-review of retinal physiology -seeing edges with the retina -retinal implants
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Seeing and the Retina
Overview-Review of Retinal Physiology-Seeing Edges with the Retina-Retinal Implants
Review of the Retina
-Photoreceptors-Rods-Cones
-Bipolar Cells-Ganglion Cells-Optic Nerve
Seeing Edges with Receptive Fields in the Retina
Receptive Fields of Bipolar CellsCenter Surround Receptive
FieldsOn-Center Off-SurroundOff-Center On-Surround
This example leaves out horizontal cells, which serve as lateral connections between receptors and bipolar cells
In this model the sum of excitation and inhibition in each receptive field adds to zero, so as to have no charge when not on an edge in the visual field
Convolution Array of Ganglion CellsIn the convolution array
of the bipolar cells, each cell is connected to the receptor cell directly above it as well as the cells directly surrounding that receptor cell
The charge of the cell in the convolution array is affected by the sum of the excitation and inhibition in the receptive field above it
Edges and Receptive Fields
Receptive Fields not on an edge have zero excitation due to sum of center and surround cancelling out
However, receptive fields on the edge of the image get a non-zero charge due to different light gradients on either side of the receptive field
Zero Crossing & the AND Detector
Zero Crossing on edge due to two different charges on each side
It is hypothesized that there is a specific AND detector that looks for this zero crossing to see edges
How Off-Center On-Surround Receptive
Fields HelpCorresponding Off-
Center On-Surround Receptive Field for every On-Center Off-Surround field
With no negative charge in visual cells, AND cells look for charge in both kinds of receptive feilds
SummaryBy looking for charge in receptive fields of
receptor cells, cells in the convolution array are able to see edges in our visual field
Since visual neurons can’t have negative charges, in order to see edges on receptive fields that have more inhibition than excitation, off-center on-surround receptive fields are also present to provide positive charge in these places
Thusly edges are detected in our visual field on the convolution array of the bipolar cells where corresponding receptive fields of the receptor cells provide charge unequal to zero
NoteAs said in the book, this model for edge
detection is highly simplified as to make it easier to understand
Retinal Implants
Epiretinal Implants
Subretinal Implants
Sachs, H.G., V.P. Gabel, “Retinal replacement—the development of microelectronic retinal prostheses— experience with subretinal implants and new aspects” Springer-Verlag 2004
Frisby, John P., & James V. Stone, Seeing, 2nd ed. MIT Press, Cambridge, 2010