R e s h a p i n g P a r t i c i p a t o r y P l a n n i n g t h r o u g h L o c a l S N S :

F o c u s i n g o n H i g h - r i s e N e w T o w n s i n G y e o n g g i P r o v i n c e

S N S

- -

1 3 A u g , 2 0 1 4

U rb a n D es i gn La b

Y o o n , Z o o s u n

Source: NAVER open API

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

3

Korean high-rise new towns, which accounts for 59% of total housing stocks as of 2010,

have many non-ideal conditions for participatory planning

1.1 Background

Conditions References

1. Urban area Putnam (2000), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)

2. Large group Olson (1965), Mosher (1967), Hardin (1982), Friedmann (1987), Ostrom (1990), Rimmerman (1997), Renee (2004)

3. High-mobility Putnam (2000)

4. High-rise Sinnett el al (1972), Bickman el al (1976), Nadler, A el al (1982), Korte et al (1983), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)

Thus, participatory planning and Maeulmandeulgi have been seldom conducted in high-rise

new towns

Government-funded Maeulmandeulgi project in Korea (2007-2009 ) City-funded Maeulmandeulgi project in Ansan-Si (2008-2012)

Table 1-1. Non-ideal conditions for participation (Author)

Figure 2-17 Apartment share in Maeulmandeulgi projects (Statistics Korea, 2013; Shin JJ, 2013; Ansan MM center, 2013)

41.2 Definition of Term

Local Social Network Service (Local SNS) refers geographically-defined online community that comprised of local residents

Agrarian Society

Industrial Society

Information Society

Local SNS

Town City Nation World

Offline community Online community

Neighborhood = Community

Neighborhood Community

Splinternet (Cyberbalkanization)

Blend online and offline network

Meanwhile, although face-to-face(FTF) communication is still important and never be replaced,

Local SNS has recently emerged to supplement these limitations

Source: Author

Figure 1-2. Concept of Local SNS

Among Facebook friends, Neighbor: 2% (PEW research, 2013)

1.3 Problem Statement 5

Unlike scholars rosy expectations, many Local SNSs have turned to the E-ghost town

Many studies examined Local SNS planning based on theoretical reviews, one-time social experiments,

or experts perspectives. Fewer studies have attempted to analyze real projects.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2004 2005 2006 2007

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

Chosun newspaper Joongang

newspapaer

Donga newspaper Hangyeorae

newspaper

mbc (newsdesk) kbs (news9) sbs (8news) Sanbon online

community

Local SNS has boomed and its influence has steeply increased.

Figure 5-19. Influence of media (Korea Advertisers Association (2010), Author)

(% of citizen)

Source: complete enumeration in Japan, (Shouji, 2012), sample survey in Korea, (Choi, 2008)

FIgure1-3. Local SNS trend (Number of Local SNSs in Japan and Korea)

(# of RSNS)

Japan Korea0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

61.4 Purpose of Research

Main claim / hypothesis

Purpose of research & research questions

To verify impact of Local SNS on participatory planning

Q1-1. What are the limitations of participatory planning on high-rise new towns? (CH2)

Q1-2. What aspects of the limitations can be overcome? (CH2, 5, 6)

To reveal origin and transformation of Korean Local SNS

Q2-1. How Korean Local SNS started? (CH3)

Q2-2. What lessons can we learn from rise and fall of Local SNS? (CH3)

To understand characteristics of Local SNSs for participatory planning

Q3. Which differences of Local SNS make participation different? Characteristics, (CH3, 5, 6)

To offer design principles to Local SNS for participatory planning

Q4. Do we need a new participatory planning theory for Local SNS? If so, what must change? (CH7)

Local SNS will help to improve participatory planning on high-rise new towns when its

characteristics considered properly

(1) WORST for offline-participation

1.5 Research Area 7

(2) BEST for online-participation

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Double-edged sword: Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

Apartment ratio per total housing stocks in Gyeonggi-do (%), Source: Korea statics, 2010

Households with access to the Internet, 2011 or latest available year (%), Source: OECD, 2012

Gyeonggi-do is a region covered by high-rise new towns

Korea is a leading global test bed for IT (1st in E-government and E-participation, UN 2010)

Applying Local SNS is more effective on participatory planning in high-rise new towns

1.6 Research Design

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

CH2 CH3

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

CH4

Resident-run

PART I PART II

Limitations of Conventional Way Lessons from Rise and Fall of LSNs Evaluation of LSNs

Company-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

CH5, CH6

Case Study

Old

NEW

TO

WN

New

OLD

TO

WN

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

Best PracticesPer Each Type

All Local SNSIn Gyeonggi-di

Longitudinal study Cross-sectional study

Source: Author

Figure 1-5. Research design

8

CHAPTER 2

Difficulties of participatory planning in high-rise new towns

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

Resident-runCompany-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

O-N

TN

-OT

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

THE AIM To investigate current difficulties of participatory planning in high-rise new towns by

each criteria

so that we can find out which limitations will be overcome when Local SNS applied

CH2

102.1 Introduction

(1) high-rise new towns, (2) citizen participation, and (3) participation in large groups

Difficulties of participatory planning in high density urban towns causes by 3 problems

(1) Problems of high-rise new towns

(3) Problems of participation in large groups

(2) Problems of citizen participation

Theory(general)

Practice(local)

Physical

Process

We will describe such limitations in terms of both general theories and Korean practices

Source: Author

Figure 2-2. Problem analysis frame in chapter 2

1853B. HaussmannRenovation

of Paris

1890s 1900sCity Beautiful Movement

1898E. Howard

Garden City

1924Le CorbusierRadiant City

1950sE. Banfield

Comprehensive Rational Planning

Bentham, Comte, Mill

M. Weber, Mannheim

1970sSatisfying Model

1959C. Lindblom

Incrementalism

1968A. EtzioniMixed-

Scanning Model

1965P. DavidoffAdvocacy Planning

1974J. FriedmannTransactivePlanning

1980sHall

Marxist Planning

1980sNew Right Planning

1980sRadical

Planning

1980sPost Modern

Planning

Nietzche, Derrida

1969S. ArnsteinA Ladder of

Citizen Participation

1961J. Jacobs

The Death and Life of Great

American Cities

1992P. Healey

Collaborative Planning

1989J. Forester

Communicative Planning

Habermas, Giddens

Project

Philosophy

Theory

Article

Development

Oppositional

Creative city

Smart growth

Smart city

1996New Urbanism

Breakdown

Breakdown

Breakdown

Euclidean mode of planning Non-Euclidean mode of planning

Blu

eprin

tto

ratio

nal p

lannin

g

Outco

me-o

riente

dto

pro

cess-o

riente

d

Com

munica

tive tu

rn:g

ove

rnance

& so

cial ca

pita

l

Cultu

ral tu

rn

Euclidean mode of planning Non-Euclidean modeof planning

1988

1996

1st

New

tow

n(5

,015 h

a)

2011Cancellation of 2nd Newtown(1,203 ha)

2007 Government-

fundedMaeulmandeulgi

Breakdown

Pla

nnin

g T

heory

Housin

g p

olicy in

Kore

a

1994

1999

Unpla

nned sp

raw

l (40,4

00 h

a)

2000

pre

sent

2nd

New

tow

n(1

3,6

71 h

a)

High-rise towers

Massive construction

Rational decision

without participation

Source: Author

Figure 2-3 Trend of urban planning theory

2.2 Problems of High-rise New Towns (Korea) 12

Sourc

e: Kim

, JE

(2013)

Sourc

e: The K

ore

a E

conom

ic d

aily

2007-0

2-1

2

Develo

ping

area400ha

2000haD

evelopin

g a

rea6ha

350ha

FAR (Floor area ratio)

FAR

FAR Up-z

onin

g

Sweep out

Government-driven Massive development (Old New Town)

(1) 1st planned New Town (1988 1996) : 5,015 ha

(3) 2nd planned New Town (2000 present) : 13,671 ha

(4) 2nd planned New Town cancellation (2007 present )1,203 ha cancelled until 2011

Private-driven Spot development (New Old Town)

(2) Unplanned sprawl by deregulation policy (1994 2007) : 40400ha

Kim, Young-sam administration made strategic choice to deregulate land use control of green

area to supply housing units without large scale new-town development

MAX

Spot development (New Old Town)

Inside o

f apartm

ent com

plex

Pub

lic space

2.2 Problems of High-rise New Towns (Korea)

Sourc

e: Auth

or

Massive development (Old New Town)

Inside o

f apartm

ent com

plex

Public sp

ace

GOOD

GOOD

POOR

POOR

2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Theory) 14

Participants

(1) Representativeness problems (Verba, 1972; Campbell, 2000; Weber, 2000; Abram, 2000; Renee, 2004; Innes,

2004)

(2) Expertise problems (Kramer, 1972, Lee, SJ, 1994; Fainstein, 2000)

Inner Relationship

(3) Power inequity: Ideal speech of Habermas vs. reality (Curry, 2001; Huxley, 2000; Flyvbjerg, 1998; Few,

2000, Foster, 1989 )

Government favored some groups over others including business power over elected local

government, men over women, stakeholders over citizens (Tickell and Peck, 1996)

All of these bodies are made up of elites, and not representative of a range of interests and voices ...

discourage busy and thoughtful individuals from wasting their time (Judith E. Innes & Booher, 2004).

Planners assigned to facilitate the process were committed to a non-directive role and therefore only

proposed actions when asked. sometimes taking as many as three years to determine a vague and

hard-to-implement plan (Fainstein and Hirst 1996)

2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Theory) 15

Outer Interaction

(4) Authority problems (King, 1998; Mosher, 1967; Smith, 1979; Fainsten, 2000; Renee, 2004)

Holistic process

(5) Cost problems (Renee, 2004; Rainstein, 2000; Lawrence, 2001; Wilson, 1966; Kweit, 1981; Zimmerman, 1986)

Lengthy time required for such participatory process leading to burn-out among citizen participants

(Susan, S. Fainstein, 2000)

agreement by participants to a document does not necessarily mean that anything will happen

despite the moderate nature of the plan and the cross-acceptance process, its implementation has

been half-hearted at best and often strongly resisted by local planning boards (Susan S. Fainstein,

2000).

(6) Local selfishness (NIMBY) (Renee, 2004; Barber, 1984; Levy, 1995, deLeon, 2000)

Locally based decision making as an opportunity to influence policy for personal gain (Renee, 2004)

Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree Moderate Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree

Representativeness 13.2 57.9 23.7 5.3 0.0

Expertise 15.8 63.2 15.8 2.6 2.6

Does official citizens community committee have following ability? (to public servants in

Gyeonggi-do)

%, N=38

2.3 Problems of Citizen Participation (Korea)

Gender Age Education Occupation Residence period

Male

Fem

ale

30s

40s

50s

60s-

Mid

dle scho

ol

Hig

h scho

ol

Colleg

e

University

Grad

uate scho

ol

Housew

ife

Office

worker

Self em

plo

yed

Pro

fessions

Etc

1-2yrs

2-5yrs

5yrs -

76.1

23.9

4.4

27.3

43.7

24.6

7.1

55.4

23.4

4.3

9.8

15.2

7.1

47.3

20.1

10.3

2.7

6.0

91.3

Demographics of citizen community committee members in Gyeonggi-do

%, N=184

Table 2-3 Demographics of citizen community committee members in Gyeonggi-do

Source: GRI, 2005

Table 2-4 Public servants perception for citizen community committee's abilities

Source: GRI, 2005

2.4 Problems of Participation in Large Groups (Theory) 17

The Group size and participation

Hardin (1982) summarized the Olsons celebrated thesis, logic of collective action (1964)

as large groups will fail; small groups may succeed

Ostrom (1998) proofed Olsons claim studying many practices all over the world In her

Novel prize winning researches.

Reasons to expect increasing group size to decrease prospects for successful collective

action (Olson, 1964; Poteete, 2004; Cook, 1983; Friedmann, 1987; Axelrod, 1984)

(1) Frequent interactions create opportunities to build reputations and mutual monitoring.

Those foster higher levels of trust

(2) Individuals may contribute because they think their contribution will make a difference.

(3) Concerns about avoiding sanctions for defection in ongoing interactions can also

promote co-operation

Fail of Self-governance System

Resident participation is hardly done in apartment complex

- 74.8% had never participated in resident organizations

- 78.8% had never participated in voluntary activities at apartment complex

- 65.6% rate Low grade at voluntary activities in apartment complex

- 76.4% of owners had not participated in community activities

- 91.2% of leaseholder had not participated in community activities

Resident have no interest

on resident representative elections 14%

23%

24%

39%

Always Participate Often Particiapte

Hardly Participate No Experience

2.4 Problems of Participation in Large Groups (Korea)

Source: SDI, 2010

Figure 2-14 Experience participated in resident representative elections

2.5 Conclusion

Limitations of participatory planning on high-rise new towns

Hard (result) Soft (process)

Urban problems of high-rise new town Difficulties of citizen participation Difficulties of participation in large group

Problems Reasons Problems Reasons Problems Reasons

Uniform design Built maximum

number of dwelling

units in the minimum

possible time

(Glendinning and

Muthesius, 1994)

Representativeness

problem

Seniors and

housewives are

dominant of the

community meeting.

Low participation rate Few chance of

interpersonal relations

Low social capital

Weak sense of

community

High mobility

Bulldozer clearance

High-rise building

Various occupations

Expertise problem Experts are too busy to

participate in

community meeting of

their town.

Low level of trust Few chance of

interpersonal relations

Break off traditional

landscape

Massive clearance

Super blocks

Power inequity During the community

meeting, some groups

are over others such as

elder people than

youngers.

Contribution problem Free-rider

Discordance between

public space and

residents use

Regardless of

residents participation

Disregard the value of

street and public space

Authority problem Participation for

participation

phenomenon. Agreed

opinions are often

resisted by local

government because

community members

have no authority.

-

- Cost problem Lengthy time required.

NIMBY Local selfishness

Table 2-7 Limitations of offline-only participatory planning by categories

Source: Author

CHAPTER 3

History of Local SNS: potentials and challenges as a participatory tool

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

Resident-runCompany-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

O-N

TN

-OT

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

CH3

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

THE AIM To unveil how Korean Local SNS started

To explore how Korean Local SNS transformed and learn lessons from each failed type

of Local SNS

3.3 Emergence of Local SNS 21

Blacksburg Electronic Village, 1993

Netville, 1997

E-neighbors, 2002

I-neighbors, 2004

Nextdoor, 2011

- 39,000 sites as of Jun 2014 (1 in 4 US neighborhoods)

Gorrotto-yachiro, 2004

Local SNS projects by MIC (), 2005-2008

263 Local SNS as of Feb 2014

Mokdong 8, 1998

Samsung Cyber village, 1999

Tower palace, 2002

Sanbon-love, 2006

127 community-wide Local SNS 69 city-wide Local SNS in Gyeonggi-do

as of Oct 2012

- More than 160 cities and police departments include NYC, San Diego, Houston, Pittsburg established official partnership with Nextdoor

Local SNS platform OpenPNE receivedElectronic government prize by MLIT(), 2013

America Japan Korea

Start

Boom

Start

Start

Boom

BoomHistory

Membership

Openness

Government

Average 750, maximum cap up to3,000 as of Oct 2013

Average 1,300, highest 9,503as of 2010

Average 15,300, highest 89,000as of July 2014

Strongly gated (11 neighbors recommendation required)

Strong partnership

Gated ( 1 neighbors recommendation required)

Relatively strong partnership

Weakly gated (Posting 5 to 10 commentrequired to post article)

Weak partnership

Drew based on newspapers, research journal articles andNational Information White Paper (2000 to 2011 each year)

3.5 Local SNS managed by Resident

Region Area (m2)

Price (million won)

Price-fixing Real transaction p

rice

Seoul B apartment 122.3 481 270 ~ 340

Gyeonggi H apart

ment

128.9

165.3

600

750

270 ~ 320

370 ~ 500

Gyeonggi C apart

ment105.8 300 280 ~ 220

15001000

30004000

5000

80009000

10000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Current Dukso Area (2010)

Source: Naver map open API

Image of New Town

Source: Namyangju City Hall homepage (2013-05-12)

1034

317

343

14378 64 17

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200Newtown Issue

Members

House price issues were dominant in Sanbon-love during

first 6 months. Sanbon-love managing staff interview (source:

Gunpo citys history book, 2010).

Newtown issue was the direct cause of a foundation of

Dukso Local SNS. Dukso Local SNS management board

members even lent a bus to claim to appoint Dukso area as a

new town. - Dukso-sarang managing staff interview

2013.1.30

Type1: Old New Town Ex) Gunpo-Si : 1992 1995 (Massive development / short period)

Type2: New Old Town Ex) Namyangju-Si : 1994 2006 (Spot development)

3.7 Conclusion 24

Face-to-Face Community Meeting

Email List SANPP Project E-Mailing List

Converssation@sanppatx.org

Wiki

Future Melbourne Wiki

http://www.futuremelbourne.com.au

Wikiplanning

www.wikiplanning.org/

SNS(Social Network Site)

: Facebook, Mixi

Pinehurst Seattle: (Facebook Group)

http://www.facebook.com/groups/53590206898

SNS: (Facebook Group)

http://www.facebook.com/groups/53590206898#!/makuhari.sns

Micro SNS: Twitter # (Hashtag)

City Hall Home Page

The city of Seoul

http://app.seoul.go.kr/oasis/free_list.jsp

The city of Philadelphia

http://www.phila.gov/residents/

GIS Based Report Seeclickfix: Richimond, VA

http://seeclickfix.com/richmond

Independent Web Site Louisiana Speaks

http://www.urbaninsight.com/articles/lascasetudy0409.html

Portal Online Community

: Naver(NHN), Yahoo

Sanbonlove

http://www.sanbonlove.com

Ano

nym

ity

Acc

essi

bili

ty

Dis

cuss

ion

Fam

iliar

ity

Sea

rcha

ble

Eas

y to

Join

Afford

abili

ty

Exa

mple

s

Geo

gra

phi

c O

rigin

CHAPTER 4

Case Selection and Setting Analysis Frame

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

Resident-runCompany-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

O-N

TN

-OT

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

THE AIM To survey whole Local SNSs in Gyeonggi-do

To categorize and evaluate every Local SNSs in order to select most successful

practices per each type

CH4

city population naver naver/popnaver_LBO

CN_LBOC/p

opdaum

daum_LBOC

daum/pop

D_LBOC/pop

daum+naver_LBOC

daum+naver_LBOC

/pop

Suwon-si 1,077,535 158,680 14.73 38,548 3.58 52,602 4.88 0.00 38,548 3.58

Sungnam-si 980,190 60,393 6.16 0.00 2,945 0.30 0.00 0 0.00

Goyang-si 950,115 63,550 6.69 14,454 1.52 0.00 0.00 14,454 1.52

youngin-si 876,550 28,288 3.23 9,610 1.10 7,745 0.88 0.00 9,610 1.10

Bucheon-si 875,204 30,083 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Ansan-si 714,891 17,518 2.45 0.00 12,976 1.82 0.00 0 0.00

Anyang-si 621,714 9,800 1.58 7,385 1.19 10,157 3,957 1.63 0.64 11,342 1.82

Namyangju-si 564,141 77,265 13.70 47,925 8.50 0.00 0.00 47,925 8.50

Hwasung-si 505,838 87,335 17.27 0.00 46,240 46,240 9.14 9.14 46,240 9.14

Eujeongbu-si 431,801 33,118 7.67 33,118 7.67 0.00 0.00 33,118 7.67

Pyeongtaeksi 419,457 24,874 5.93 0.00 3,728 3,728 0.89 0.89 3,728 0.89

Siheung-si 403,797 18,890 4.68 1,372 0.34 17,295 17,295 4.28 4.28 18,667 4.62

Paju-si 355,632 57,514 16.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Gyangmyeong-si 343,982 7,337 2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Gunpo-si 287,833 63,127 21.93 60,712 21.09 3,957 3,957 1.37 1.37 64,669 22.47

Gwangju-si 249,789 7,272 2.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Gimpo-si 238,339 13,397 5.62 1,838 0.77 6,178 6,178 2.59 2.59 8,016 3.36

Ichon-si 202,595 4,740 2.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Yangju-si 196,706 6,368 3.24 0.00 12,979 12,979 6.60 6.60 12,979 6.60

Guri-si 196,398 6,704 3.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Osan-si 182,516 26,293 14.41 4,554 2.50 6,588 6,588 3.61 3.61 11,142 6.10

Ansung-si 177,937 3,709 2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Pocheon-si 158,658 17,050 10.75 17,050 10.75 0.00 0.00 17,050 10.75

Hanam-si 150,479 5,137 3.41 0.00 2,104 2,104 1.40 1.40 2,104 1.40

Euwang-si 147,443 2,415 1.64 0.00 3,957 3,957 2.68 2.68 3,957 2.68

Yeoju-gun 109,250 1,587 1.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Yangpeyoun-gun 95,833 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Donducheon-gun

95,653 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Gwacheon-si 72,279 38,897 53.82 26,545 36.73 0.00 0.00 26,545 36.73

Gapyeong-gun 58,890 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Yeongcheon-gun 45,177 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0.00

Total 11,786,622 871,339 7.39 263,111 2.23 189,450 106,982 1.61 0.91 370,093 3.14

264.2 Case Selection

Searched at 12 July, 2012

Data Collection1) Targeting Naver, Daum

portal sites, Searched Local SNS with keywords apartment and the name of each city

2) Founded 127 community-wide, 69 city-wide Local SNS

3) Joined each Local SNS4) Recorded basic

information5) Counted posts that

uploaded in last 2 months

4.2.2 Classification of Local SNS

4.2 Case Selection

Local SNS

City-wide Community-wide

Restaurant Baby careMaeulmandeulgi

Living Redevelopment, RemodelingBefore Completion ()

Before Completion () Living Redevelopment, Remodeling

Characteristic

Resident do not know their neighborhood befo

re moving, Participation is rapidly decreased af

ter moving

MaintenanceAssociation

Very aggressive

Budget from Construction Company Resident Reserve + City Resident + Construction Company

NegotiationConstruction Company

Resident UnitedResident Organization Resident - City Resident United A Resident United B

By scale

By activity

By period

Korea Local SNS can be classified by scale, activity, and launched period

In this study, we will focus on city-wide, Maeulmandeulgi-oriented, and living type.

27

4.2 Case Selection

4.2.4 Evaluation.

Source: Author

Figure 4-4 posting trend analysis

City Daily post

1 Goyang-si 101.0

2 Gunpo-si 100.8

3 Namyangju-si 85.1

4 Eujeongbu-si 41.8

5 Yongin-si 44.6

City

Membership

per population

(%)

1 Gwacheon-si 36.7

2 Gunpo-si 21.1

3 Pocheon-si 10.8

4 Namyangju-si 9.3

5 Eujeongbu-si 5.3

City

Posting

trend

(%)

1 Gwacheon-si 229.0

2 Namyangju-si 246.3

3 Gunpo-si 210.6

4 Eujeongbu-si 185.9

5 Suwon-si 181.8

Firstly, among type 1 Local SNS, I will select Local

SNS managed for public good. I will filter out online

communities having for its aim young mothers

infant care communities where male cannot join, and

online restaurant review communities.

Secondly, I will evaluate Local SNS in terms of (1)

daily post, (2) membership ratio per population, and

(3) posting trend.

Lastly, I will filter out Local SNS managed for local

selfishness.

28

4.2 Case Selection 29

)

1. / 19972. / 19973. Naver Open API (2012

[basin, ]

Type1: Old New Town Gunpo-Si : 1992 1995 (Massive development / short period)

Source:

Many portion of city area

are mountains.

And there is a huge basin

in northern side.

At 1992, New Town was

made all at once with

grand master plan.

More than half of citizen

live in this area, Sanbon.

7,390People/km2 (2005)

1. Master plan for 2020 Namyangju (2007)2. Naver Open API (2012)3. Direction and Limitation of Land Use Planning System in Korea, Choi(2002), Korea Research Institute in Human Settlements

Type2: New Old Town Namyangju-Si : 1994 2006 (Spot development)

Source:

Many portion of city area

are mountains.

Furthermore, almost of

remained area are

designated as a green

belt,

Small spot development

had been done step by

step sporadically without

consideration of

infrastructure.

923People/km2 (2005)

1990

2009

Analysis mode

4.3 Case Study Design

According to Yin (1996), there are six sources of evidence for case study such as (1) documentation, (2)

archival records, (3) interviews, (4) direct observation, (5) participatory observation, (6) physical artifacts.

Among those, I will pick up documentation, archival records, interviews, participatory observation, and

physical artifacts as the evidence collecting.

I set a two interviewee selection standard. Firstly, I classified participants by degree of participation.

Secondly, I classified participants by stakeholders

Non-Participant

Passive-Participant

Active-Participant

offline

Passive-Participant

Active-Participant

Non-Participant

Passive LurkerofflineOnffline

Online

Active Lurker

Passive E-participant

Active E-participant

Conventional Participation Local SNS

3.7 Conclusion

3.7 Conclusion

CHAPTER 5

Old New Town Case: Gunpo-Si Local SNS, Sanbon-love

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

Resident-runCompany-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

O-N

TN

-OT

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

THE AIM To verity how Local SNS overcome urban problems in old new town

To investigate the characteristics of Local SNS during participatory planning process

CH5

5.3 Urban Problems in Gunpo-si

Changed needs and rigid master plan

Since new towns designed and built by rigid master plan at once, it faces difficulties to change with

times. Public space issues were started from parking lots. When 1st period new town planned, parking

lot regulation for 60m2 85m2 was 0.5 lots per a household.

However, in accordance with Article 27 of code for housing construction standard minimum number of

parking lot should 1 lots per a household. Recently remodeled apartment shows the severity of parking

lots shortage problem.

Unit Area

(m2)

Regulation at 1991

number of parking lots / total

area (m2)

Regulation at 2013

number of parking lots / total

area (m2)

Other Metropolitan city and ci

ty area in capital region

Other Metropolitan city and ci

ty area in capital region

- 60 1 / 135

1 / 85

60 - 85 1 / 115

65 - 135 1 / 100

1 / 70

135 - 1 / 85

5.3 Urban Problems in Gunpo-si

High mobility

Apartment complex representatives handle up to 100,000,000()Yen a year. Representative group have

all power to make and modify regulations for apartment complex, decide operate funds, and appoint

and dismiss control offices. As shown in Table 2 2, lawsuits related with apartment operation corruption

in 2009 were 966 in Seoul (SDI, 2010). It was not only for the capital city. There were 439 cases sued in

the city of Gwangju for legal troubles (APTnews, 2010)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total

Lawsuit 158 435 785 814 966 3,158

Injunction 24 39 65 106 273 507

Total 182 474 850 920 1,239 3,665

Table 2-2 Low transparency in apartment complex in Seoul

Source: SDI, 2010

Low Transparency

According to Statistics

Korea (2013), average

period of living in current

house was 6.40 years in

Gyeonggi-do.

5.7 District 8 Living Environment Improvement Project

Source: http://cafe.naver.com/sanbonatpnetwork , (cvvv1230), 2007.04.13 , searched at 2012.10.13

Figure ! .-1 English town planned in unused hide ground

Environment Improvement

With new facilitys

construction, residents became

interested in their living

environment.

As one person revealed that

there were 5 billion won fund but

representative do not try to use

it, he led environment

improvement movement through

Local SNS. It had been done

with 105 residents online

signature.

5.4 Emergence and Transformation of Local SNS, Sanbon-Love

Changed needs and rigid master planPlan

CHAPTER 6

New Old Town Case: Namyangju-Si Local SNS, Dukso-sarang

E-P

artic

ipatio

n

1960s

Local Social Networks (LSN)

1920s 1990s 1998

OFFLINE ONLINE + OFFLINEONLINE

Resident-runCompany-run

5th

perio

d

2nd

perio

d

3rd

perio

d

1stp

eriod

4th

perio

d

O-N

TN

-OT

CA

SE 1

CA

SE 2

Best

Best

2006

CH6

Mo

dern

Pla

nn

ing

Partic

ipato

ry

Pla

nn

ing

THE AIM To verity how Local SNS overcome urban problems in new old town

To investigate the characteristics of Local SNS during participatory planning process

6.3 Urban Problems in Namyangju-si

Quasi-agricultural zone () system, which introduced at 1994 and abolished at 2003,

was the main factor of unplanned urbanization in Namyangju-city.

FAR Floor limit

94.1 400% -

94.6 150% 15

94.7 250% 20

97.9 100% 20

00.2 100% 20

00.7 80% 2095

100

105

110

115

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Gyeonggi-Do Namyangju-city

Gyeonggi-do average Namyangju-city

# of public servant per 1,000 citizens 3.69 2.59

[financial independence rate, ] 73 44

Table 6-1 Regulation change for QAZ in greenfield area

Source: Minister of Construction and Transportation, 2010

Source: Author based on Statistics Korea, 2013

Figure 6-5 the annual rate of population growth

While number of public servant per 1,000 citizens in Gyeonggi-do was 3.69, Namyangju-city was

2.59 (70.2% of average). Moreover, financial independence rate in Namyangju-city was 44%

(60.3% of average) while Gyeonggi-do was 73%.

Table 6-3 Capacity of local government

Source: Korea statistics, 2010

Source: Namyangju city hall, 2011

Figure 6-7 Poor sidewalks in Namyangju-city

39

6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project 40

06) Leaves dropped down too much Local government assisted to maintenance office of adjacent apartment complex to trim leaves

8

6

9

13

1

2

34

11

5

710

12

14

15

16

17

18

20

19

7) Although a pedestrian street was disconnected at the point, a radius for spin a baby stroll was not enough. Moreover traffic light blocked the route. Local government moved a crosswalk.

14, 15, 16) As some part of a pedestrian street was caved in, it was difficult to walk. Furthermore, when if rains it gets worse. Local government found extra drainage problem. It is under construction

4) Due to the Shrine on the way of a pedestrian street, it was very hard to walk. Even the other side were blocked by parked vehicles, baby strolls could not penetrated. Local government widened a street.

2) Though there were ramp at the bump, for its wrong location, people had to curve to raise the ramp. Local government installed an additional ramp.

10, 11, 17) There were no ramp at the bump of street end. Local government installed ramps.

12) There was no ramp at the bump of street end. However, this sidewalk is belong with shop owner. As a result, local government could not cave in the sidewalk. Local government persuaded shop owner to install ramp out of his/her territory.

20) While building a new facility. Sidewalk in front of the facility were winded and bumpy. Local government fixed the surface of sidewalk and straightened the road.

20 Sidewalk Project by Namyangju LBOC

[2007.01 ~ 2011.11 ] Total 27 posts, 226 comments and 10,664 hit

42

Project4

Due to the Shrine on the way of a pedestrian street, it was very hard to walk. Even the other side were

blocked by parked vehicles, baby strolls could not penetrated.

- Local government widened a street.

6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project

Source: Namyangju city hall, 2013 Source: Author

43

Project7

Although a pedestrian street was disconnected at the point, a radius for spin a baby stroll was not

enough. Moreover traffic light blocked the route.

- Local government moved a crosswalk.

6.5 Sidewalk Improvement Project

Source: Daum Open API Source: Author

CHAPTER 7

Conclusion

Source: Author

45

Hardware Software

Urban problems of high-rise new town Difficulties of citizen participation Difficulties of participation in large group

Challenges Impact Challenges Impact Challenges Impact

Uniform design ( ) Representativeness problem ( ) Low participation ratio ( )

Weak sense of community ( - ) Expertise problem ( ) Low level of trust ( )

Break off traditional landscape ( - ) Power inequity ( - ) Contribution problem ( - )

Discordance between public space

and residents use( ) Authority problem ( ) Sanction problem ( )

-Cost problem ( )

-NIMBY ( )

7.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning

Public Space Problems

Failure of Top-down Approach

Failure of Bottom-up Approach

Neglected Public Space

Weak CommunityLow Participation

Local SNSPromote

ParticipationSupplement Public

Servants roleImproved Public

Space

Lower huddle of ParticipationQuasi- Expert

Problem Posing

Lack of Budget& Human Resource

Impact on public space problems

Impact on participatory planning by each criteria

Impact on representativeness problem

467.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning

Gunpo-si (June 2014) Sanbon-Love (June 2014) Resident committee (Oct 2005)

Gunpo-si (June 2014) Sanbon-Love (June 2014) Resident committee (Oct 2005)

Civil participation in dense

urban areas had considered

very challenging mission with

conventional participation

means. However, Local SNS

provides massive public

sphere regardless time and

place.

Local SNS shows more

balanced demographics

compared with resident

committees.

Impact on authority problem

477.3 Impact of Local SNS on participatory planning

As of November 2011 In Sanbon, numerically, 21% of citizen are member of Local SNS. In

Dukso, 29.4% of residents are member of Local SNS. Therefore, mayor, council man, and

congress man started to give careful attention to the public opinion of Local SNS.

In Namyangju-city, Local SNS leaders distributed request list to each candidates at

2008, 2012 congressman election and 2010, 2014 local election.

It gave big pressure to governor and huge power to Local SNS. Sidewalk project was one of

that lists and it was one reason that it fixed in three months, which had not been fixed past

13 years.

Impact on NIMBY problem

As people have more power, Great power comes with great responsibility became more

critical issue. However, some of them abuse it to obtain personal or regional gain.

Some of Local SNS still conflict with local government without interaction. NPOs and

activists in some region complained that Local SNS in their region have no mature civic

awareness.

Principle of intended weak tie

48

Successful Local SNS intentionally weaken social tie in online community, whereas

strengthen social tie in offline meeting.

Addressing real name and showing intimacy of real world are prohibited in online to prevent

other passive participants from feeling uncomfortable to join conversation.

Neutral public sphere formed by Intended weak tie may overcome Like-minded cluster

problem (P. Norris, 2002; Sunstein, 2001; Ikeda, 2005) which cause enclosed

communication.

7.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning

7 Principles for successful Local SNS supporting participatory planning Characteristics of Local SNS

1. Principle of intended weak tie Strength of weakness

2. Principle of reservist Silent majority, lurkers

3. Principle of participation elevator Written discussion

4. Principle of fruit and seed Interest-driven

5. Principle of minimum transfer Accessibility than functionality

6. Principle of size does matter Rebounding issues

7. Principle of quasi-expert Regardless of time and place

Table 7-2 7 principles for successful Local SNS on participatory planning

Source: Author

Characteristics of Local SNS and 7 Principles

Principle of participation elevator

497.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning

Principle of reservist

Even lurkers, silent majority, do not post articles, since they are connected to local issues,

when some issues related with them arose, they can easily turn to participate in the debate.

It takes lots of cost to spread information and recruit participants without reservist

When one issue regarding kindergarten arose, about 100 lurker members who were young babys

parents joined that discussion in a flash. It was amazing- 6th manager of Dukso-sarang

Conventional

participation

1. Taking the initiative

2. Defining shared vision

3. Understanding the locality

4. Developing ideas

5. Agreeing a program

6. Taking action

7. Learning lessons

Local SNS

Principle of minimum transfer

507.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning

Principle of fruits and seed

Many online participatory planning sites failed because they just contain necessary

functions for planning such as planning map, historical data, or statistics.

Ordinary citizens have little interest in those factors even it is important to planning.

Successful Local SNS uses fruit and seed strategy. Even if what their needs is spreading

seeds, they provide delicious flesh of fruit, such as buy/sell board, much bigger than seed.

Sanbon-Love tried to run independent domain to escape pay-free portal sites which have

only limited functions. Almost all of those trials turned into failure. According to Bang GJ

and Jae HS (2006), only 0.47% of independent domain Local SNS had one update in last

one month. The experimental of Sanbon-Love, the largest Local SNS, failed in six months,

and they came back to pay-free portal site,

The reasons people do not visit independent domain is similar with transfer behavior in

public transportation. Even though it does not take much effort to transfer, people are apt to

dislike transfer, rather choose little bit longer way without transfer.

Principle of quasi-expert

517.5 Strategies and tactics for Local SNS planning

Principle of size does matter

The significance of Local SNS is that it enables the participation of workers and students,

most of which have been left out but have professionals in each field.

These new type of leaders may cover lack of budget and human resource in local

government

They (Local SNS managers) are very smart and they play a role like a half-public servant. As we suffer

with short of human force, it was really helpful.- Head of public transportation department in Namyangju

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

May-

08

Jul-08

Sep-0

8

Nov-

08

Jan-0

9

Mar-

09

May-

09

Jul-09

Sep-0

9

Nov-

09

Jan-1

0

Mar-

10

May-

10

Jul-10

Sep-1

0

Nov-

10

Jan-1

1

Mar-

11

May-

11

Jul-11

Sep-1

1

Nov-

11

Jan-1

2

Posts Replies Members PageView(x100)

Average posting trend in community-wide Local SNS was 49.0 while city-wide was 138.7

Source: Hong, SK, 2009

Figure 3-13 Post trend of Apartment-wide Local SNS

Source: Author

Figure 5 22 Statistics of Sanbon-Love (Accumulated value)

Bangkok

Jakarta

Singapore

Beijing

Seoul

Taipei

Hong Kong

Shanghai

Tokyo

Source: MVRDV, 2012

Conditions References

1. Urban area Putnam (2000), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)

2. Large group Olson (1965), Mosher (1967), Hardin (1982), Friedmann (1987), Ostrom (1990), Rimmerman (1997), Renee (2004)

3. High-mobility Putnam (2000)

4. High-rise Sinnett el al (1972), Bickman el al (1976), Nadler, A el al (1982), Korte et al (1983), Cabinet Office of Japan (2007)

Nextdoor

Neighborland

Meetey

Meetup

7.7 Further Research

Proposed model of bottom-up smart city

Combining ONFFline with digital tools

Goodspeed (2013) proves convincingly that ICT-planning support system helps to improve participatory

planning in terms of achieving high level of social learning. Although it raised the level of participation,

number of participants were limited as average 26.3 person for 7 workshops.

It will be more effective when digital participatory tools integrated with ONFFline platform.

INDEX I-PLACE3S

Envision Tomorrow Community VIZ Community Remarks

7.7 Further Research

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

PhD candidate YOON, Zoosunyoonzoosun@gmail.com