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ACCESSTOASSESS

NCLB accountability for results more choices for parents greater freedom for states and communities for more local control and flexibility and an emphasis on using proven education methods based on scientific research. http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/nclb/

Accountability for Results is facilitated through Assessments Summative Formative

Summative Assessments are used to make a judgment of student competency after an instructional phase is complete.

http://fcit.usf.edu/assessment/basic/basica.html

Formative Assessments

on-going assessments, reviews, and observations in a classroom used to improve instructional methods and student feedback throughout the teaching and learning process. http://fcit.usf.edu/assessment/basic/basica.html

There is an abundance of evidence that establishes a positive and predictive relationship between formative assessment and student achievement. (Black & Wiliam, 1998, Black et al, 2004, Peterson & Siadat, 2009)

The Shepard (2008) review of the National Mathematics Advisory Panels (the Panel) 2008 report to the nation cites the Panels acknowledgement of these findings with the Panel emphasizes that ongoing monitoring of student learning is a hallmark of effective instruction.

Identification of successful implementations of effective formative assessment strategies have remained elusive. (Black & Wiliam, 1998, Black et al, 2004, Shepard, 2008)

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Norm-referenced formative assessment

Criterion-referenced formative assessment.

Norm-referenced Assessment

yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured refers to the process of comparing one test-taker to his or her peers.http://en.wikipedia.org

Criterion-referenced Assessment provides for translating scores into a statement about a persons relationship to a specified subject matter Most tests and quizzes written by school teachers are criterion-referenced tests The objective is simply to see whether or not the student has learned the material. http://en.wikipedia.org

Various reports and studies have suggested solutions that have alternately highlighted criterion-referencing (Tyree, 2006), and the importance of timeliness and frequency in administering formative assessments (Peterson & Siadat, 2009),

The use of Personal Digital Assistants for purposes of formative assessment has been highlighted in (DerVanik, 2005)

PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) Hand-held Computer

Smartphone EDA Pocket-sized WirelessMobile

THE PDA IN ACCESS TO ASSESS Data Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant Connectivity 2-Way Synchronization

The use of Database Management Systems in Education has been highlighted by (Pulliam, 2005, Tolley & Shulruf, 2009).

DBMSA collection of records and files that are organized for a particular purpose.Viescas, J. L. & Conrad, J. (2007). Microsoft Access 2007: Inside Out. Microsoft Press. Redmond: WA.

SASI (School Administration of Student Information)

DBMS (DataBase Management System)A Database Management System is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database of an organization and its end users.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system

MICROSOFT ACCESS Desktop DBMS Standalone Work Station Shared Client/Server Mode across a Network Microsoft Office Suite

DIFFUSION OF ACCESS TO ASSESS?

PDAs V. SMARTPHONES

Data compiled from various Google.com articles on PDA and Smartphone sales figures

ACCESS TO ASSESS HAS ALL OF THE ATTRIBUTES NECESSARY FOR AN INFORMED ADOPTION

ACCESS TO ASSESS HAS A RELATIVE ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER SOLUTIONS Cost Social Status RationalityRate of Adoption Little need for Incentives

ACCESS TO ASSESS HAS COMPATIBILTY WITH POTENTIAL ADOPTERS Existing Values

Past Experiences Needs Rate of Adoption

ACCESS TO ASSESS IS NOT COMPLEX As easy as using a cell-phone Boolean Data Input Easy Uploading No Unfamiliar Concepts Rate of Adoption

ACCESS TO ASSESS HAS TRIALABILITY AND OBSERVABILITY Scalability Classroom Data Rate of Adoption

A PLAN FOR DIFFUSION: A CENTRALIZED APPROACH

1 ELEMENTARY, 1 MIDDLE, & 1 HIGH SCHOOL 1 COMMITTEE IN EACH SCHOOL EA. COMMITTEE = 1 ADMINISTRATOR, 2 TEACHERS, & MYSELF COMMITTEE MEMBERS SHOULD BE OPINION LEADER TYPES

DESCRIPTIONOFROLES

MY ROLE PD FOR COMMITTEE, DESIGN & ADMINISTER SATISFACTION SURVEY COMMITTEE RESPOND TO SURVEY TEACHERS IMPLEMENT ATA ADMINISTRATORS OBSERVE & EVALUATE IMPLEMENTATIONS BOARD MEMBERS INTERPRET SURVEY DATA & DECIDE TO ADOPT

ADOPTION

PROCESS

EARLY ADOPTERS - BOARD MEMBERS EARLY MAJORITY - COMMITTEE MEMBERS LATE MAJORITY THE TEACHERS IN THE PILOT SCHOOLS LAGGARDS THOSE THAT MIGHT RESIST THE CHANGE

THE ROLE OF BOARD MEMBERS AS CHANGE AGENTS

DEVELOP A NEED FOR CHANGE ESTABLISH AN INFORMATION EXCHANGE RELATIONSHIP DIAGNOSE PROBLEMS CREATE AN INTENT TO CHANGE TRANSLATE AN INTENT INTO ACTION STABILIZE ADOPTION AND PREVENT DISCONTINUANCE ACHIEVE A TERMINAL RELATIONSHIP

CRITICAL MASS SHOULD BE ACHIEVED EARLY IN THE LATE MAJORITY

IN SUMMARY Assessment is mandated by NCLB Formative Assessment is preferred because of its facility for ongoing and real-time return of data NMAP has emphasized that ongoing monitoring of student learning is a hallmark of effective instruction.

IN SUMMARY Criterion-referencing is preferred because of its ability to align to standards Criterion-referencing has been explained in Benjamin Blooms theory of Mastery Learning

IN SUMMARY PDAs (smartphones) are in widespread use DBMSs (MS ACCESS) will allow for efficient data collection and organization ATA is cost-effective ATA requires minimal Professional Development ATA will diffuse quickly

ATA is a superior formative assessment data collection and organization method.

Tolley & Shulruf (2009) inform us that in order to turn a body of data, assessment or otherwise, into useful information for knowledge-based decision-making at any level, it must be collected, organized, analyzed, and reflected upon.

PDA DIFFUSION S-CURVE T I M E L I N E

1996 1ST SMARTPHONE (NOKIA)

1983 1ST PDA (CASIO)

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

PDA DIFFUSION SMARTPHONE DIFFUSION