© 2014 pearson education, inc. chapter opener 7-1
TRANSCRIPT
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter Opener 7-1
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1 An overview of photosynthetic structures
Leaves
cuticleupperepidermis
lowerepidermis
mesophyllcells
chloroplasts
outer membraneinner membranethylakoidstroma
stoma
stomabundle sheath cells
vascular bundle (vein)
channelinterconnectingthylakoids
Internal leaf structure
Mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts
Chloroplast
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1a Leaves
Leaves
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1b Internal leaf structure
cuticleupperepidermis
lowerepidermis
mesophyllcells
chloroplasts
stoma
bundle sheath cellsvascular bundle (vein)
stoma
Internal leaf structure
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1c Mesophyll cell containing chloroplasts
Mesophyll cell containingchloroplasts
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-1d Chloroplast
outer membraneinner membranethylakoidstroma
channelinterconnectingthylakoidsChloroplast
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-2 Stomata
Stomata open Stomata closed
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-2a Stomata open
Stomata open
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-2b Stomata closed
Stomata closed
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-3 An overview of the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle
energy fromsunlight
chloroplast
thylakoid
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6O2
CO2H2O 66
(stroma)
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-4 Light and chloroplast pigments
lig
ht
abso
rpti
on
(p
erce
nt)
chlorophyll b
chlorophyll a
carotenoids
wavelength (nanometers)
visible light
higher energy lower energy
gamma rays X-rays UV infraredmicro-waves
radiowaves
100
80
60
40
20
0
400 500450 550 650 750700600
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesisH2O CO2
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
high
O2 C6H12O6
primaryelectronacceptor
lightenergy
e
e
en
erg
y le
ve
l o
f e
lect
ron
s
pigmentmolecules
electrontransportchain II
e
e
reaction centerchlorophyll a molecules
ATP
Photosystem II
H
O2
2H2O
low
e
ee
NADP H
NADPH
electrontransportchain I
Photosystem I
½
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1
H2O
lightreactions
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6high
primaryelectronacceptor
e–
e–
en
erg
y le
ve
l o
f e
lect
ron
s
low
lightenergy
e–
electrontransportchain II
pigmentmolecules
e–
ATP
reaction centerchlorophyll a molecules
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
e–
e–
electrontransportchain I
e–
NADP+
NADPH
H+
H2OH+2
O221
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 2
H2O
lightreactions
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 3
H2O
lightreactions
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6high
primaryelectronacceptor
e–
en
erg
y le
ve
l o
f e
lect
ron
s
low
lightenergy
pigmentmolecules
e–
reaction centerchlorophyll a molecules
Photosystem II
H2OH+2
O221
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 4
H2O
lightreactions
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6high
primaryelectronacceptor
e–
e–
en
erg
y le
ve
l o
f e
lect
ron
s
low
lightenergy
e–
electrontransportchain II
pigmentmolecules
e–
ATP
reaction centerchlorophyll a molecules
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
H2OH+2
O221
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 5
H2O
lightreactions
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
Calvincycle
sugar
C6H12O6high
primaryelectronacceptor
e–
e–
en
erg
y le
ve
l o
f e
lect
ron
s
low
lightenergy
e–
electrontransportchain II
pigmentmolecules
e–
ATP
reaction centerchlorophyll a molecules
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
e–
e–
electrontransportchain I
e–
NADP+
NADPH
H+
H2OH+2
O221
Figure 7-6 Energy transfer and the light reactions of photosynthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-7 Events of the light reactions occur in and near the thylakoid membranethylakoid
chloroplast
lightenergy H is pumped into
the thylakoid spaceH
electron transport chain II
e
e
e
e
e
H
H H
H
H
photosystem II
2
H2O O2
A high H concentration iscreated in the thylakoid space(thylakoid space)
(stroma)
electrontransportchain I NADP
NADPH
ATPsynthase
ADP
e
photosystem I
H
H
HH
thylakoidmembrane
The flow of H downits concentration gradientpowers ATP synthesis
HPi
ATP
sugar
Calvincycle
C6H12O6
CO2
½
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 4
H+
thylakoid
chloroplast
lightenergy
e–
e–
e–
e–
e–e–
H+ is pumped intothe thylakoid space
electron transport chain II
photosystem II
photosystem I
H+
electrontransportchain I
(stroma)
NADP+
NADPH
ATPsynthase
CO2
sugar
Calvincycle
C6H12O6
ATPH+
ADP
Pi
H+
H+
H+H+
thylakoidmembrane
The flow of H+ downits concentration gradientpowers ATP synthesis
A high H+ concentration iscreated in the thylakoid space
H+
H+H+
H+2
H2O O221
(thylakoid space)
Figure 7-7 Events of the light reactions occur in and near the thylakoid membrane
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-8 A dam allows a “water gradient” to be used to generate electricity
Energy is releasedas water flows downhill
Energy is harnessedto rotate a turbine
The energy of therotating turbine is usedto generate electricity
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
H2O CO2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP
Calvincyclelight
reactions
sugar
O2 C6H12O6
CO2
3 Carbon fixation combines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
3 6
RuBP PGA
Calvincycle
6
6
6
6
6
G3P
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP
G3P
ADP
ATP3
3
5
G3P
G3P G3P glucose
1
1 1 1
Using the energyfrom ATP, the fiveremaining moleculesof G3P are convertedto three moleculesof RuBP
Energy from ATPand NADPH is usedto convert the sixmolecules of PGA tosix molecules of G3P
One molecule ofG3P leaves the cycle
Two molecules of G3P combineto form glucose and other molecules
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
3 Carbon fixationcombines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
3
3
3
ADP
ATP
RuBP
6
PGA
Energy from ATPand NADPH is usedto convert the sixmolecules of PGA tosix molecules of G3P
6
6
6
6
65
G3PG3P
G3P
1
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Calvincycle
Using the energyfrom ATP, the fiveremaining moleculesof G3P are convertedto three moleculesof RuBP
1 1
G3P G3P
1
glucose
One molecule ofG3P leaves the cycle
Two molecules of G3P combineto form glucose and other molecules
Slide 1Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
3 Carbon fixationcombines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
Slide 2Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
3 Carbon fixationcombines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
6
PGA
Energy from ATPand NADPH is usedto convert the sixmolecules of PGA tosix molecules of G3P
6
6
6
6
6
G3P
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Calvincycle
Slide 3Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
3 Carbon fixationcombines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
3
3
3
ADP
ATP
RuBP
6
PGA
Energy from ATPand NADPH is usedto convert the sixmolecules of PGA tosix molecules of G3P
6
6
6
6
65
G3PG3P
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Calvincycle
Using the energyfrom ATP, the fiveremaining moleculesof G3P are convertedto three moleculesof RuBP
Slide 4Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
lightreactions
Calvincycle
sugar
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
O2
ATP
NADPH
ADP
NADP+
CO2
3 Carbon fixationcombines three CO2
with three RuBP usingthe enzyme rubisco
3
3
3
ADP
ATP
RuBP
6
PGA
Energy from ATPand NADPH is usedto convert the sixmolecules of PGA tosix molecules of G3P
6
6
6
6
65
G3PG3P
G3P
1
ATP
ADP
NADPH
NADP+
Calvincycle
Using the energyfrom ATP, the fiveremaining moleculesof G3P are convertedto three moleculesof RuBP
1 1
G3P G3P
1
glucose
One molecule ofG3P leaves the cycle
Two molecules of G3P combineto form glucose and other molecules
Slide 5Figure 7-9 The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from CO2 and produces the simple sugar G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E7-1 The C4 pathway and the CAM pathway
CO2
mesophyllcellPEP
(3C)PEPcarboxylase
pyruvate(3C)oxaloacetate
(4C)
malate(4C)
malate(4C)
pyruvate(3C)
rubisco
Calvincycle
CO2
bundlesheathcell
sugar
C4 plants CAM plants
malate(4C) malate
(4C)
Calvincycle
sugar
malic acid(4C)
central vacuole
rubisco
PEP(3C)
PEPcarboxylase
pyruvate(3C)
oxalo-acetate
(4C)
CO2
mesophyllcell
daynight
CO2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E7-1a C4 plantsCO2
mesophyllcellPEP
(3C)PEPcarboxylase
pyruvate(3C)oxaloacetate
(4C)
malate(4C)
malate(4C)
pyruvate(3C)
rubisco
Calvincycle
CO2
bundlesheathcell
sugar
C4 plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E7-1b CAM plants
CAM plants
malate(4C)
malate(4C)
Calvincycle
sugar
malic acid(4C)
central vacuole
rubisco
PEP(3C)
PEPcarboxylase
pyruvate(3C)
oxalo-acetate
(4C)
CO2
mesophyllcell
daynight
CO2