גפנים באקלים חם - אנגלית
TRANSCRIPT
1
CaliforniaViticultural
RegionsTwo-fold range ofdegree-day heatsummation duringthe growing seasonacross the state.Major differencesin grape varietiesand wine qualityamong five regions
California grape-growingRegions based on GDD-50F(Amerine and Winkler, 1944)
Winegrape Ripening Sequence, CA
Los Carneros: South Napa/SonomaSt. Helena:
Upper NapaValley:
Decreasedvine sizeon slope
Aspect Influences Heat(South & West exposure in N’ Hemisphere)
2
Climate Region x CultivarCombinations (From: Reynolds, 1996)
TempranilloMourvedreNebbioloBarberaSangioveseSyrahPalominoPedro XimenezTouriga Nacional
Jackson & Lombard (1993)Alpha/Beta Viticultural Regions
Cool Warm
“Warm Climate” Grapes & Wines
• High heat unit (GDD) regions (3500-4500)
• Long growing seasons (180-220 days)
• Mid-winter low temps usually not extreme
• Soils in these climate regions usually lackorganic matter, droughty, low fertility
• Vines often head trained, spur pruned,widely spaced, “sprawling”
• Yields per ha relatively low w/out irrigation
• Grapes often ripen high sugar, but low acid
Cabernet Sauvignon
• Does well in both cool and warm regions
• Flavor and aromatic qualities of wine differacross climate zones.
• Late ripening advantage in warm areas
• Black currant, cedar, tannic in warm regions
• Bell pepper aromas in cooler regions
Cabernet Sauvignon Roman Viticultural Regions
Purple areas are historical Roman viticultural regions,brownareas above 700 m a.s.l. (From Johnson & Robinson, 2001)
3
Viticultural regions of Spain
• Jerez de laFrontera inthe S’west
• UpperDouro valleyin West
• Rioja andNavarra innortheast
• Rias Baixas
Climate and Wine Zones: Spain
• Most of vineyards in drier regions• Summers often too hot for grapevines,
actually delaying ripening• Little water available for irrigation
(From Johnson & Robinson, 2001)
Sierra Nevadas near GranadaSpanish Wines and Grapes
• Native grape varieties adapted to hot climates,low-fertility soils, very low (1/6) vine densities
• “Isolated” until 1970s, making wines withtraditional varieties and methods (tinajas)
• High latitude (Madrid ~ Ithaca), high elevationplateau (meseta), long hot, dry growing season
• Main varieties: Tempranillo, Touriga Nacional,Garnacha, Mourvedre, and a few white grapeslike Palomino, Airen (brandy) and Verdejo inGalicia (Rías Baixas)
Olives & Grapes:Marriage of Tree and Vine
Olives, Grapesand Cork Oaks
4
TraditionalWinemaking
Tempranillo (Tinto fino, Tinto del pais,Aragonez) on albariza soil, Rioja Spain
Tempranillo• Notes of tobacco, leather,
cloves, spice• Intensely purple small
berries (tinto = ink)• Early budbreak and
ripening (hence its name)• Juice is low in TA, with
high malic fraction• Needs blending with
another grape likeGarnacha or CabernetSauvignon to producehigh-quality wines
Grenache Noir(Garnacha, Cannonao, Alicante)
• Workhorse variety—blendedwith Tempranillo in classicwines of Rioja & Navarra
• Does best in older vines, hot,dry, windy regions; qualitydeclines with irrigation
• In fortified wines or rosés,low color & tannins on itsown. Simple, fruity wines.
• Common in CaliforniaLanguedoc blends, also usedin Chateauneuf-du-Pape
Navarra Garnacha Vineyard Weathered red clay soils: Estremadura
5
New Vineyard in Navarra Upper Rio Ebro (left) and Rioja Vineyards: Spain
Head Trained Spur Pruned Vine Head Trained Cane PrunedCabernet Sauvignon in Napa
Jerez de la Frontera: Solera SherryLa Frontera: Moorish Spain
6
‘Palomino Fino’ Viña near Jerez Solera System: Sherries
Transfersfrom
Criaderas(Jackson, 2000)
Portugal: Douro Valley Region
• Oldest DOC in Europe
• Unique varieties (Touriga Nacional)
• World’s steepest vineyards?
Upper Douro Vineyards: Portugal Douro Terraced Vineyards
7
Hillside Vineyard Equipment Other Major Warm Region Grapes
• Barbera: Italy, California, Argentina
• Nebbiolo: unique to northern Italy
• Carignan: Spain (Aragon), southern France,California. Most productive grape?
• Sangiovese: Italy (Chianti), California
• Mourvedre: Spain, southern France• Zinfandel: California, southern Italy (as
Primitivo)
• Syrah/Shiraz: France, Australia, California
Barbera
• Signature variety of Piemonte(NW Italy)
• California and Argentina• Blended for its acidity, deep
color, low tannins
• “Fruity” aromas• High yields, ease of
mechanical harvest
• Adapts well to various soiltypes in hot regions
Nebbiolo• Mostly grown in
northwest Italy• Notes of tar, roses,
violets, citrus…• High in tannins, acid
and pigments• Wines of great
longevity• Varietal character
elusive outside ofPiedmont (Alba)
• May need fog?
Carignan(e)(Catalan, Mazuelo)
• May be the mostproductive vineworldwide
• Mostly grown insouth France, Spain,California, Chile
• Very susceptible tomildew and otherdiseases in humidregions
• Main virtue is highyields (12 tons/acre),and good color
Sangiovese(Brunello)
• Main variety in ChiantiClassico, Tuscan Italy
• Clonal variability makeswine quality extremelyvariable (Grosso & Piccolo)
• Low pigment content, easeof oxidation, fading wines
• Blends well with CabernetSauvignon
• Traditional blends withTrebbiano (a white grape)
• Low yields but gooddisease resistance
8
Zinfandel(Primitivo)
• California’s “native”grape variety
• From Slovenia via Italy(as Primitivo)
• Widely planted inNorthern California
• Very productive vine• Robust wines, berry notes,
rich tannins, high alcohol,spicy (wasted in blush)
• Uneven bunch ripening• In warmer regions, needs
low vigor sites to producehigh quality wines
Mourvèdre(Monastrell,
Mataro)
• Main variety in Bandolwines of Provence
• Needs warm climate forquality (California,Australia, Valencia)
• Notes of blackberry,“animal,” acidic andastringent juice
• Has substantial body,blending well with Syrahand Grenache
Syrah (Shiraz)• From upper Rhone Valley in
France• Blended in Hermitage and
Cote Rôtie wines• Notes of black pepper,
chocolate, cloves,cinnamon; rich tannins
• Major variety in Australia,increasing in California too
• Produces very different butequally interesting wines inboth cool and warm regions
• Not synonymous with PetiteSirah in California