© 2004 jörg ott · dirk kutscher why seamless? towards exploiting wlan-based intermittent...
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© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Why Seamless?Towards Exploiting WLAN-basedIntermittent Connectivity on the Road
Jörg Ott <[email protected]>
Dirk Kutscher <[email protected]>
TNC 2004 · Rhodes · 9 June 2004
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Approaches to Seamless Connectivity Link Layer Mobility
Cellular Networks (GSM, GPRS): Intended for ubiquitous coverage Fundamental Service: low-bandwidth bit-pipe with transparent mobility Cell range rather large Disruptions are a every-day phenomenon
IP Layer Mobility Maintain communication relationships despite network layer mobility Handover delays
Dependent on many factors (RTT to HA etc) Vertical handovers likely to cause disruptions
Hybrid Networks Always-Best-Connected approach Utilise multiple network interfaces concurrently, select most appropriate dynamically Still no guarantee for non-disrupted service
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Seamless Connectivity
100% coverage not achievableService disruptions, battery life, occasional obstacles, network saturationEconomics of service provisioning (mountains, tunnels, valleys, deserts, …)
Where available, not necessarily suitable (particularly cellular)Limited data rateCost structure
Does not address all use casesNomadic users: Switching locations with computer turned offLegal enforcement: e.g. on aircrafts
Finally: not needed for many applications!
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Seamless Connectivity
100% coverage not achievableService disruptions, battery life, occasional obstacles, network saturationEconomics of service provisioning (mountains, tunnels, valleys, deserts, …)
Where available, not necessarily suitable (particularly cellular)Limited data rateCost structure
Does not address all use casesNomadic users: Switching locations with computer turned offLegal enforcement: e.g. on aircrafts
Finally: not needed for many applications!
Little point in striving for ubiquitous connectivity –service disruptions may occur anyway...
Disconnection Tolerant Networking
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Disconnection Tolerant Networking
Successive periods with and without connectivityWell known: moving between office, home, hotels, Internet cafés, etc.Controlled long periods of connectivity, manually managed by user
Rather cumbersome to handle
Extreme case Drive-thru Internet: network access from vehicles Initially: rare and short connectivity periods, long periods without network
Ultimately: may potentially transition to approximate permanent connectivity
Limited influence by the mobile user, manual control not possible
Goal: conceal intermittent nature of connectivity from usersAutomate connectivity establishment, support applications In vehicles, on trains, … but also for commuting between home and office
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Extreme Networking Scenario: Autobahn
1 km
6 km
4 km
2 min 3 min
0,5 min
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
System Architecture
ISP BISP A
Internet
Connectivity
Islands
Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Distance (m)
kbit
/s
180 km/h
120 km/h
80 km/h
Data Rate (TCP, 802.11b, plain AP)Entryphase
Productionphase
Exitphase
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
802.11b vs. 802.11g (High Gain Antenna)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Distance (m)
Da
ta r
ate
(k
bit
/s)
802.11b
802.11g
TCP transmission, 120 km/h, fixed mobile
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
802.11g Data Volume (120km/h)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
0 80 160
240
320
400
480
560
640
720
800
880
960
1040
1120
1200
1280
1360
1440
1520
1600
1680
1760
Distance (m)
Vo
lum
e (
KB
)
25 – 30 MB
over ~1000m
in about 30 seconds
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Architectural Implications
Concentrate data exchange on the production phaseMinimize activities during entry and exit phases:Lower 802.11 transmission rates and packet loss hurt overall performance
Perform autoconfiguration + authentication during the entry phaseWorkable with minimal effortAllows to make most of the production phase
Make short-lived connectivity useful for applicationsE.g. persistent transport across connectivity islandsTo exchange larger data volumes independent of the application
Application-specific support where necessary
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Types of Applications Asynchronous Applications
Examples: Mail (SMTP, POP3), NetNewsBidirectional push and pull, usually initiated by mobile nodeSession-oriented communications, identifiable transactionsIndividual transactions may complete within one cloudTransactions can only be recovered as a whole
Access to information resources (WWW) Audio/Video Communication Distributed Object Synchronisation New Applications
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
System Architecture
ISP BISP A
Internet
ServerDrive-thru-Proxies
Drive-thru Client
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Different Levels of Support
No SupportSessions must complete within connectivity windows
No SupportSessions must complete within connectivity windows
Persistent ConnectionsConcealing intermittent nature of connectivity
Persistent ConnectionsConcealing intermittent nature of connectivity
ALG servicesDrive-thru clients proxy and manage application transactions
ALG servicesDrive-thru clients proxy and manage application transactions
Advanced ALG servicesALG performs message prefetching and provides local message store
Advanced ALG servicesALG performs message prefetching and provides local message store
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example: E-Mail
E-mail well suited to Drive-thru environment
Sending e-mail straightforwardDrive-thru client as local SMTP relay server
Retrieving e-mail requires more thoughtOffline mode preferable
Allows for short session and automated message retrievalOnline mode more difficult
Requires persistent connections
Using POP3 as protocolCommonly supported by servers
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Sample POP3 Operation
Client Server
+OK
USER foo
PASS bar
+OK
+OK
UIDL
+OK …
RETR 1
+OK 400 octets
<msg>
QUIT
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Drive-thru POP3 Operation with ALG Support
Client ServerDrive-thru-Client Drive-thru-Proxy
Origin POP3serverMessage storeMessage store
(optional)
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
Network AttachementIEEE 802.11 associationIP auto-configurationAuthentication
Must be automatic Dependent on hot-spot architecture
Network AttachementIEEE 802.11 associationIP auto-configurationAuthentication
Must be automatic Dependent on hot-spot architecture
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
Application interactionInitiate sessions through local Drive-
thru client Access to e-mail with POP3
Drive-thru client provides application layer support for POP3 Careful transaction completion Monitors current connectivity status Forwards requests to actual POP3 server
via Drive-thru proxy
Application interactionInitiate sessions through local Drive-
thru client Access to e-mail with POP3
Drive-thru client provides application layer support for POP3 Careful transaction completion Monitors current connectivity status Forwards requests to actual POP3 server
via Drive-thru proxy
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
POP3 Operation: Client Initiates Retrieval
Client ServerDrive-thru-Client Drive-thru-Proxy
<connection setup> <PCMP setup><connection setup>
+OK+OK+OK
<auth><auth>
<auth>
+OK+OK
+OK
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Drive-thru POP3 Operation
Client ServerDrive-thru-Client Drive-thru-Proxy
+OK
<msg>
UIDL
+OK …
RETR 1
UIDL
+OK …
<msg>
RETR 2
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
Resuming interrupted sessionsRepeating outstanding and interrupted
POP3 requestsAnswering local POP3 requests
Resuming interrupted sessionsRepeating outstanding and interrupted
POP3 requestsAnswering local POP3 requests
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Drive-thru POP3 Operation
Client ServerDrive-thru-Client Drive-thru-Proxy
RETR 1
+OK …
<msg>
UIDL+OK …
+OK …
+OK …<msg>
RETR 1
+OK …<msg>
RETR 2RETR 2
+OK …
<msg>
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
Terminating application sessions Removing ALG state Terminate Drive-thru session
Terminating application sessions Removing ALG state Terminate Drive-thru session
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Application Example
ISP BISP A
Internet
Drive-thru Proxy Server
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
Conclusion Questioning seamless connectivity
Rarely available, not always required
Disconnection Tolerant Networking Take intermittent connectivity into accountViable for many, but not for all application classesApproach: Provide different levels of infrastructure support
Drive-thru Internet approachTestbed for Disconnection Tolerant Networking with extreme characteristicsDrive-thru entities maintain persistent connections during disruptionsApplication-specific functions as optional enhancements
© 2004 Jörg Ott · Dirk Kutscher
www.drive-thru-internet.org