise of fascism and the reigniting of war in less than 30 years.

Periods 1 & 4Question 15. Evaluate the extent to which the Age of Exploration contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the relationship between Europeans and the rest of the world. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.




INT-6 Assess the role of overseas trade, labor, and technology in making Europe part of a global economic network and in encouraging the development of new economic theories and state policies.


SP-5 Assess the role of colonization, the Industrial Revolution, total warfare and economic depressions in altering the government’s relationship to the economy, both in overseeing economic activity and in addressing its social impact.

SP-15 Assess the impact of war, diplomacy and overseas exploration and colonization on European diplomacy and balance of power until 1789.

IS-10 Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of their history.




1.4.I1.4.III1.4.IV


The Age of Exploration reshaped European understanding of the world and Europe’s place in it.

The Age of Exploration had a profound impact on some aspects of European commerce and politics, but significant portions of society continued along the same path as in earlier periods.

The Age of Exploration did not fundamentally alter Europe’s interactions with the rest of the world.



Europeans continued to perceive themselves as a superior race even after the discovery of new territories and peoples that had been previously unknown.

European nations continued the same economic, imperial, and religious rivalries that had predated the Age of Exploration.

The economic, social, and political lives of Europe continued to progress along the same lines as before, dominated by nobles and economic elites under the rule of monarchs.

o The majority of the population continued to make its living from agriculture and, as a result, continued to be dominated by the landed elites.

Although Europeans “discovered” new lands and cultures, the majority of Europeans continued to live with no exposure to those outside influences, instead continuing to live much the same lifestyle as their ancestors with little social or geographic movement throughout their lives.


New products and resources were introduced into Europe and the New World as categorized by the Columbian Exchange.

o Gunpowder, horses, and European settlers were introduced into the Americas.

o Potatoes, corn, squash and other produce were introduced into Europe from the Americas, with many becoming staples of European diets.

Encounters with non-Europeans reinforced and heightened European concepts of racial superiority.

o The seemingly less advanced cultures encountered by Europeans in the Americas, Africa and Asia convinced many that Europe was the pinnacle of human development.

o Most Europeans came to view non-Europeans as inconvenient obstacles to the acquisition of new territories and resources.

The “discovery” of new lands led to a quest for colonies by European nations and overseas trade introducing completely new concepts of governance and economics.

o The competition for colonies, overseas trade, and natural resources provided yet another source for conflict and war between Europe’s nations.

The influx of gold and silver from the New World, particularly into Spain, provided an economic boost to certain European countries but brought with it rampant inflation.


The desire to convert native groups religiously and to “civilize” them socially led to the rise of the concept that would later be referred to as the White Man’s Burden.

The Age of Exploration broadened the knowledge of the world amongst most Europeans and inspired a curiosity about the world and its functioning that would aid not only exploration but also scientific inquiry.

o Naturalists spread throughout the globe cataloging new species of plants and animals.



The Age of Exploration shifted Europe into a position of increasing power and dominance in the world, a profound change from the Middle Ages when Europe was the poor uncivilized neighbor of the Byzantine and Muslim worlds.

Synthesis

Students can earn the point for synthesis by crafting a persuasive and coherent essay. This can be accomplished by providing a conclusion that extends or modifies the analysis in the essay or by connecting to another historical period or context. Examples could include, but are not limited to, the following.

The Age of Exploration had as drastic an impact upon European knowledge of the world as the Scientific Revolution.

The Age of Exploration compares well with the same sense of excitement and adventure that accompanied the “Space Race” of the 1950s and 1960s for its quest into the unknown.

Question 16. Evaluate the extent to which the Cold War contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in the relationship between Europeans and the rest of the world. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer.



INT-8 Evaluate the United States’ economic Patterns of 4.1.IV


and cultural influence on Europe and responses to this influence in Europe.


PP-5 Analyze the origins, characteristics and effects of the post-World War II “economic miracle” and the economic integration of Europe (the Euro Zone).

SP-13 Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics, and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power.

SP-14 Analyze the role of warfare in remaking the political map of Europe and in shifting the global balance of power in the 19th and 20 centuries

Continuity and Change over Time




The Cold War fundamentally altered Europe’s position in the world and how Europeans perceived themselves and their interactions with the rest of humanity.

The Cold War changed important aspects of European society and the relationship between Europe and the world, but major segments of society remained unchanged.

The Cold War did not alter European society or its interaction with the wider world.


The Cold War was a continuation of the mistrust and anti-communist sentiment that pervaded the 1920s and 1930s.

o The same fear of communism that allowed the rise of fascism contributed to the paranoia that shaped the Cold War.


The Cold War, with its focus upon alliance systems and the exercise of spheres of influence, was a direct continuation of the alliance policies that led to both World Wars.

The Cold War was the next step in the division of Europe into opposing factions as seen previously in the Napoleonic Wars, World War I, and World War II.

The nuclear arms race of the Cold War was the next step in the increasingly deadly arms races that began in earlier eras, notably the naval arms race leading up to World War I.

The Cold War and the resulting NATO alliance kept the majority of western Europe dependent upon the U.S. military and aid, just as American loans and aid had been essential during World War I, World War II, and the interwar period.


The Cold War turned the traditional alliance divisions of Europe on end.o No longer was Europe divided merely along ideological, ethnic, or

religious lines; it now was divided in a clearly eastern vs. western axis.o The “Iron Curtain” of the eastern bloc made clear the divisions

between western capitalist democracies and the communist regimes of the east.

The nuclear arms race cast a shadow over all of Europe and all of European life, with the prospect of eradicating European civilization in just moments.

The Cold War policy dominated by the United States and its NATO alliance freed European member states to focus most of their spending upon non-military expenditures.

o The flexibility to invest more resources into other aspects of society than the military allowed many European nations to invest heavily in social welfare programs that dramatically increased the standard of living amongst their citizens.

The Cold War and fear of Soviet expansion made western Europe even more dependent upon U.S. aid and investment than it had been following World War I.

The Cold War led to artistic and literary reactions against the brinkmanship and tensions of the Cold War governments.

o Developments such as the Berlin Blockade/Airlift and the Cuban Missile Crisis made people fear that political leaders were toying with the lives of millions again as they had in World War I and World War II.

o Pop and modern art reveled in forms devoid of the political and religious symbolism that dominated much of previous art work.

o Films and novels provided glimpses and warnings of possible human self-destruction through nuclear war.


o Many films and novels provided fantasy escapes from the realities and fears of Cold War life.



The Cold War continued decades of military expansion and alliances that had set the world on the path to massive World Wars before, yet the Cold War avoided such direct conflict on a large-scale.

The Cold War replaced nationalistic competition between the major powers with competition between more purely ideological differences, at least for the time being.

Synthesis


The Soviets and Americans spent the Cold War competing for satellites and allies in much the same way early world powers had competed for colonies and resources.

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