( i )

By

Dr. Mani Bhushan Mishra

Upkar Prakashan, Agra-2

( ii )

© Publishers

PublishersUPKAR PRAKASHAN2/11A, Swadeshi Bima Nagar, AGRA–282 002Phone : 4053333, 2530966, 2531101Fax : (0562) 4053330E-mail : care@upkar.in, Website : www.upkar.inBranch Offices4845, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, 1-8-1/B, R.R. Complex (Near Sundaraiah Park, Paras Bhawan (First Floor),New Delhi–110 002 Adjacent to Manasa Enclave Gate), Khazanchi Road,Phone : 011–23251844/66 Bagh Lingampally, Hyderabad–500 044 Patna–800 004

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ISBN : 978-93-5013-323-1

Code No. 1773

Printed at : UPKAR PRAKASHAN (Printing Unit) Bye-pass, AGRA

( iii )

Contents●●●●● Previues Years’ Solved Papers

Section–1

Ancient India ..................................................................................................................................... 3–180

Pre-Historical Periods .......................................................................................................................... 3

Indus Valley Civilisation (2350-1750 BC) .......................................................................................... 4

The Vedic Age (1500-600 BC) : Advent of the Aryans ................................................................... 8

Rigvedic Age (1500-1000 BC) ............................................................................................................. 8

Later Vedic Age (1000-600 BC) ........................................................................................................... 10

Vedic Literature ..................................................................................................................................... 12

Jainism and Buddhism ......................................................................................................................... 14

The Age of Mahajanpadas (650-325 BC) .......................................................................................... 18

Maurya Period ...................................................................................................................................... 19

Other Regional Kingdoms .................................................................................................................. 22

The Sangam Age .................................................................................................................................. 23

Post-Maurya or Pre-Gupta Period ..................................................................................................... 23

Gupta Period ......................................................................................................................................... 25

Harsha and His Times .......................................................................................................................... 28

Post-Gupta Period ................................................................................................................................ 28

Literature ............................................................................................................................................... 32

● Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................................... 33

Section–2

Medieval India ......................................................................................................................................181–265

The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) ................................................................................................. 181

Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) .................................................................................................................. 182

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1412) ............................................................................................................ 183

Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) ............................................................................................................... 185

Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526) ................................................................................................................. 185

Polity and Administration during the Sultanate Period ................................................................. 185

The Great Mughals .............................................................................................................................. 186

( iv )

Other Regional Kingdoms .................................................................................................................. 189

Later Mughals (1707-1857) ................................................................................................................. 195

● Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................................... 196

Section–3

Modern India ...................................................................................................................................... 266–304

Rise of Autonomous States ................................................................................................................ 266

Advent of the Europeans ................................................................................................................... 268

British Conquest of India ................................................................................................................... 269

Revolt of 1857 ....................................................................................................................................... 270

Major Uprisings Before 1857 .............................................................................................................. 272

The Years After the Revolt ................................................................................................................. 273

The Early Nationalists (1885-1905) .................................................................................................... 274

Rise and Growth of Militant Nationalism ......................................................................................... 275

Emergence of Gandhi / Non-Cooperation Movement .................................................................... 278

Swaraj Party / Civil Disobedience ...................................................................................................... 279

Revolutionary Terrorism of the Second Phase ................................................................................ 283

The Years 1935-39 ................................................................................................................................. 285

India and World War II / Quit India Movement ............................................................................... 286

Post World War II / Achievement of Freedom ................................................................................. 287

Growth of Communalism ..................................................................................................................... 289

Growth of Indian Press ........................................................................................................................ 289

Miscellaneous ...................................................................................................................................... 291

Governor Generals and Viceroys ....................................................................................................... 292

Constitutional Developments in India .............................................................................................. 297

Important Committees / Commissions .............................................................................................. 298

Social and Cultural Awakening .......................................................................................................... 298

Congress Sessions from 1885-1950 ................................................................................................... 299

Socio-Religious Reform Movements ................................................................................................ 301

Legislations for Social Reforms .......................................................................................................... 302

Movements for Women’s Emancipation ........................................................................................... 302

The Islamic Reform Movements ........................................................................................................ 303

Lower Caste Movements .................................................................................................................... 303

Legislations for the Development of Education .............................................................................. 304

( v )

Section–4

Art and Culture ................................................................................................................................. 305–310

Language and Literature ..................................................................................................................... 305

Section–5

Religion ............................................................................................................................................... 311–326

Hinduism ................................................................................................................................................ 311

Sikhism ................................................................................................................................................... 313

Islam ....................................................................................................................................................... 314

Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism ......................................................................................... 315

Indian Architecture .............................................................................................................................. 315

Indian Dance ......................................................................................................................................... 317

Indian Painting ...................................................................................................................................... 320

Indian Drama / Theatre ........................................................................................................................ 324

Indian Cinema ....................................................................................................................................... 325

Indian Society ....................................................................................................................................... 326

● Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................................... 327

Section–6

World History ....................................................................................................................................... 468-480

● Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................................... 472

Section–7

Research in History .............................................................................................................................. 481-504

● Multiple Choice Questions ........................................................................................................... 497

( vi )

Syllabus

PAPER–II

1. CONCEPTS, IDEAS AND TERMS

BharatvarshaSabha and SamitiVarnasramaPurusharthasRinaSamskarasYajnaDoctrine of KarmaDandaniti/ArthasastraSaptangaDhanavijayaStupa/ChaityaNagara/Dravida/VesaraBodhisattva/TrithankaraAlvars/NayanarsSreniChauthHundi (Bill of Exchange)SarrafPolygarsJagirDasturMansab (Rank)DeshmukhNaduParganaBengal VaishnavismAlt MaghaShahna-i-MandiMercantilismEconomic NationalismIndian RenaissanceEconomic DrainColonialism

ParamountcyKara/VishtiStridhanaMemorial stories

AgraharasKhilafatSulh-i-kulMaharashtra-dharma

Turkan-i-ChaldghaniWatanBalutaIqta

JizyahMadad-i-maashAmaramRaya-Rekho

JangamaDyarchyFederalismUtilitarianism

Flitration TheoryForward Policy

Doctrine of Lapse

Satyagraha

Swadeshi

Revivalism

Communalism

Orientalism

De-industrialisation

Subsidiary Alliance

Evangelicalism

Bhudan

Panchsheel

Mixed Economy

Indian left

Hindi Code Bill

( vii )

2. ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY

Sources

Archaeological Sources

Exploration, excavation epigraphy, numismatics,monuments.

Literary Sources

Indigenous : Primary and Secondary—Problemsof dating, myths, legends, poetry, scientificliterature, literature in regional languages,religious literature.Foreign accounts Greek, Chinese and Arabwriters.

Pre-history and Proto-history

Man and Environment—geographical factors,Hunting and gathering (Paleolithic andMesolithic); Beginning of agriculture (Neolithicand Chalcolithic).Indus Valley Civilization-origin, date, extent,characteristics. decline, surviva1 and significance.Iron age; Second urbanisation

Vedic Period

Migration and settlements; dating the Vedic,literary and archaeological evidences, evoluationof social and political institutions; religious andphilosophical ideas, rituals and practices.

Period of Mahajanapadas

Formation of States (Mahajanapadas); Republicsand Monarchies; rise of urban centres; traderoutes; economic growth; introduction ofcoinage; spread of Jainism and Buddhism; riseof Magadha and Nandas, Iranian andMacedonian invasions and heir impact.

Mauryan Empire

Foundation of the Mauryan Empire,Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra;Ashoka Concept of Dhrama; Edicts: Brahrni andKharosthi scripts.Administration; economy; architecture andsculpture : external contacts, disintegration ofthe empire; Sungas and Kanvas.

Post-Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas,Kushana, Western Kshatrapas)

Contact with outside world; growth of urbancentres, economy, coinage, development ofreligions, Mahayana, social conditions, art andarchitecture, literature and science.

Early state and society-in Eastern India, Deccanand South India

Kharavela, The Satavahanas, Tamil States of theSangam Age, Administration; economy, landgrants, coinage, trade guilds and urban centres,Buddhist centres, Sangam literature and culture;art and architecture.

Imperial Guptas and Regional States of India

Guptas and Vakataks, Harsha, Administration,economic conditions, coinage of the Guptas,land grants, decline of urban centres, Indainfeudalism, caste system, position of women,educationand educational institutions-Nalanda,Vikramshila and Vallabhi, contact withneighbouring countries—Central Asia, SouthEast Asia and China, Sanskrit literature, scientificliterature, art and architecture.The Kadambas, Gangas, Pallavas and Chalukyasof Badami— Administration, trade guilds,Sanskrit literature and growth of regionallanguages and scripts; growth of Vaishnava andSaiva religions, Tamil Bhakti Movement,Shankaracharya—Vedanta; Institutions oftemple and temple architecture.Varmanas of Kamrup; Palas and Senas,Rashtrakutas, Prathiharas, Kalachuri-Chedis;Paramaras; Chalukyas of Gujarat; Arabcontacts—-Ghaznavi Conquest Alberuni.The Chalukyas of Kalyana, Cholas, Chera,Hoysalas, Pandyas—Administration and localGovernment, growth of art and architecture,religious sects, Institution of temple andMathas, Agraharas, education and literature,economy and society, contact with Sri Lankaand South–East Asia.

( viii )

3. MEDIEVAL INDIAN HISTORY

Sources

Archaeological, epigraphic and numismaticmaterials and monuments.Chronicles.Litearary sources—Persian, Sanksrit andRegional languages.Archival materials.Foreign travellers accounts.

Political Developments

The Sultanate—the Ghorids, the Turks, theKhaljis. the Tughluqs, the Sayyids and theLodis.Foundation of the Mughal Empire—Babur,Humayun and the Suris; expansion from Akbarto Aurangzeb.Decline of the Mughal empire—political,administrative and economic c uses.Later Mughals and disintegration of the Mughalempire. The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis—rise, expansion and disintegration. The Marathamovement, the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji;its expansion under the Peshwas; MarathaConfederacy—causes of decline.

Administration

Administration under the Sultanate—civil,judicial, revenue, fiscal and militarySher Shah’s administrative reforms; Mughaladministration—land revenue and other sourcesincome; Mansabdari and Jagirdari.Administrative system in the Deccan—theVijayanagara the Bahmanis and the Marathas

Economic Aspects

Agricultural production—village economy;peasantry urban centres and population.

Industries—cotton textiles, handicrafts, agro-based industries, organisation, karkhanas,technology.Trade and commerce—State policies, internaland external trade; European trade, trade centresand ports, transport and communication.

Financing trade, commerce and industries;Hundi (Bills of Exchange) and insurance.Currency.

Socio-religious Movements

The Sufis—their orders, beliefs and practices,the leading Sufi saints.Bhakti cult—Shaivism and its branches:Vaishnavism and its branches.The Saints of the medieval period—north andsouth—their impact on socio-political andreligious life.The Sikh movement—Guru Nanak Dev and histeaching and practices—Adi Granth; the Khalsa.

Society

Classification—ruling class, major religiousgroups, the mercantile and professional classes.Rural society—petty chieftains, village officials,cultivators and Position of Women.

Cultural Life

System of Educational and its motivations.Literature—Persian, Sanksrit and Regionallanguages.Fine Arts—major schools of painting; music.Architectural developments of the North andSouth India; Indo-Islamic architecture.

4. MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Sources and Historiography

Archival materials, biographies and memories,newspapers.Oral evidence, creative literature and painting.Concerns in Modern Indian Historiography—Imperialist, Nationalist, Marxist and Subaltern.

Rise of British PowerEuropean traders in India in the 17th and 18thcenturies—Portuguese, Dutch, French and theBritish.The establishment and expansion of Britishdominion in Indlia.British relations with and subjugation of theprincipal Indian Powers–Bengal, Oudh,Hyderabad, Mysore, Marathas and the Sikhs.

( ix )

Administration of the Company and Crown

Evolution of central and provincial structureunder the East India Compay 1773–1853Paramountacy, Civil Service, Judiciary, Policeand the Army under the Company and Crown.Local Self-GovernmentConstitutional changes, 1909–1935

Economic History

Changing composition, volume and direction oftrade; ‘The Tribute’.Expansion and commercialisation of agriculture,land rights, land settlements, rural indebtedness,landless laboursDecline of industries—changing socio-economicconditions of artisans; De-urbanisation.British industrial Policy; major modernindustries; nature of factory legislation : labourand trade union movements.Monetary policy; banking, currency andexchange, Rail ways and Road Transport.Growth of new urban centres; new features oftown planning and architecture.Famines and epidemics and the governmentpolicy.Economic Thought—English utilitarians; Indianeconomic historians; the Drain theory.

Indian Society in Transition

Contact with Christianity—the Missions:critique of Indian social and economic practicesand religious beliefs; educational and otheractivities.The New Education—government policy;levels and contents; English language; modernscience; Indian initiatives in education.Raja Ram Mohan Roy; socio-religious reforms;emergence of middle class; caste associationsand caste mobility.Women’s Question—Nationalist Discourse:Women’s Organisations; British legislationconcerning women; Constitutional position.The Printing Press—journalistic activity and thepublic opinion.Modernisation of Indian languages and literaryforms—reorientation in painting, music andperforming arts.

National Movement

Rise of Indian nationalism, social and economicbases of nationalism.Revolt of 1857 and different social classes.Tribal and Peasant movements.Ideologies and programmes of the IndianNational Congress, 1885- 1920.Trends and Swadeshi movement.Ideologies and programmes of Indianrevolutionaries in India and abroad.Gandhian Mass Movements.Ideology and Programmes of the Justice Party.Left Wing Politics.Movement of the Depressed classes.Communal politics and genesis of Pakistan.Towards Independence of Partition.

India after Independence (1947–1964)

Rehabilitation after Partition.Integration of the Indian States; The KashmirQuestion.The making of the Indian Constitution.The structure of Bureaucracy and the Police.The demographic trends.Economic policies and the planning process.Linguistic reorganisation of States.Foreign Policy initiatives

World History : Concepts, Ideas and Terms

Pre-history,Burial Practices,Humanism,Enlightened Despotism,Mother-Goddess,Law codes,Athenian Democracy,Imperial Rome,Slavery,Aristocracy,Confucianism,Manorial system,Black Death,Feudalism,Non-alignment,Parliamentary Democracy,

( x )

Nazism,Commonwealth,Imperialism,Socialism,Balance of Power,Apartheid,Rights of Man,Cold War,Post-modernism,Divine Right,Supremacy of Church,Holy Roman Empire,Social Contract and General Will,National States,RenaissanceReformation,Darwinism,Great Depression (1929),Feminism

Research in History

Scope and value of HistoryObjectivity and Bias in HistoryHistory and its auxiliar sciencesArea of research—ProposedSources—Primary/secondary in the proposedarea of researchModern Historical Writing in the researcher’sarea of research

PAPER–III (A) CORE GROUP(Objective Mode from June 2012)

Unit-I

From the Indus Valley Civilization to theMahajanapadasAge, extent and chracteristics of the Indus ValleyCivilization.Vedic culture—Early and Late—Geography:Social and Political institutions.Economic conditions, Religious andPhilosophical ideas.Mahajanapadas, Republics, Economic growth—Emergence of Jainism and Buddhism—Rise ofMagadha—Macedonian invasion and itseffects.

Unit-II

History of India from 4th century BC to 3rdcentury ADFoundation of the Mauryan Empire—Chandragupta, Ashoka and his Dharma,Mauryan administration, Economy, Art andArchitecture, Disintegration of the Mauryanempire.Sangam Age.Sungas, Satavahanas and Kushanas :Administration, religion, society. economy tradeand commerce, culture—Art and Architecture,Literature.

Unit-III

India from the 4th century AD to 12thcentury ADGupta—Vakataka Age—Harsha-Pallavas—Early Chalukyas—Rashtrakutas-–Cholas-Pratiharas-Palas—A brief survey of the historyof the Paramaras.Kalachuris, Gahadavalas and Chauhans—Administration.Feudalism, Society, Position of Women,Educational centres, Economy.Religious trends, styles of temple architecture,art, Literature, An outline of scientific andtechnological developments.India’s contacts with the outside world.

Unit-IV

India from 1206 to 1526Expansion and Consolidation—The Ghorids,The Turks, The Khaljis, The Tughlaqs, TheSayyids and the Lodis.Vijayanagar and Bahamani KingdomsState and Religion—Concept of sovereignty,Religious movements and Sufism.Economic Aspects—Urban Centres, Industries,Trade and Commerce, Land Revenue and Prices.Mongol problem and its impact.Administrative structureArt, Architecture and LiteratureSources—Archaeological, Persian and non-Persian literature, Foreign travellers account.

( xi )

Unit-V

India from 1526 onwardSources of Mughal period.Mughal Expansion and Consolidation—Babur’sestablishment of Mughal rule in India; Humayunand Suri; Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan andAurangzeb. Mughal relations with the nobilityand the Rajputs.Jahangir—the period of stability and expansion1611-1621; the period of crises 1622- 1627—TheNurjahan Junta.Decline of Mughal Empire : Political, adminis-trative and economic causes. The MarathaMovement, the foundation of Swarajya by Shivajiits expansion and administration, MarathaConfederacy and causes of decline.Administration Sher Shah’s administrativereforms, Mughal administration, land revenueand other sources of income, Mansabdari andJagirdari.

Unit-VI

Socio-economic and cultural Life under theMughalsVillage society and economyArt, architecture and literatureTrade and CommerceReligious policy from Akbar to AurangzebUrban centers and IndustriesCurrencyPosition of women

Unit-VII

Foundation of the British RuleRise of European powers—Expansion andConsolidation of the British rule. British relationswith major Indian powers—Bengal, Oudh,Hyderabad, Mysore, Marathas and Sikhs.Administration under the East India Companyand Crown, Paramountacy, Civil Service,Judiciary, Police and Army.Local Self-government, Constitutional Develop-ment from 1909 to 1935.

Unit-VIII

Economic and Social PoliciesAgrarian policy of the British, Land Revenue,Agriculture and Land Rights, Famine policy,Rural indebtedness.Policy towards trade and industries, Conditionof Labour, Trade Union Movements, FactoryLegislation, Banking, Transport, Drain Theory.Indian Society in transition, Christian missions,Socio-religious reform movements, Status ofwomen.New educational policy, English language,Modern sciences, Press, Indian languages andliterature.

Unit-IX

National Movement and Post-IndependentIndiaRise of nationalism, Revolt of 1857, tribal andPeasant Movements, Ideologies and Pro-grammes of Indian National Congress, SwadeshiMovement, Indian Revolutionary Movement inIndia and Abroad.Gandhian Mass Movements, Ideologies andProgrammes of the Justice Party;Left wing politics, Movement of the depressedclasses, Genesis of Pakistan. India towardsIndependence, and Partition.Inda after Independence, Rehabilitation afterpartition, Integration of Indian, States, theKashmir Question.Making of the Indian Constitution, Structure ofBureaucracy and the police.Economic policies and the planning process,Linguistic reorganisation of the States, foreignpolicy initiatives.

Unit-X (A)

World History-Concepts, Ideas and TermsRenaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment,Rights of Man, Apartheid, Imperialism,Socialism, Nazism, Parliamentary Democracy,Commonwealth, Efforts at World Peace, ColdWar, Post-modernism

( xii )

Unit-X (B)

Research in HistoryScope and Importance of History, Objectivityand Bias in History, Cousation in History,History and its auxiliary sciences, Significanceof Regional History, Recent trends of IndianHistory, Research Methodology, Area ofProposed Research, Sources—Primary/Secondary in the Proposed area of Research

PAPER–III (B)(ELECTIVE/OPTIONAL)

Elective–I : Ancient Indian History

Stone-Age Cultures of IndiaOrigin, date, extent and characteristics of theIndus Valley CivilizationEvoluation of social and political institutions inthe Vedic periodEconomic and religious developments in 6thcentury BCSources of Mauryan history—Megasthenes,Kautilya, Asokas edicts and SimhalesechroniclesEconomy and trade during 2nd century BC—3rd century AD-Schools of art— Developmentof Stupa and Chaitya architectureAssessment of the Gupta AgeAncient Indian Republics—History of LocalSelf-government in IndiaIndian feudalism

Indian contacts with the outside world in theancient periodContribution of Sankara and Ramanuja toreligion and philosophy

Elective–II : Medieval Indian History

Sources on Medieval Indian HistoryNorth-West frontier and Deccan Policy of theMughalsSociety and Economy during Medieval periodReligion, Art, Architecture and Literature duringMedieval periodUrban Economy, Trade and Commerce duringMedieval periodLegacy of the Mughals18th Century DebateSignificance of Regional History

Elective–III : Modern Indian History

The Establishment and Expansion of the BritishDominion in India Constitutional Developmentfrom 1858 to 1935The British Agrarian PoliciesThe Relief Measures adopted by the BritishEducation and Social Reforms Under the BritishSocio-Religious Reform Movements in the 19thcenturyRise of Nationalism and the Indian NationalCongressThe Gandhian EraTowards independence and PartitionThe Making of the Indian Constitution and itsworking.

HistoryUGC-NET/JRF Exam.

(Jan. 2017)Solved Paper

Held on 22 January, 2017

History(Paper–II)

Note—This paper contains fifty (50) objectivetype questions of two (2) marks each. Allquestions are compulsory.

1. Which of the following are true of theMesolithic period ?Select your answer from the code givenbelow—1. Microliths are found in general.2. Bagor, Langhnaj and Bhim-betka are

some important sites .3. Bones of wild and domesticated animals

are found.4. Rock-paintings are available during this

period.

Codes :(A) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (B) 1, 2 and 3(C) 2, 3 and 4 (D) 1, 2 and 4

2. Which of the following Neolithicarchaeological sites in not known for ash-mounds ?(A) Utnur (B) Pallavoy(C) Kupgal (D) Burzahom

3. Which of the following sites has yielded ashort inscription written in Harappan scriptwith huge alphabets ?(A) Banawali (B) Dholavira(C) Kalibangan (D) Mohenjodaro

4. Which of the following pairs is wronglymatched ?List-I List-II(Mahajanapada) (Capital)(A) Panchala — Mathura(B) Matsya — Bairat(C) Kosala — Shravasti(D) Magadha — Girivraja

5. Match List-I with List-II and select the correctanswer from the code given below—List-I List-II(System of (Advocates)Philosophy)(a) Yoga 1. Kapila(b) Mimamsa 2. Patanjali(c) Sankhya 3. Kumarila(d) Vaiseshika 4. Kanada

Codes :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(A) 1 2 3 4

(B) 2 3 1 4

(C) 2 4 3 1

(D) 4 1 2 3

6. With which of the following departments wasKantaka-Sodhana connected ?(A) Taxation (B) Industry(C) Tolls (D) Judiciary

7. Which one of the following is wronglymatched ?Tax-term Connotation(A) Vishti — Forced labour(B) Bhaga — Local tax(C) Kara — Tax(D) Pranaya — Emergency tax

8. Which of the following is not a part of theBuddhist architecture ?(A) Anda (B) Medhi(C) Chhatra (D) Antarala

9. Which of the following statements is true ofthe Kushan period ?(A) Issue of silver coins on a large scale.(B) Flourishing of the Gandhara art.

continue

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