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Webb, Metha, and Jordan Foundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview of Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher EducationTRANSCRIPT
© 2013, 2010, 2007, 2003, 2000Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
L. Dean WebbArlene MethaK. Forbis Jordan
Foundations of American Education
Seventh Edition
1-2Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 6
From Revolution to the Twentieth Century
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Overview of Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common
School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education in the Early National Period Northwest Land Ordinances
Land Ordinance of 1785 Required the 16th section of land in each township be set aside for the
support of education Nationalism and Education
Thomas Jefferson Believed men were entitled certain rights Provided legislation in Virginia for system of free, universal public
education Benjamin Rush
Advocate of education for blacks and women Noah Webster
Schools should have distinctive language and curriculum to prove political independence from England
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education in the Early National Period
Educational Innovations Monitorial Schools- Started by an American Quaker
One paid teacher instructed hundreds through use of student helpers or “monitors”
Free School Societies/Charity Schools: For poor children in urban environment
Sunday Schools: Taught children who worked during the week
Infant Schools: Designed for children age 4-7 The Growth of the Academy
Academies for Women: Provided opportunities for women
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Common School Movement Educational system as we now know it
began in 1830 State systems of education established
Moving forces Changing demographics- larger, more urban Demands of the Working Class Social Control The Frontier Movement Extended Suffrage Educational Journals and Organizations Protestant Religious Accommodation
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Horace Mann Considered “Father of American Education” Spokesperson for common school movement Influenced educational legislation Established normal schools (first teacher training
institutions) Henry Barnard
Another major leader of common school Democratic philosophy
Catherine Beecher Strong supporter of common school and female
teachers
Leading Proponents of the Common School Movement
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Growth of State and Local Support and Supervision Increased state support providing aid to
schools Prior to having taxes support education,
parents of children in school paid a rate bill Creation of State Boards and State
Superintendents of Education Creation of Local School Districts and
Superintendents Common Schools developed more organized
curriculum and practices
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Secondary School Movement
Fully established in later part of 19th century First comprehensive high school was
established in 1831 Grew slowly prior to civil war primarily in urban
areas Factors contributing to growth of secondary
education Increased population growth and demand for skilled
workers Tax support and compulsory attendance laws
furthered secondary education and literacy
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Committee of Ten Established by National Education Association Proposed a standardized curriculum Basic subjects with little room for electives Curriculum dominated by college-prep courses
Seven Cardinal Principles A group responding critically to original decision Identified objectives important for education Not solely focused on college-prep goals
Junior high schools appear, providing training for grades six and seven or six through eight
Secondary School Movement
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Developments in Higher Education Increase in common schools led to increase in
higher education First state institutions established in South Lecture, recitation, and strict discipline common Dartmouth College Case
Private colleges secure from government control Morrill Acts-Land-Grant Institutions
Granted 30,000 acres of land to each state for each senator and representative in 1862
Second Morrill Act provided for grants to each state to develop land-grant colleges
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Higher Education for Women Few opportunities existed for women before Civil War During Civil War higher education flourished Women’s colleges established
Emergence of the Modern University Between end of Civil War and beginning of 20th century known
as the “Age of the University” 200 colleges were established in US
Founding of Junior Colleges First established in 1901, established by 1920 Included broad-based needs of community including vocational
and technical training
Developments in Higher Education, cont.
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education of MinoritiesOpportunities for education not even across classes or
races of people Native Americans
Initiated by missionaries trying to convert Treaties and mission schools- trying to assimilate Native
Americans to American society Boarding schools established to help remove children from
tribal settings Native language and culture excluded from classroom In later 19th century the Bureau of Indian Affairs operated day
schools on the reservation Meriam Report- granted US citizenship to all Native Americans
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Hispanic Americans
Life for Mexicans who remained in southwestern states forced to assimilate
Segregated in schools Asian Americans
Discriminated against like other minorities Marked by segregation Special language needs ignored
Black Americans Prior to Civil War- education virtually non-existent After Civil War-Peabody Fund for the Advancement of Negro
Education in the South.
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Education of Minorities, cont. Education of Black Americans, cont.
Freedmen’s Bureau- established 3,000 schools -1869 Booker T. Washington
Emphasized the dignity of labor rather than academic education Advocated practical education to help make blacks self-sufficient
W.E.B. Dubois Believed in education for political and civil equality of blacks Encouraged political activism and founded National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People Segregation of Public Schools
Remained in effect until desegregation movement of 50’s and 60’s
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Teacher Education Formal training of teachers in US began in 19th century Originally chosen for religious beliefs than educational abilities Many times teachers were those who were unsuccessful at other
occupations Teacher Institutes
Before normal schools, teachers had little training would attend institute Normal Schools
Included specific training for teachers Mainly included women Included a model school where students could practice teaching By 1920 programs were 4 years and became teachers’ colleges and
later “state colleges” Universities offer Teacher Training
Webb, Metha, and JordanFoundations of American Education, 7e © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Review for Chapter 6 Education in the Early National Period The Common School Movement Leading Proponents of the Common
School Movement Secondary School Movement Developments in Higher Education Education of Minorities Teacher Education