““ 南海南海ⅠⅠ号”古沉船号”古沉船整体打捞整体打捞

Integral Integral Salvage of the Ancient SunSalvage of the Ancient Sunken Vessel "Nanhai No.1"ken Vessel "Nanhai No.1"

广州打捞局广州打捞局Guangzhou SalvageGuangzhou Salvage

2008-8-282008-8-28

““ 南海Ⅰ号”为上世纪南海Ⅰ号”为上世纪 8080 年代发现于阳江海域年代发现于阳江海域的宋代沉船，是迄今为止我国发现的海上沉船中的宋代沉船，是迄今为止我国发现的海上沉船中年代最早、船体最大、保存最完整的远洋贸易商年代最早、船体最大、保存最完整的远洋贸易商船。船。

““Nanhai No.1”, the ancient sunken vessel of Nanhai No.1”, the ancient sunken vessel of Song Dynasty, which was found at 1980s in YSong Dynasty, which was found at 1980s in Yangjiang sea area. She is the oldest and biangjiang sea area. She is the oldest and biggest ocean trading boat and is conserved tggest ocean trading boat and is conserved the most perfectly among Chinese ocean sunkehe most perfectly among Chinese ocean sunken boats.n boats.

一、“南海一、“南海ⅠⅠ号”简介号”简介Introduction of “Nanhai No.1”Introduction of “Nanhai No.1”

“ 南海 I 号”古沉船主尺度：约为 30.4m×9.8m×4.2m ；船体材料为木质；装载物以瓷器为主；沉没时间约为800 年前；沉船地点为广东上川岛附近海域， N20º30.618’， E112º22.176’。

The Dimension of “Nanhai No.1” is 30.4m×9.8m×4.2m. The vessel was made of wood and was carrying porcelain when it sunk about 800 years ago. The location of the sunken vessel was near Shangchuan Island area of Guangdong, which is N20º30.618’ ， E112º22.176’.

一、“南海一、“南海ⅠⅠ号”简介号”简介Introduction of “Nanhai No.1”Introduction of “Nanhai No.1”

“ 南海 I 号” 沉态为正沉；埋泥情况为两舷埋入泥面约 1m ，艏艉凝结物露出泥面约 1 ～ 2m ；现场水深为 22 ～ 24m ；海底地质为表层为淤泥，下层为淤泥质土；水下能见度为每年 3 ～ 4 月能见度稍好，其它月份基本为零；现场流速为流向西南，最大流速 0.7m/s 。

“Nanhai No.1” was laying at the seabed vertically and the shipboards of both side was 1 meter deep inside the mud. The coagulum on the bow and stern was 1 to 2 meters above the mud. Water deep of that area was 22 to 24 meters. The surface of the seabed was silt and the lower level was argillaceous soil. During March and April each year, the visibility underwater was fairly good, however during the rest of the year, the visibility was equal to zero. The current direction was southwest, and the maximum speed was 0.7m/s.

一、“南海Ⅰ号”简一、“南海Ⅰ号”简介介

打捞出来的文物 打捞出来的文物 Culture Relic of “Nanhai No.1”Culture Relic of “Nanhai No.1”

2003 年首次提出整体打捞方案，其基本思路是：1. 对沉船的水下位置进行精确定位并且施打定位桩；2. 将一无底的钢沉井沿定位桩吊放到古沉船船体四周并下沉

到预定位置，从而将古沉船整个罩入其中； A general salvage plan which was put forward for the first t

ime in 2003, the basic conception of it lied in that:1. precise positioning of the sunken vessel’s underwater locat

ion first and then positioning pile driving. 2. A bottomless steel caisson was lifted, put down around the w

reck along the positioning pile, then let it go down at a preconcerted position in order to make the boat stay in side the caisson.

二、整体打捞方案的提出二、整体打捞方案的提出Salvage in Integrity Plan StatementSalvage in Integrity Plan Statement

3.3. 开挖沉井周围泥土并将用来承托古沉船的数条底托梁横穿过沉井底部的预开挖沉井周围泥土并将用来承托古沉船的数条底托梁横穿过沉井底部的预留孔洞，从而构成一个带底的钢箱体将古沉船全部包裹起来；留孔洞，从而构成一个带底的钢箱体将古沉船全部包裹起来；

4.4. 将沉井连同其内的沉船以及船体周围起保护作用的泥土一起吊离海底，并将沉井连同其内的沉船以及船体周围起保护作用的泥土一起吊离海底，并将其落座于半潜驳上将其落座于半潜驳上 ;;

5.5. 将半潜驳浮起，将半潜驳浮起，就可将载有沉船的全潜驳拖运到指定地点进行考古发掘。就可将载有沉船的全潜驳拖运到指定地点进行考古发掘。

3.3. Excavating the soil surrounding the open caissonsExcavating the soil surrounding the open caissons and several bottoand several bottom-supporting beams which were supporting the ancient sunken vessem-supporting beams which were supporting the ancient sunken vessel were put through the reserve holes in the bottom of the open cal were put through the reserve holes in the bottom of the open caisson, so that the ancient sunken boat was covered by a covered sisson, so that the ancient sunken boat was covered by a covered steel box.teel box.

4.4. The caisson, inside which the boat with protected mud surrounding,The caisson, inside which the boat with protected mud surrounding, was lifted away from the seabed and put on a semi-submersible. was lifted away from the seabed and put on a semi-submersible.

5.5. Semi-submersible was then floated and towed to an appointed place Semi-submersible was then floated and towed to an appointed place for archaeological excavation.for archaeological excavation.

二、整体打捞方案的提出二、整体打捞方案的提出Salvage in Integrity Plan StatementSalvage in Integrity Plan Statement

三、总体打捞工艺流程三、总体打捞工艺流程 Technical process of Salvage in IntegrityTechnical process of Salvage in Integrity

详细探摸、确定沉详细探摸、确定沉船尺寸船尺寸

钢沉井设计、制造钢沉井设计、制造沉船周围凝结物清理沉船周围凝结物清理 钢沉井定位、下沉钢沉井定位、下沉

钢沉井外侧土钢沉井外侧土开挖开挖 底托梁穿引底托梁穿引 保泥、保水措施保泥、保水措施

上下沉井分离 钢沉箱起浮钢沉箱起浮 钢沉箱拉移、进钢沉箱拉移、进驻水晶宫驻水晶宫

Detection and confirming sunken boat size

Design and construction of steel caissionCleaning Coagulum

Positioning and sinking of

steel caisson

Digging of the mud around

caisson

Thrilling of bottom joists

Mud and water reserved methods

Separation of upper and lower caission

Floating of steel caission

Dragging and moving steel caisson to Crystal Palace

集多种功能和复杂工艺于一体的巨型钢沉井集多种功能和复杂工艺于一体的巨型钢沉井Huge Steel Caisson with multifunction and complex techniqueHuge Steel Caisson with multifunction and complex techniquess

“南海 I号”的整体打捞史无前例，没有任何的工程经验可以借鉴，工程中主要存在着几方面的难点：

1. 钢沉井长度方向每边仅 1.3m余量，宽度方向每边 1.1m余量，定位要非常精确；

2. 钢沉井下沉静压力比较大，静压下沉的控制比较困难；

Since there was no similar case or experience before “Nanhai No.1” Salvage, main difficulties were as follows:

1. There was only 1.3m leeway of each side of the net length and 1.1m leeway of each side of the net width of the steel caisson;

2. Static pressure of down-pressing process of the caisson was large and the process was hard to control;

四、工程的难点四、工程的难点 Difficulties of the ProjectDifficulties of the Project

3. 底托梁穿引的轴线允许偏差仅 10cm ，穿引过程中其轴线的控制难度非常大；

4. 钢沉箱的起浮重量达 5386吨，亚洲第一吊“华天龙”起重能力仅 4000吨，钢沉箱的起浮也是一大难点。

3. Axial deviation of bottom joist thrilling must be controlled within 10cm, so that the control of axial was very difficult;

4. Floating weight of steel caisson reached to 5386t but the lifting ability of Hua Tian Long was only 4000t, so that it increased the lifting and floating of the steel caisson another problem.

四、工程的难点四、工程的难点

1.1. 凝结物的清理凝结物的清理 ““ 南海南海 II 号”古沉船的表面及周围存在大量的凝结物，这些凝号”古沉船的表面及周围存在大量的凝结物，这些凝

结物的硬度较大，会阻碍打捞沉井的吊放与下沉，因此需要对结物的硬度较大，会阻碍打捞沉井的吊放与下沉，因此需要对凝结物进行清理。 凝结物进行清理。

1.Cleaning Coagulum1.Cleaning Coagulum There was a lot of coagulum on the surface and surroundThere was a lot of coagulum on the surface and surround

ings of Nanhai No.1. The coagulum was so hard that it wings of Nanhai No.1. The coagulum was so hard that it would hinder the lifting and down-pression of the caissoould hinder the lifting and down-pression of the caisson, in this case, coagulum cleaning was needed.n, in this case, coagulum cleaning was needed.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

清理方案：首先采用气升式抽泥器清除凝结物表面的淤泥，接着在凝结物的底下穿吊索，然后用起重船将凝结物吊起。对于体积较大的凝结物要先对其进行分解，分解方法有高压水炮冲割法、钢丝锯割法和锄头撬割法等。

Solution: the cleaning plan aimed to use air-lifting type slurry pump to clean the mud that was on coagulum’ surface, after that, wire rope for hoisting was thrilled, then the coagulum was lifted up by Derrick Barge. For coagulum whose volume was larger, usually it was broken into small pieces at first. There were high-pressure squirt gun cutting method and wire rope saw-cutting method as well as hoe-prizing-cutting method to break coagulum.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

凝结物清理凝结物清理Cleaning of CoagulumCleaning of Coagulum

2.2.水下定位水下定位 Underwater positioningUnderwater positioning 古沉船能否精确定位，直接影响到钢沉井能否准确罩在古沉船上，这关系到整个打捞工程的成败。根据“南

海I号”整体打捞的施工计划，2007年 5月6号进行打定位桩的作业，但由于天气恶劣，现场风浪大，打桩船无法进行打桩作业。

Whether the steel open caissons could precisely cover the ancient sunken vessel was directly affected by whether the ancient sunken boat could be precisely positioned or not. This concerned the success or failure of the whole salvage project. According to general salvage plan for “Nanhai No.1”, installation of positioning piles was carried out on May 6th 2007; nevertheless, as the weather was unfavorable and wind and wave were very strong, therefore the pile driving-boat could not be implemented.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions during SalvageDifficulties and Solutions during Salvage

解决方案：为了不影响施工进度，项目组经过仔细分析和解决方案：为了不影响施工进度，项目组经过仔细分析和科学论证，决定启用不打定位桩而直接吊放沉井的备用方科学论证，决定启用不打定位桩而直接吊放沉井的备用方案。即用起吊能力案。即用起吊能力 900t900t 的打捞起重工程船“南天龙”号的打捞起重工程船“南天龙”号代替起吊能力代替起吊能力 500t500t 的“南洋”号来吊放沉井，并采用高的“南洋”号来吊放沉井，并采用高精度的超短基线水下定位设备进行定位，同时潜水员进行精度的超短基线水下定位设备进行定位，同时潜水员进行水下监控，确保钢沉井吊放精确到位。水下监控，确保钢沉井吊放精确到位。

Solutions: in order not to affect the progress, the project group deSolutions: in order not to affect the progress, the project group decided to adopt the alternative plan of directly sinking caisson witcided to adopt the alternative plan of directly sinking caisson without installing positioning piles first. A 900 ton derrick barge hout installing positioning piles first. A 900 ton derrick barge “Nan Tian Long” was used to replace the 500t derrick barge “Nan “Nan Tian Long” was used to replace the 500t derrick barge “Nan Yang” for lifting and sinking open caisson. So far the super-short Yang” for lifting and sinking open caisson. So far the super-short baseline underwater positioning equipment of high precision was put baseline underwater positioning equipment of high precision was put into use to carry out positioning, at the same time the divers carrinto use to carry out positioning, at the same time the divers carried out underwater monitoring and ensured the steel open caisson waied out underwater monitoring and ensured the steel open caisson was precisely locateds precisely located

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

3.3. 沉井的吊放和下沉 沉井的吊放和下沉 Lifting and sinking of open caissonLifting and sinking of open caisson 根据地质勘探资料经计算得出，钢沉井下沉到位（即入泥深度 11.5m）所需的最大静压力约为 18000kN 。沉井下压的过程表明，实际海底的泥土要比勘探资料所描述的坚硬的多。

According to geologic prospect data, the maximum static pressure required for steel open caisson to sink into correct position (entering into soil layer at depth of 11.5m) was about 18000KN. The down-pressing process of open caisson indicated that the actual hardness of seabed soil was much greater than that described in prospect data.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

解决方案： 在钢沉井结构允许的条件下继续增加钢沉井上的静压力至44000kN，此时还需下沉1m才到设计标高。 在保持钢沉井上37000kN静压力的情况下进行挖泥以确保钢沉井能够平稳下沉。 采用气升式抽泥方法抽除沉井刃脚的泥层，从而减小沉井底部泥土的承载力，使沉井下沉到位。

Solutions: As long as the structure of steel open caisson was permitted the static pressure on steel open caisson then increased to 4400

0kN, at this time, there was still 1 meter to go to reach the designed position. Excavating soil while maintaining static pressure at 37000KN on steel open caisson in order to ensure the steel open caisson

could sink stably. Using air-lifting soil-pumping method to pump out the soil layer on the bottom of open caisson so that it could reduce the su

pport load to be carried by the soil on the bottom and the open caisson could sink into the correct place.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

钢沉井下沉Sinking of Steel Caisson

沉井静压下沉沉井静压下沉Exerting static pressure on open caissonExerting static pressure on open caisson

钢沉井四周挖泥下沉钢沉井四周挖泥下沉 Soil pumping out to help caisson sinkingSoil pumping out to help caisson sinking

钢沉井四周抽泥下沉钢沉井四周抽泥下沉 Soil pumping out to help caisson sinkingSoil pumping out to help caisson sinking

4.4. 底托梁的穿引底托梁的穿引 Thrilling through of bottom joists Thrilling through of bottom joists 底托梁的穿引是整个工程中的关键工序之一，在 31m 水深处能见

度几乎为零的海况下进行海底穿梁，史无前例，难度相当大。在底托梁穿引的开始阶段，由于轴线偏差，无法穿引到沉井对面梁孔。

Thrilling through the bottom joist was one of the critical processes. With almost zero visibility in 31m depth and this “thrilling of bottom joist in seabed” under such sea state was unprecedented and with considerable difficulty. At the beginning, since the upper and lower axial deviation and thrilling could not be achieved successfully after bottom joist was thrilled to opposite joist hole of open caisson.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

采取的措施：：梁面重新布置喷水管，设置上下喷水头调节上下轴线；在底托梁布置侧面喷水头，并安装限位架。

Solutions:re-arranging sparge pipe on joist surface, setting

upper and lower sparge head for adjusting upper and lower axial lines;

setting side sparge on bottom joist and install limit structure.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

底托梁的下水底托梁的下水Putting into water of joistPutting into water of joist

底托梁穿引的相关设备底托梁穿引的相关设备Equipment for thrillingEquipment for thrilling

拉合千斤顶

底托梁穿引的相关设备底托梁穿引的相关设备 Equipment for thrillingEquipment for thrilling

浮袋 浮袋 buoyancy bagbuoyancy bag

底托梁穿引的相关设备底托梁穿引的相关设备Equipment for thrillingEquipment for thrilling

拉合掌环拉合掌环

55.. 沉箱的起吊沉箱的起吊 Lifting of CaissonLifting of Caisson 底托梁穿引完毕后，上沉井也就变成了沉箱。下一个关键步骤

就是将沉箱平稳安全地从海底起吊。沉箱的起吊采用 4000t 浮吊“华天龙”号来完成。沉箱完全出水后的重量达到 5386t ，远超出“华天龙”的起吊能力。如何解决“华天龙”吊力不足的问题也是“南海 I号”整体打捞工程的关键问题之一。

After the completion of all bottom joists thrilling, upper open caisson would be a closed caisson. The next critical process was to lift the caisson steadily from seabed. 4000t crane barge “Hua Tian Long” was adopted to complete the mission. However the total weight of the caisson in the air was up to 5386t, which greatly exceeds hoisting capacity of “HTL”. Therefore how to solve insufficient hoisting capacity of “HTL” was one of the critical issues for whole salvage engineering of “Nanhai No.1”.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

解决方案：采用“华天龙”把沉箱起吊至出水约 1m ，然后移船，把沉箱安放到已经预先下潜的“重任 1601” 半潜驳上。待确认沉箱按要求就位后，“重任 1601”排水起浮，“华天龙”主钩仍保持一定的负荷上升，直到“重任 1601”起浮到设计吃水。

Solutions: using “Hua Tian Long” to lift the caisson approx

1m away from water, then the barge was moved and the caisson was placed to “Zhongren 1601” semi-submerged barge which was submerged in advance. After the caisson was confirmed in place in accordance with requirements, “Zhongren 1601” semi-submerged barge would float up, and main hook of “Hua Tian Long” should still maintained to raise with certain load until “Zhongren 1601” floated to a designed draft.

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法 Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

吊索穿引 吊索穿引 Thrilling through the slingThrilling through the sling

““ 重任重任 1601”1601” 下潜下潜Submergence of Zhong Ren 1601Submergence of Zhong Ren 1601

““ 南海Ⅰ号”装上“重任南海Ⅰ号”装上“重任 1601”1601”Loading “Nanhai No.1” on Zhong Ren1601Loading “Nanhai No.1” on Zhong Ren1601

““ 重任重任 1601”1601” 起浮起浮Floating of Zhong Ren 1601Floating of Zhong Ren 1601

五、施工中的困难及解决方法五、施工中的困难及解决方法Difficulties and Solutions During SalvageDifficulties and Solutions During Salvage

6.6.沉箱的拉移上岸并移入“水晶宫”沉箱的拉移上岸并移入“水晶宫” Pulling Caisson ashore and moving iPulling Caisson ashore and moving it into “Crystal Palace”t into “Crystal Palace”

拉移工序是整个“南海I号”古沉船整体打捞施工中的最后一道工序。装载“南海I号”古沉船的沉箱以及底托盘的总重量达到了5500t。通过对多种方案的比选最终选择了气囊拉移的方案。在此次气囊拉移中， 5500t的重量创造了我国气囊拉移单件重物的新记录，同时拉移的直线距离也达到了 450m。

Pulling and moving process was the last process of whole salvage construction for entire “Nanhai No.1” ancient sunken vessel. Gross weight for caisson and bottom pallet of “Nanhai No.1” ancient sunken vessel was up to 5500t. Pulling and moving of air bag scheme was finally selected via comparison of many options. In this pulling and moving of air bag, 5500t weight had created a new record of pulling and moving of single heavy item in China and linear distance of pulling and moving was also up to 450m.

钢沉箱拉移上岸、就位钢沉箱拉移上岸、就位Pulling Ashore and settling down the CaissonPulling Ashore and settling down the Caisson

钢沉箱拉移上岸、就位钢沉箱拉移上岸、就位Pulling Ashore and settling down the CaissonPulling Ashore and settling down the Caisson

六、工程中的创新点六、工程中的创新点Renovation of the ProjectRenovation of the Project

1. 世界首创的沉箱法整体打捞古沉船； First use of whole salvage plan of ancient sunken vessel with steel c

aisson in the world. 2. 集多种功能和复杂工艺于一体的巨型钢沉井世界首创； The huge steel caisson is with multifunction and complex technics and

is initiated in the world.3. 钢沉井的精确定位和下沉到位； Precise positioning and sinking of steel caisson.4. 底托梁的设计和穿引史无前例； First design and thrilling of the bottom joists.5. 采用气囊拉移重达 5500t 的重物在国内外尚属首创； A first case in the world that pulling and moving a 5500t object with

air bags.6. 钢沉箱的保泥、保水措施有效地保护了文物； Soil and water of steel caisson protected measure has protected the r

elic effectively.7. 是多学科、多专业会战的结晶。 This salvage is a combination of multidisciplinary.

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