© 2011 the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. chapter 10 motivation and emotion
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Theories of Motivation Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders Motivation in Everyday Life Emotion Pursuit of Happiness
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Motivation
the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do
energizes, directs, and sustains behavior
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Theories of Motivation
Evolutionary Approach instincts
Drive Reduction Theory drives, needs, and homeostasis
Optimum Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson law overlearning
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Biology of Hunger
Gastric signals stomach contractions cholecystokinin (CCK)
Blood chemistry glucose insulin leptin
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Hunger and the Brain
Hypothalamus lateral hypothalamus
initiation of hunger and eating ventromedial hypothalamus
cessation of hunger and eating
Neurotransmitters
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Obesity and Eating Behavior
Obesity is widespread.
Biology of Overeatinggenetics
set point
fat (adipose) cells
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Obesity and Eating Behavior
Psychological Factors
In the past, the focus was on emotional state external food cues
Current research is focusing on time and place cues sugar and fat content
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Disordered Eating
Anorexia Nervosa
relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation more common among females main characteristics
less than 85% of normal weight
unsupported fear of gaining weight
distorted body image
amenorrhea
medical dangers and mortality
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Disordered Eating
Bulimia Nervosa
binge-and-purge more common among females preoccupied with food fearful, depressed, anxious, shame medical dangers
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Disordered Eating
Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia
sociocultural media images family interactions
biological genetics serotonin regulation neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging
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Disordered Eating
Binge Eating Disorder
recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large amounts of food
despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of discomfort
8% of the obese have BED causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine,
stress)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
sequence of needs
basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied
self-actualization (motivation to develop to our fullest potential)
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Self-Determination Theory
Three Basic Organismic Needs
1. competenceself-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success
2. relatednesswarm relations with others, need to belong
3. autonomyindependence and self-reliance
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Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation organismic needs + enjoyability key to achievement
Extrinsic Motivation incentives (rewards, punishments)
Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation?
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Self Regulation
Self regulation is the process by which an
organism controls behavior in order to
pursue important objectives.
Goal Setting specific moderately challenging long term purpose short term accomplishment
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Resisting Temptation
Delay of Gratification
putting off pleasurable experience knowing there will be future payoff
distraction helps us resist temptation
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Emotion
a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression
physiological arousal
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System → arouses Parasympathetic Nervous System → calms
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Measuring Arousal
skin conductance level
polygraph heart rate, breathing, SCL neutral v. target questions results do not reliably detect deception Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) fMRI may better detect deception
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Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory physiological arousal emotion perception of physiological changes
Cannon-Bard Theory emotional and physiological reactions
occur simultaneously
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Limbic System: Amygdala fear system: two pathways
thalamus ↔ amygdala
sensory cortex persistence of emotional memories
Cerebral Hemispheres left hemisphere: approach-related emotions right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions
Emotion and the Brain
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Emotion: Cognitive Factors
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter/Singer)
physiological arousal
cognitive labeling
arousal interpret external cues label emotion
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Emotion: Factors
Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can
involve physiological arousal, conscious
experience, and behavioral expression.
The Primacy Debate
Which comes first - feeling or thinking? Lazarus: appraisal determines feelings Zajonc: preferences need no inferences
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Emotion: Factors
Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can
involve physiological arousal, conscious
experience, and behavioral expression.
Behavioral Factors verbal or nonverbal nonverbal - facial expression, posture,
gestures
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Emotion: Behavioral Factors
Identifying Facial Expressionshappiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
Facial Feedback Hypothesis facial expression can influence emotions supports the James-Lange theory of emotions
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Emotion: Sociocultural Factors
Comparative Perspectives expression of emotions similar across cultures display rules do vary across cultures
Computer Communication emoticons
Gender Influences stereotypes
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Classifying Emotions
Valencepositive v. negative affect
Arousal Levelactive and engaged v. passive and calm
Positive Negative
High Ecstasy Fury
Low Contentment Boredom
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Adaptive Function of Emotions
Negative Emotions take immediate corrective action
Positive Emotions broaden-and-build model
Resilience positive outlook emotional wisdom
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Pursuit of Happiness
Biological Factors genetics set point
Obstacles hedonic treadmill direct pursuit can backfire
Happiness Activities & Goal Striving altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection personally meaningful goal investment
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Chapter Summary
Describe the evolutionary, drive reduction, and optimum arousal theories of motivation.
Explain the physiological basis of hunger and the nature of eating behavior.
Distinguish the competing theories of emotion.
Characterize the range of factors affecting emotions.
Classify emotions.
© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chapter Summary
Theories of Motivation drive reduction and optimum arousal theories
Hunger biological and psychological influences obesity and eating disorders
Non-Biological Theories of Motivation Maslow’s hierarchy self-determination and self regulation intrinsic v. extrinsic motivations