عباس معمارباشی

گروه آموزشی تربیت بدنی و علوم

ورزشیدانشکده علوم تربیتی

و روانشناسی2012/12/26

• To exchange ideas globally.• International or national reputation

enabling collaborations

• To get higher education,

academic development, and to

get research funds.

English is the international language

of science

Therefore publishing in English allows you to reach the broadest possible audience.

• Publish articles in the national level doesn’t give an international credit.

Selecting journal

Which factor is most important to you?

• Good writing is writing that clearly communicates your research. If your manuscript is poorly written and difficult to understand, they may not take the time to read it or cite it later.

• Good writing helps others to understand what you’ve done. It will also help you to better understand your own work.

Good writing is simple writing.

“If you can’t explain something simply,

you don’t understand it well.” – Albert Einstein

1. The relevance and importance of the subject

2. Excellence in writing and data presentation

3. Quality of the study design

• organize your thoughts efficiently• decide on the most effective way to present your

information• keep to a logical sequence of points• remember all the information that must be

included• cut out unnecessary or irrelevant information or

sentences

• What is the problem that is addressed? • Why is it important? • How did you study the problem? • What are your results? • What are the implications of the results? • What do you recommend as further study for

others?

• Accuracy• Originality• Authorship credit• Ethical consideration in human and animal

studies• Disclosure of conflicts of interest

It is important to avoid: Data fabrication and falsification

Plagiarism

multiple submissions (refers to publishing the same intellectual material more than once)

Plagiarism includes plagiarizing your own work. In fact, some journals stipulate that you cannot use more than five consecutive words from another paper that you have written.

Plagiarism is very easy to identify, particularly in papers written by non-native speakers.

• turning in someone else's work as your own• copying words or ideas from someone else without giving

credit• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks• giving incorrect information about the source of a

quotation• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a

source without giving credit• copying so many words or ideas from a source that it

makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else's ideas. Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content.

http://plagiarism.org/

Authors should have made significant contribution to:

the conception and design

analysis and interpretation of data

drafting of the manuscript or revising it

critically for intellectual content

final revision of the version to be published

All four conditions must be met.

• The person taking lead in:- the design and conduct of the work- collection and analysis of the data- preparation of the manuscript

• Normally the first author is also the originator of the idea for an experiment or study.

For maximum clarity and consistency, write your manuscript in this order:

Methods

Results

Introduction

Discussion

Title

Abstract

Write after research

Write during the research

The ‘write’ order

Edanz Group | 16

Write last

• catch the eye • don't under specify • don't over specify • in a research paper, emphasize the main novelty • use keywords • avoid specialist terminology • avoid unnecessary phrases and non-descriptive

words

• self-contained outline of the paper • minimize specialist terms • imagine you are explaining your work verbally to

a colleague over three minutes • write it after the rest of the paper has been

completed • 150-250 words

A well-written abstract requires time and effort.

The majority of people will only read this section, it must

be able to ‘stand alone’

Concise (100–300 words)

1–4 sentences – describe problem(s) addressed

1–4 sentences –objectives/hypotheses

1–2 sentences – techniques; AVOID details

1–3 sentences – most important results

Final sentence – concluding statement

Abstract Summarizes your work

What question (problem) was studied?

The answer to this question is contained within your Introduction

Beginning Middle End

Introduction Why?

Sufficient background information Puts your work into context Start with a broad background

Cite reviews

Introduction Beginning

General

Specific

Rationale The reason(s) for doing this work?

Why is it important?

Justify your work

Explain how you tried to address the problem (1–2 sentences)

Introduction Middle

State the methods you plan to use

Clearly and explicitly state 1–3 specific hypotheses or objectives of your study

Introduction End

Subheadings Easier to read

Past tense

New methods must be described in sufficient detail that they can be reproduced

Established methods can be referenced Save time and effort

Methods How did you carry out your work?

Accurate, brief, clear Use subheadings Use past tense to describe your results When referring to figures and tables, use present

tense DO NOT explain your results DO NOT duplicate data among figures, tables and

text

Results What did you find?

Present a large amount of data quickly and efficiently

Present most significant result as a figure or table

Keep it simple — use separate panels if necessary AVOID duplication with the text Label all parts of your figures Legends must be able to ‘stand alone’

Display items Tables and figures

AVOID repeating the results section

Answer the research question(s)

Emphasize the major finding(s) first

What is your major conclusion, based on the

results you have presented?

Discussion Beginning

Interpret your results … Compare with other studies

Same or different? Possible reasons why?

Unexpected results Briefly describe any limitations

Sample sizes Complementary tests How could experiments be improved?

Discussion Middle

Restate major conclusion(s) In summary … OR In conclusion …

Possible real world applications and implications Suggest future work

Discussion End

ALWAYS format your references Formatting is required in text for citations and

for your references section Use reference management software

References

• Establish where ideas came from • Give evidence for claims • Connect readers to other research • Provide a context for your work • Show that there is interest in this field of

research Never cite a publication based on what you have read in a different publication (such as a review), or based only on the publication’s abstract. These may mislead you and, importantly, readers. If you can’t access to the original article write (Smith 1962, cited in Jones 2002).

Some widely used reference management and formatting software applications are:

• BibTeX • EndNote (refer to the CD)• Reference Manager• Mendeley • Papers • RefWorks • Zotero

• In a scientific manuscript, all statements must be supported with evidence. This evidence can come from the results of the current research, common knowledge, or from previous publications. A citation after a claim makes it clear which previous study supports the claim.

• Ways to keep your manuscript clear, concise (brief), and precise:

• Only one idea per sentence • Use the active voice, not the passive voice,

when possible • Delete unnecessary or vague words and replace

them with more specific words • Avoid circular sentences and redundancies

Look For:• Typographical errors• Errors in grammar and punctuation• Deviations from the requested editorial style• Inconsistencies in editorial style• Inconsistencies in information• Incorrect fonts or sizes• Spacing errors• Incorrect cross-references

• Don't send the manuscript to an editor until you have it reviewed with a fresh eye.

• Ask two objective colleagues: one who is familiar with the research area, another who knows little or nothing about it. The former can provide technical advice, while the latter can determine whether your ideas are being communicated clearly.

Few papers are accepted without revision Rejection and revision are integral to the peer

review process

Peer review improves your manuscript

• http://prowritingaid.com/Index.aspx• http://www.grammarly.com/• http://www.paperrater.com/• http://www.languagetool.org/• http://www.springerexemplar.com/• http://www.editorsoftware.com/StyleWriter.html• http://www.englishplus.com/

• http://sana.tkk.fi/awe/index.html

• http://www.lz95.net/lzhs/wcenter/Handbook%20with%20hyperlinks.htm

• http://www.dailywritingtips.com/7-grammatical-errors-that-aren%E2%80%99t/

• Springer Author Academy:• http://www.springer.com/authors/author+academy?SGWID=0-1739713-

0-0-0

• http://www.biomedicaleditor.com/editing-tips.html

• http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/science/index.xml

• Tips for Publishing in Scientific Journals (http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2007_04_06/caredit.a0700046)

• English Communication for Scientists (http://www.nature.com/scitable/ebooks/english-communication-for-scientists-14053993)

• On Being a Scientist: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research, 3rd edition (http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12192)

Paradigm Online Writing Assistant• http://www.powa.org/

Springer Exemplar• http://www.springerexemplar.com/

Google Scholar• http://scholar.google.com/

Purdue Online Writing Lab• http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/

• PowerPoint Presentation slides• General English Writing (Books, PDFs)• Scientific Writing (Books & relevant materials)• Reference Managers (EndNote, Tutorials,…)

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