Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 571–595, 2004 0892-3310/04

The Hum: An Anomalous Sound Heard Around the World

DAVID DEMINGCollege of Geosciences, University of Oklahoma, 100 East Boyd Street,Room 710, Norman, OK 73019e-mail: ddeming@ou.edu

Abstract — The Hum is a mysterious and untraceable sound that is heard in certain locations around the world by two to ten percent of the population. Historically, the area that has been most affected by the Hum is the United Kingdom, where reports have been frequent since the early 1970s. In the United States, Hum reports date from the early 1990s, with the two most publicized locations being Taos, New Mexico, and Kokomo, Indiana. The source of the Hum has never been located. The Hum does not appear to be a form of tinnitus and may not be an acoustic sound. More than just a noise, the Hum is also capable of manifesting as vibrations felt throughout the body and is often accompanied by a suite of physical symptoms that includes headaches, nausea, and pain in the ears. Analysis of the largely anecdotal data that are available at the present time suggests that the most probable explanation is that some people have the capability to interpret radio transmissions at certain wavelengths as sound. It is well established in the scientific literature that people can hear electromagnetic energy at certain frequencies and peak power levels. Previous studies have found that a subset of the population has an electromagnetic sensitivity that is significantly greater than the mean. Several hypotheses are considered and discussed as possible sources of the Hum. These include cellular telephone transmissions, LORAN, HAARP, and the TACAMO aircraft operated by the US Navy for the purpose of submarine communications.

Keywords: Hum—TACAMO—HAARP—sound—Kokomo—Taos

In 1992, media in the United States reported that the tranquil community of Taos, New Mexico, had been perturbed by a mysterious and annoying sound that only a minority of the

Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 571–595, 2004 0892-3310/04

Hum: anomalična Zvuk Heard Around the World

DAVID DEMINGFakultet geoznanosti, Sveučilište u Oklahomi, 100 East Boyd Street,Soba 710, Norman, OK 73019e-mail: ddeming@ou.edu

Sažetak - Hum je tajanstven i Untraceable zvuk koji se čuje u nekim mjestima širom svijeta po dva do deset posto stanovništva. Povijesno gledano, područje koje je najviše pogođena Hum je Velika Britanija, gdje su izvješća bili česti od ranih 1970-ih. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, Hum izvješća potječu iz ranih 1990-ih, s dva najveća publicirati mjestima budu Taos, New Mexico, i Kokomo, Indiana. Izvor iz Huma nikada nije lociran. Hum ne pojavljuju se oblik zujanje u ušima i ne može biti akustični zvuk. Više od buke, Hum je također sposoban manifestira kao vibracija osjećao po cijelom tijelu, a često je popraćena odgovaraju fizičkih simptoma koji uključuje glavobolje, mučninu i bol u ušima. Analiza uglavnom anegdota podacima koji su dostupni u ovom trenutku sugerira da je najvjerojatnije objašnjenje je da neki ljudi imaju sposobnost da tumači radio prijenose na određenim valnim dužinama kao zvuk. To je dobro uspostavljene u znanstvenoj literaturi da ljudi mogu čuti elektromagnetsku energiju na određenim frekvencijama i vršne snage razinama. Prethodne su studije pokazale da je podskup populacije ima elektromagnetsko osjetljivost koja je znatno veća od prosjeka. Nekoliko hipoteza smatra i razgovarali kao mogućih izvora Hum. To uključuje mobilne telefonske prijenose, Loran, HAARP, i TACAMO zrakoplovom američke mornarice u svrhu podmorskih komunikacija.

Ključne riječi: Hum-TACAMO-HAARP-zvuk-Kokomo-Taos

Godine 1992, mediji u SAD-u su izvijestili da je mirna zajednica Taos, New Mexico, bio uznemiren tajanstveni i neugodno zvuk koji samo manjina stanovništva čuo. Izvješća počeo kada Catanya Saltzman je napisao pismo u lokalnim novinama gunđanje o zvuku. Saltzman

population heard. The reports began when Catanya Saltzman wrote a letter to the local newspaper complaining about the sound. Saltzman’s letter was met by a ‘‘deafening’’ response from other people in the community who had been suffering but had been reluctant to be the first to come forward (Lambert & Haederle, 1992).

Although the reports from Taos were the first significant media notice in the United States, an unexplained low-frequency sound had plagued certain locations in the United Kingdom since at least the early 1970s. This sound is often referred to as the ‘‘Taos Hum’’ or just ‘‘The Hum’’1 (Figure 1). Subsequent reports have increased in recent years. The most notable recent occurrence in the United States occurred in Kokomo, Indiana, starting in 1999.

Fig. 1: The Torment of the Hum, by Rosemarie Mann.

Although this phenomenon has been annoying a significant number of people in the United Kingdom and elsewhere for thirty years or more, there have been few serious scientific investigations. Only a handful of articles have been published in the scientific literature (Broner, 1978; Cowan, 2003; Fox, 1989; Leventhall, 2003; Mullins & Kelly, 1995, 1998; Hanlon, 1973; Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977; Wilson, 1979), so I am forced to rely mostly on anecdotal reports.2

History and Occurrence

Corliss (1983: 178) provided a bibliography of reports in the scientific literature of ‘‘unidentified humming sounds’’ that dates back to 1830. Corliss (1983) identified five reports in the nineteenth-century literature, but the first twentieth-century reference is dated 1970.

Nineteenth-century reports of anomalous sounds appear to be distinctly different from the Hum, and Corliss (1983) placed them into a separate category. Nineteenth-century reports describe a sound that is like ‘‘the humming of apparently a large swarm of bees’’ (Corliss, 1983: 179). But twentieth-century reports of the Hum describe ‘‘a constant throbbing hum, something like the bass frequency of a heavy lorry with its engine

pismo je susreo s'' bučne'' odgovor od drugih ljudi u zajednici koji je patio, ali je bio nerado biti prvi koji će istupiti (Lambert & Haederle, 1992).

Iako su izvještaji iz Taos su prvi značajniji mediji obavijest u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, neobjašnjivi niske frekvencije zvuka je udario određene lokacije u Velikoj Britaniji od najmanje ranih 1970-ih. Ovaj zvuk se često naziva'' Hum Taos'' ili'' samo'' Hum jednom (slika 1). Naknadne izvješća povećao u posljednjih nekoliko godina. Najistaknutiji novija pojava u Sjedinjenim Državama dogodio u Kokomo, Indiana, s početkom u 1999.

Slika. 1: mukama od Huma, a Rosemarie Mann.

Iako je ovaj fenomen je neugodno značajan broj ljudi u Velikoj Britaniji i drugdje za trideset ili više godina, bilo je nekoliko ozbiljnih znanstvenih istraživanja. Samo nekolicina članaka objavljeni su u znanstvenoj literaturi (Broner, 1978; Cowan, 2003; Fox, 1989; Leventhall, 2003; Mullins & Kelly, 1995, 1998, Hanlon, 1973; Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977; Wilson, 1979 ), pa sam prisiljen osloniti uglavnom na anegdotalnim reports.2

Povijest i Događaj

Corliss (1983: 178), pod uvjetom bibliografiju izvješća u znanstvenoj literaturi'' neidentificirane zuji zvukove'' koji datira 1830. Corliss (1983) identificirali pet izvješća u devetnaestom stoljeću književnosti, ali prvi dvadesetog stoljeća spominje se od 1970.

Devetnaestog stoljeća izvješća neobičnim zvukovima pojavljuju se izrazito razlikuje od Huma, a Corliss (1983) stavila ih u zasebnu kategoriju. Devetnaestog stoljeća izvješća opisati zvuk koji je kao'' u zuji očito veliki roj pčela'' (Corliss, 1983: 179). Ali dvadesetog stoljeća izvješća Hum opisati'' stalnu lupanje šum, nešto poput bas frekvencije bučne kamiona sa svojim motorom na čekanju'' (Corliss, 1983: 179). Potonji Zvuk je klasični opis Hum.

on idle’’ (Corliss, 1983: 179). The latter sound is the classic description of the Hum.

The Hum is a worldwide phenomenon. Reports have come from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States (Brooker, 1994), Japan (Stedman, 2003), and Germany (Oeder, 2001). Leventhall (2003: 43) listed a ‘‘Bristol Hum (England), Largs Hum (Scotland), Copenhagen Hum (Denmark), Vancouver Hum (Canada), Taos Hum (New Mexico, USA), [and] Kokomo Hum (Indiana, USA).’’

The oldest and most frequent reports have been from the United Kingdom. These reports may go back as early as the 1940s and 1950s. ‘‘More than 2000 people in the London and South Hampton areas of Great Britain have reported hearing sounds dating back to the 1940s’’ (Donnelly, 1993). In 1995, a Scottish newspaper, the Sunday Herald, reported that theHumwas ‘‘first reported in the late 1950s when people in Britain began to report hearing a most unusual noise— a combination of a humming, droning and buzzing sound’’ (Anonymous, 1995).

Mullins and Kelly (1998: 121) stated that annoying low-frequency sounds have been reported in Great Britain since the mid 1960s. In 1989, the New Scientist reported the case of an individual who started to hear the Hum in 1967 (Fox, 1989). A case history reported in the paper by Griggs (1990) may originate from the same individual.

Reliable and widespread reports of the Hum date from the early 1970s. In 1970, a letter published in the New Scientist complained of a humming noise ‘‘only heard inside buildings’’ (Wallace, 1970). In 1973, the New Scientist reported the existence of ‘‘50 cases of people complaining about a low throbbing background noise that no one else can hear’’ (Hanlon, 1973: 415). Bristol, a port city in southwest England, has been plagued by the ‘‘Bristol Hum’’ since 1971 (Davies, 1996). In 1994, The Independent, a London newspaper, declared ‘‘Over the past three decades, reports of the Hum have become more frequent and widespread’’ (Brooker, 1994).

The first notable Hum reports in the popular media began with three stories printed in the Sunday Mirror (United Kingdom) in 1977

Hum je svjetski fenomen. Izvješća dolaze iz Velike Britanije, Australije, Novog Zelanda, Kanade, SAD-a (Brooker, 1994), Japana (Stedman, 2003), i Njemačke (Oeder, 2001). Leventhall (2003: 43) na popisu Hum'' Bristol (Engleska), Largs Hum (Škotska), Kopenhagen Hum (Danska), Vancouver Hum (Kanada), Taos Hum (Novi Meksiko, SAD), [i] Kokomo Hum (Indiana , SAD).''

Najstariji i najčešće su izvješća iz Velike Britanije. Ta izvješća mogu vratiti već 1940-ih i 1950-ih. '' Više od 2.000 ljudi u Londonu i Južnoj Hampton područja Velike Britanije su izvijestili sluha zvukove datiraju 1940'' (Donnelly, 1993). Godine 1995, škotski novine, nedjelja Herald, izvijestio je da theHumwas'' prvi izvijestio u kasnim 1950-ih, kada su ljudi u Velikoj Britaniji počeli izvještavati sluh najneobičnijeg buke kombinaciju zuji, droning i zujanje zvuk'' (Anonymous, 1995).

Mullins i Kelly (1998: 121) navodi da je neugodno niskofrekventne zvukove zabilježeni su u Velikoj Britaniji od sredine 1960-ih. Godine 1989, časopis The New Scientist izvijestio slučaj pojedinca koji je započeo čuti Hum 1967 (Fox, 1989). Anamneza izvijestio je u radu po Griggs (1990) svibanj potječu iz istog pojedinca.

Pouzdani i raširena izvješća Hum datiraju iz ranih 1970-ih. Godine 1970, pismo objavljeno u New Scientist žalili na brujanje'' samo čuli unutar zgrada'' (Wallace, 1970). Godine 1973, New Scientist izvijestio postojanje'' 50 slučajeva ljudi gunđanje o niskoj lupanje pozadinske buke da nitko drugi ne može čuti'' (Hanlon, 1973: 415). Bristol, lučki grad u jugozapadnoj Engleskoj, je udario po Hum'' Bristol'' od 1971 (Davies, 1996). Godine 1994, The Independent, London novine, proglasio'' Tijekom protekla tri desetljeća, izvješća Hum su postali češći i raširena'' (Brooker, 1994).

Prve značajne Hum izvješća u popularnim medijima počelo s tri priče tiskane u Sunday Mirror (Velika Britanija) 1977 (Walford, 1983) 0,3, nakon objavljivanja ovog izvješća, u nedjelju Mirror je potopljen s 768 pisama od čitatelja koji su prijavili Čuvši Hum (Broner, 1978; Martin & Barker, 1977; Wilson, 1979).

(Walford, 1983).3 Following the publication of this report, the Sunday Mirror was deluged with 768 letters from readers who reported hearing the Hum (Broner, 1978; Martin & Barker, 1977; Wilson, 1979).

The first scientific study of the Hum of which I am aware was published in the journal Applied Acoustics in 1977 (Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977). The investigators concluded:

The phenomenon of low frequency throbbing noise which has been the subject of annoyance to a small but earnest number of people in the geographical area studied is very probably a real phenomenon and not imagined or self-generated (Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977: 66).

Walford (1983) states that the ‘‘first laboratory contact’’ with people who hear the Hum was reported by Coles and Thornton (1973). Coles and Thornton (1973) never used the word ‘‘Hum’’ but described a phenomenon that appears to be the Hum.

Most bizarre perhaps are those persons who hear noises in their surroundings, even in our electromagnetically screened anechoic chamber, but nevertheless forcefully assert that somebody or something is creating some new kind of vibrational energy which is perceptible to them as an audible sound (Cole & Thornton, 1983: 320).

People living in Largs, Scotland, a coastal town about 31 km west of Glasgow, have been bothered by the Hum since the 1980s (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). Largs appears to be one of several coastal towns in the west coastal area of Scotland that have been affected since about 1980 or earlier (Sieveking, 2001: 31). In 2001, the Hum was also reported at Whitehills, Scotland, a small town on the northern coast (Mcquillan, 2001). Sieveking (2001: 31) reported that in the 1970s citizens in Rome, Italy, were plagued by a ‘‘throbbing, repetitive noise’’ that kept them awake at night. The noise apparently vanished and did not recur.

The first media reports of the Hum in the United States began in 1992. Hearers in Taos, New Mexico, reported that they began perceiving the Taos Hum around May of 1991 (Baker, 1993; Begley & Meyer, 1993; Donnelly, 1993; Farley, 1993; Haederle, 1993; Lambert & Haederle,

Prva znanstvena studija Hum od kojih sam svjestan je objavljena u časopisu Applied Acoustics 1977 (Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977). Istraživači su zaključili:

Fenomen nisku razinu buke frekvencije lupanje koja je bila predmet smetnja u malom, ali ozbiljna broj ljudi u zemljopisnom području studirao je vrlo vjerojatno pravi fenomen, a ne izmišljene ili self-generiran (Vasudevan & Gordon, 1977: 66).

Walford (1983) navodi da'' prvi laboratorij kontakt'' s ljudima koji čuju Hum je izvijestio Coles i Thornton (1973). Coles i Thornton (1973) nikada ne koristi riječ'' Hum'', ali je opisao fenomen koji se pojavljuje se Hum.

Većina bizarne možda su one osobe koje čuju zvukove u svojoj okolini, čak iu našoj elektromagnetski prikazan gluhoj komori, ali ipak nasilno tvrditi da netko ili nešto stvara neku novu vrstu vibracijske energije koja je primjetan na njih kao zvučnim zvuk (Cole & Thornton , 1983: 320).

Ljudi koji žive u Largs, Škotska, obalni grad oko 31 km zapadno od Glasgowa, bili smeta Hum od 1980 (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). Largs Čini se da je jedan od nekoliko obalnih gradova u zapadnom obalnom području Škotske koji su pogođeni od oko 1980 ili ranije (Sieveking, 2001: 31). U 2001, Hum je također izvijestio u Whitehills, Škotske, gradić na sjevernoj obali (Mcquillan, 2001). Sieveking (2001: 31) izvijestio je da je u 1970 građana u Rimu, Italija, su udario po'' lupanje, ponavljaju buke'' koji ih je držao budnima noću. Buka navodno nestao i nije se ponoviti.

Prva medijska izvješća o Humu u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama počela je 1992. Slušatelji u Taos, New Mexico, izvijestio je da su počeli doživljavanju Taos Hum oko svibnju 1991 (Baker, 1993; Begley & Meyer, 1993; Donnelly, 1993; Farley, 1993; Haederle, 1993; Lambert & Haederle, 1992; Presliju, 1993). Iako Taos Hum dobila veću medijsku pozornost, to je prethodilo nekoliko mjeseci po izvještajima iz Hueytown, Alabama (Haddad, 1992; Newman, 1992; Olinger, 1992; smothers, 1992).

1992; Pressley, 1993). Although the Taos Hum received more media attention, it was preceded by several months by reports from Hueytown, Alabama (Haddad, 1992; Newman, 1992; Olinger, 1992; Smothers, 1992).

Researchers in Taos, New Mexico, circa 1993–1995, said they received letters from ‘‘all over the country describing a similar phenomenon’’ (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 3). Hearers in Taos reported that the Hum was more prevalent during nighttime hours and that it was persistent, although not on an around-the-clock basis. About 80 percent of hearers reported hearing the Hum at least once a week (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 5). In Norman, Oklahoma, I have heard the Hum since 1994.

In 1996, the Boston Herald reported a Hum heard by residents in the small communities of Hull and Nahant, Massachusetts. Hull and Nahant are located on peninsulas projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, about 13 km east of Boston. Reports described the noise as the classic sound of an engine idling in the distance and included accounts of picture frames vibrating and windows rattling (Weber, 1996: 23).

In 1997, the Caledonian Record, a small newspaper published in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, reported that some local inhabitants had heard a humming sound. One hearer stated that he had heard the Hum since 1989 (Montany, 1997).

The most recent incident to attain notoriety and widespread media attention was the Kokomo Hum, which began in 1999, and was first reported in 2001 (Albrecht, 2002; Falda, 2002; Fountain, 2002; Huppke, 2002; Kozarovich, 2001, 2002; Lewis, 2004; Sharpe, 2001; Sink, 2003; Stuteville, 2002).

Reports of a Hum problem in Southwest Germany began appearing in the media in 2001 (Oeder, 2001). In 2002, the Times Colonist in Victoria, British Columbia, reported that a small group of people in Victoria had heard the Hum as early as 1994 (Glen, 2002).

There are other cases of humming noises being reported around the United States, but the reports are too sketchy and inconclusive to classify as the Hum. In August and September of 1985, there were reports of mysterious humming noises in San Francisco, California,

Istraživači u Taos, New Mexico, oko 1993-1995, rekao primili su pisma iz'' u cijeloj zemlji, opisuje sličnu pojavu'' (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 3). Slušatelji u Taos izvijestio je da je Hum bio češći tijekom noćnih sati, te da je to bio uporan, iako ne na oko-the-clock osnovi. Oko 80 posto slušatelja izvijestio je čuo Hum barem jednom tjedno (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 5). U Norman, Oklahoma, čuo sam Hum od 1994.

Godine 1996, Boston Herald izvijestio Hum čuo rezidenata u malim zajednicama Hull i Nahant, Massachusetts. Hull i Nahant se nalazi na poluotocima strše u Atlantskom oceanu, oko 13 km istočno od Bostona. Izvješća opisao buku kao klasični zvuk motora u praznom hodu u daljini i uključen račune slike okvira vibriraju i prozore zveckanje (Weber, 1996: 23).

Godine 1997, Caledonian Snimanje, mali list je objavio u St. Johnsbury, Vermont, izvijestio je da su neki lokalni stanovnici čuo zujanje. Jedan slušatelj naveo da je čuo Hum od 1989 (Montany, 1997).

Najnovija Incident postići slavu i široko medijsku pozornost bila je Kokomo Hum, koji je započeo u 1999, i bio je prvi izvijestio u 2001 (Albrecht, 2002; Falda, 2002; Fontana, 2002; Huppke, 2002; Kozarovich, 2001, 2002; Lewis, 2004; Sharpe, 2001; Sudoper, 2003; Stuteville, 2002).

Izvješća u Humu problema u jugozapadnoj Njemačkoj počeli su se pojavljivati u medijima u 2001 (Oeder, 2001). U 2002, Times naseljenik u Victoria, British Columbia, izvijestio je da je mala skupina ljudi u Viktoriji čuo Hum kao Već 1994 (Glen, 2002).

Postoje i drugi slučajevi zuji buke se prijavili oko Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, ali izvješća su previše nedorečena i neuvjerljiv klasificirati kao Hum. U kolovozu i rujnu 1985, bilo je izvješća o misterioznim zuji buke u San Franciscu, u Kaliforniji, u blizini Seattle, Washington (Associated Press, 1985; Rubenstein, 1985). Ali ovi poremećaji čini se da su kratkotrajan. 4

Simptomi

Iako je fenomen stekao naziv'' Hum'', u većini

and near Seattle, Washington (Associated Press, 1985; Rubenstein, 1985). But these disturbances seem to have been shortlived. 4

Symptoms

Although the phenomenon has acquired the name of the ‘‘Hum’’, in most cases the sound that is perceived is not a ‘‘hum’’, as commonly defined. The dictionary definition of ‘‘hum’’ refers to a continuous sound that is low in tone. But the classic sound of the Hum is that of a diesel engine idling in the distance. Succinctly put, the Hum is not a hum. Leventhall (2003) described the Hum as:

. . . a steady hum, a throb, a low speed diesel engine, rumble and pulsing. A higher pitch . . . is sometimes attributed (Leventhall, 2003: 43).

In tests in which hearers were asked to compare and match what they heard to musical tones, people in Taos, New Mexico, matched the Hum to tones in the range of 40 to 80 Hz (Mullins & Kelly, 1995). Higher-pitched tones are also possible—I have heard them myself. Hearers of the Hueytown (Alabama) Hum compared the sound to that made by a dentist’s drill or the sound made by a fluorescent light bulb near the end of its life. Hearers in Kokomo, Indiana, reported both the classic sound of an engine idling as well as a ‘‘droning’’ noise (Kozarovich, 2001).5

In 1996, the Daily Telegraph reported that the Bristol Hum was heard by about two percent of the population (Davies, 1996). In an effort to determine what percentage of the population was affected by the Hum, researchers in Taos, New Mexico, sent 8000 questionnaires to residents within a 40-mile (64 km) circle of Taos. They obtained 1440 responses, including 161 from people who were classified on the basis of their responses as ‘‘hearers’’. Assuming that everyone who heard the Hum responded, this sets a lower limit of two percent on the proportion of the population affected. If hearers were equally well represented among non-respondents, then the percentage of hearers may be as high as eleven percent (Mullins & Kelly, 1995).

Hearers typically must travel several tens of kilometers to escape from the Hum. The range of the sound was reported by Lambert and

slučajeva zvuk koji se percipira nije'''' Hum, kao i obično definira. Rječnik definicija'' Hum'' odnosi se na kontinuirani zvuk koji je niska u ton. No, klasični zvuk Hum je da je dizel motor u praznom u daljini. Kratko i jasno rečeno, Hum nije šum. Leventhall (2003) opisao Hum:

. . . stalni šum, lupati, niska brzina dizelski motor, tutnjava i pulsiranje. Viši teren. . . ponekad pripisuje (Leventhall, 2003: 43).

U testovima u kojima slušatelji su zamoljeni da usporedite i onome što su čuli za glazbene tonove, ljudi u Taos, New Mexico, odgovarala Hum na tonova u rasponu od 40 do 80 Hz (Mullins & Kelly, 1995). Visoko-razapeo tonovi su također moguće, čuo sam ih osobno. Slušateljice Hueytown (Alabama) Hum usporedio zvuk koji donosi neke zubarska bušilica ili zvuka koju fluorescentne žarulje pred kraj njegovog života. Slušatelji u Kokomo, Indiana, izvijestio je kako klasični zvuk motora u praznom hodu, kao i'' droning'' buku (Kozarovich, 2001) 0,5

U 1996, Daily Telegraph je izvijestio da Bristol Hum je čuo za oko dva posto stanovništva (Davies, 1996). U nastojanju da se utvrdi koliki postotak stanovništva je pogođena Hum, istraživači u Taos, New Mexico, poslao 8000 upitnike stanovnika unutar 40 milja (64 km) krug Taos. Oni dobivaju 1.440 odgovora, uključujući 161 od ljudi koji su klasificirani na temelju njihovih odgovora kao'' slušatelja''. Pod pretpostavkom da svatko tko je čuo Hum odgovorila, to postavlja donju granicu dva posto u odnosu na udio u stanovništvu pogođenom. Ako slušatelji bili jednako dobro zastupljena među ne-ispitanika, zatim postotak slušatelja može biti kao visok kao jedanaest posto (Mullins & Kelly, 1995).

Slušatelji obično moraju putovati nekoliko desetaka kilometara pobjeći iz Huma. Raspon zvuka je izvijestio Lambert i Haederle (1992) da se 30 milja (48 km) i Mcquillan (2001: 9) da se 45 milja (72 km).

Žene mogu biti više osjetljiv nego muškaraca, ali podaci i anegdota izvješća su nedosljedni. Palfreyman (1999: 29) izvijestio je da je od 2000 Hum izvješća koje su napravljene na

Haederle (1992) to be 30 miles (48 km) and by Mcquillan (2001: 9) to be 45 miles (72 km).

Women may be more susceptible than men, but data and anecdotal reports are inconsistent. Palfreyman (1999: 29) reported that of 2000 Hum reports made to the British Low Frequency Noise Sufferer’s Association, 75 percent were made by women. Leventhall (2003: 43) stated ‘‘Hum sufferers tend to be middle aged and elderly with a majority of women’’. However, Mullins and Kelly (1998: 121) found that in Taos, New Mexico, the mix of hearers was 52 percent male and 47 percent female. Hearers also tend to be disproportionately concentrated among older people. Barton (2001: 16) reported that ‘‘the majority of Hum sufferers tend to be female and over 50 [years of age]’’.

Hearers typically go through phases. At first, they search for the source of the noise inside their homes. Internal sources are usually eliminated by shutting off all electrical power to the home. The next phase is to conduct searches for the source of the sound by walking or driving through neighborhoods late at night or early in the morning. These searches are always in vain; the source of the Hum is never found.

There are a variety of physical symptoms associated with the Hum. These include pain in the ears, headaches, discomfort, trouble sleeping (Lambert & Haederle, 1992); balance problems and anxiety (Baker, 1993); chronic stress (Brooker, 1994); fatigue, headaches, nausea, and muscle pain (Stedman, 2003); headaches, nosebleeds, and dizziness (Crenson, 1994); insomnia, headaches, a sensation of pressure in the head, and nausea (Palfreyman, 1999); sickness and nosebleeds (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001: 3); nausea, ringing in the ears, chronic joint pain, dizziness, depression, and diarrhea (Kozarovich, 2001).

Some of the preceding manifestations are similar to radiofrequency radiation sickness syndrome, a set of symptoms that include ‘‘headache, ocular dysfunction, fatigue, dizziness, and sleep disorders’’ (Liakouris, 1998: 236). Radiofrequency radiation sickness syndrome is supposed to result from chronic, low-intensity exposure to electromagnetic radiation at radio frequencies. It was first identified by Soviet researchers in the 1950s, but its existence is controversial among the

Britanskom niska frekvencija Noise pati udruge, 75 posto su žene. Leventhall (2003: 43) navodi'' Hum bolnicima imaju tendenciju da se srednje i starije osobe s većinom žena''. Međutim, Mullins i Kelly (1998: 121) je utvrdio da je u Taos, New Mexico, mješavina slušateljima je 52 posto muškaraca i 47 posto žena. Slušatelji također imaju tendenciju da nesrazmjerno biti koncentrirani među starijim ljudima. Barton (2001: 16) je izvijestio da'' većina Hum bolnicima imaju tendenciju da se žena i preko 50 [godina]''.

Slušatelji obično prolaze kroz faze. Isprva, oni tražiti izvor buke unutar svojih domova. Interni izvori su uglavnom eliminira isključuje sve električnu energiju u dom. Sljedeća faza je da provede pretraživanja za izvor zvuka hodajući ili vozeći se kroz četvrti kasno noću ili u ranim jutarnjim satima. Ove pretraživanja su uvijek uzalud; izvor Hum nikad nije pronađen.

Postoje razne fizičke simptome povezane s Huma. To uključuje bol u ušima, glavobolja, nemir, poteškoće sa spavanjem (Lambert & Haederle, 1992); ravnoteže problema i anksioznost (Baker, 1993); kronični stres (Brooker, 1994), umor, glavobolja, mučnina, bol u mišićima i (Stedman , 2003); glavobolje, krvarenja iz nosa, vrtoglavica (Crenson, 1994); nesanica, glavobolja, osjećaj pritiska u glavi, i mučnina (Palfreyman, 1999); bolesti i krvarenja iz nosa (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001: 3); mučnina , zujanje u ušima, kronična bol u zglobovima, vrtoglavica, depresija i proljev (Kozarovich, 2001).

Neki od prethodnih manifestacija su slični radiofrekvencijskog zračenja sindrom bolesti, skup simptoma koji uključuju'' glavobolju, očni disfunkcija, umor, vrtoglavica i poremećaja spavanja'' (Liakouris, 1998: 236). Radiofrekvencija zračenje bolest sindrom je trebao rezultirati od kroničnih, niskog intenziteta izloženosti elektromagnetskog zračenja na radijskim frekvencijama. To je prvi put identificiran sovjetskih istraživača u 1950, ali njeno postojanje je sporno među Sjedinjenim Državama medicinski establišment (Liakouris, 1998).

Postoje čak i anegdota izvješća slušateljima se

United States medical establishment (Liakouris, 1998).

There are even anecdotal reports of hearers being driven to suicide (Brooker, 1994). ‘‘Some sufferers have committed suicide because they could not bear the noise any longer’’ (Palfreyman, 1999: 29). A hearer in Whitehills, Scotland, described her experience:

You get the feeling your head is going to explode . . . there was one night when I felt like my head had been in a spin dryer all night–like my brain had been vibrating in my skull (Mcquillan, 2001: 9).

In 1992, a sufferer told a British newspaper:

Last year it [the Hum] almost drove me to suicide, it completely drains energy, causing stress and loss of sleep. I have been on tranquilizers and have lost count of the number of nights I have spent holding my head in my hands, crying and crying (Long, 1992).

The only possible relief from the annoyance of the Hum is through some type of masking noise. Most commonly this is accomplished by an ordinary electric fan. The sound of a compressor (on an air conditioner or refrigerator) running is even more effective at masking the Hum, but these devices cannot be conveniently run at all times of night and day. There are a few anecdotal reports of individuals who succeeded in diminishing or blocking the sound of the Hum with earmuffs or plugs. But these devices are usually completely ineffective. The Hum is usually perceived as louder indoors than outside, an attribute most likely explainable by the presence of more masking noises in the outside environment.

The sound of the Hum can be accompanied by perceived vibrations (Stedman, 2003). There have been times in Norman, Oklahoma, when I could have sworn that my entire bed was vibrating, yet no objective movement can be seen or felt. Sieveking (1996: 17) reported ‘‘it makes doors and windows shake’’, but sound recording equipment picked up nothing. Describing the despair of a British couple affected by the Hum, Palfreyman (1999: 29) wrote ‘‘It is so bad their house vibrates’’. Yet apparently the perception of vibration is entirely subjective. There are no reports of any

odvezao do samoubojstva (Brooker, 1994). '' Neki bolesnici su počinili samoubojstvo jer nije mogla podnijeti buku bilo više'' (Palfreyman, 1999: 29). Slušatelj u Whitehills, Škotska, opisao je svoje iskustvo:

Dobiješ osjećaj vaša glava će eksplodirati. . . nije bilo jedne noći kada sam se osjećao kao moja glava bila u spin kosu cijelu noć-sviđa moj mozak je vibriraju u mom lubanje (Mcquillan, 2001: 9).

Godine 1992, pati, rekao je britanski list:

Prošle je godine [Hum] skoro me odvezli do samoubojstva, to je potpuno odvode energiju, uzrokujući stres i gubitak sna. Ja sam bio na smirenje i izgubio računati na broj noćenja sam proveo drži glavu u mojim rukama, plakala i plakala (Long, 1992).

Jedini mogući reljef iz muka od Hum je kroz neku vrstu maskiranje buke. Najčešće to se postiže običnim električnim ventilatorom. Zvuk kompresora (na klima uređaj ili hladnjak) pokrenut je još na snazi na maskiranje Hum, ali ovi uređaji ne mogu biti povoljno pokrenuti u svako doba dana i noći. Postoji nekoliko anegdota izvješća pojedinaca koji su uspjeli u smanjenje ili blokiranje zvuk Hum s antifona ili čepova. No, ovi uređaji su obično potpuno nedjelotvornim. Hum je obično percipira kao glasnije zatvorenom prostoru nego vani, atributa najvjerojatnije objasniti prisutnošću više maskiranje buke u vanjskom okruženju.

Zvuk Hum može biti popraćeno uočenih vibracija (Stedman, 2003). Tu su puta u Norman, Oklahoma, kad sam mogao zakleti da je cijeli moj krevet vibrira, ali ne postoji objektivan pokret može vidjeti ili osjetiti. Sieveking (1996: 17) prijavljen'' čini vrata i prozore tresti'', ali snimanje zvuka oprema pokupila ništa. Opisujući očaj od britanskog para pogođena Hum, Palfreyman (1999: 29) wrote'' To je tako loše njihova kuća vibrira''. Ipak, očito je percepcija vibracija je potpuno subjektivno. Nema izvješća o bilo uspješnih mjerenja vibracija ili zvuka povezane s Huma koji se ne može pripisati redovnom industrijske ili okoliš noise.6

successful measurements of vibrations or sound associated with the Hum that cannot be attributed to ordinary industrial or environmental noise.6

There are also anecdotal reports of what can only be called ‘‘electrical effects’’ associated with the Hum. A sufferer in Germany related:

I feel as if my bed were electrically charged. The pillow, the mattress and my whole body vibrate (Oeder, 2001).

In Kokomo, Indiana, residents reported seeing dead tree leaves move for no apparent reason.7

Truck driver Billy Kellems says there are days when he can sit on his back patio and watch dead leaves dance on the ground, cracking and popping like butter in a skillet (Albrecht, 2002: A-1).

There were also reports from Kokomo of electrical appliances turning themselves off and on and light bulbs quickly burning out or exploding. In Norman, Oklahoma, I was awakened late one night by a light bulb that had exploded for no apparent reason. At other times, smoke detectors in different parts of my house have simultaneously emitted short warbling tones, although no smoke was present.8

There may be an acclimation period associated with perception of the Hum. There are anecdotal reports that when Hum hearers move to a new area, they do not hear the Hum until they have been there for approximately two days. Similarly, when hearers return to their homes they often find the Hum to be gone, only to reappear within a few days.

Causes and Hypotheses

Delusion The first possibility that should be considered with regard to the Hum is that it is simply a delusion. One person reports hearing an extraordinary sound and writes a letter to the local newspaper. The tabloid is subsequently flooded with similar reports, all resulting from the power of suggestion.

Human history is full of accounts of extraordinary mass delusions. Some of the most vivid narratives are found in Charles Mackay’s classic book Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular

Tu su i anegdota izvješća što samo može nazvati'' električni učinci'' povezane sa Huma. Bolesnik u Njemačkoj odnose:

Osjećam se kao da mi je krevet električno terete. Jastuk, madrac i moje cijelo tijelo vibrira (Oeder, 2001).

U Kokomo, Indiana, stanovnici su vidjeli mrtvog lišća drveća potez bez ikakvog reason.7

Vozač kamiona Billy Kellems kaže da postoje dani kada on može sjediti na leđima terasi i gledati mrtvo lišće ples na terenu, pucanje i iskakanje poput maslaca u tavi (Albrecht, 2002:-1).

Tu su bili i izvješća iz Kokomo električnih aparata se okreće i na off i žarulje brzo spaljivanja ili eksplodira. U Norman, Oklahoma, sam se probudio kasno jedne noći po žarulji koja je eksplodirala bez ikakvog razloga. U drugim vremenima, detektori dima u različitim dijelovima moje kuće istovremeno su emitiraju kratke ćurlikanje tonove, iako nema dima bio present.8

Postoji svibanj biti aklimatizacija razdoblje povezano s percepcijom Hum. Postoji anegdota izvješća da kada Hum slušatelji preseliti u novi prostor, oni ne čuju Hum dok su bili tamo za otprilike dva dana. Slično tome, kada slušatelji vratiti u svoje domove oni često naći Hum se otišao, samo da bi se ponovo pojaviti u roku od nekoliko dana.

Uzroci i hipoteze

Obmana Prva mogućnost da treba uzeti u obzir s obzirom na Hum je da je to jednostavno obmana. Jedna osoba izvješća sluha izniman zvuk i piše pismo lokalnim novinama. Tabloid naknadno je potopljena sa sličnim izvješćima, sve proizlaze iz moći sugestije.

Ljudska povijest je puna računa izvanrednih masovnim zabludama. Neki od najpoznatijih živih pripovijesti nalaze se u Charlesa Mackay klasične knjige Sjećanja Extraordinary Popularni deluzije i ludilo gužve, prvi objavljen u 1841. Možda je najdublji i nesretna povijesna zabluda bila vještica manija da uhvati Europu za 250

Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, first published in 1841. Perhaps the most profound and unfortunate historical delusion was the Witch Mania that gripped Europe for 250 years, reaching its height during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

In France, about the year 1520, fires for the execution of witches blazed in almost every town . . . So deep was the thraldom of the human mind, that the friends and relatives of the accused parties looked on and approved (Mackay, 1980: 482).

The total number of people executed for witchcraft in Europe was approximately four million (Long, 1893). Today, the absurdity of this craze seems self-evident. Yet that was certainly not the case at the time.

Mass delusions are usually promulgated by some social or psychological expediency. Prosecution of the Witch Mania in Medieval Europe reinforced the authority of the Christian Church and provided a means whereby undesirables could be eliminated from society. The Inquisition was also doubtless invigorated by the practice of confiscating the property of the convicted. It is a historical fact that witches and heretics tended to be less numerous in poor districts. Papal bulls urging the suppression of witchcraft and sorcery had the opposite effect of lending credence to the practice. People reasoned that if the Pope himself denounced witchcraft, it must be real. The ignorant and gullible thus became convinced that the practice of witchcraft was an efficacious means of obtaining personal power.

However, people who report hearing the Hum experience no social or psychological benefit. In addition to the nuisance and pain associated with the phenomenon itself, those who report hearing it—while others cannot—risk social ostracism and ridicule. Reports of the Hum do not appear to spring from psychological or social pressures; rather, hearers seem to act contrary to these factors. Hearers may accept extraordinary costs to escape from the nuisance. In Kokomo, Indiana, Diane Anton quit her job and abandoned a house valued at $180,000 (Huppke, 2002).

The hypothesis of ‘‘delusion’’ is also terribly convenient. It is possible to explain any

godina, dosegnuvši svoj vrhunac tijekom petnaesti i šesnaesti stoljeća.

U Francuskoj, oko godine 1520, požari za izvršenje vještice gorjela u gotovo svakom gradu. . . Dakle, duboko je ropstvo ljudskog uma, da su prijatelji i rodbina optuženih stranaka gledao i odobren (Mackay, 1980: 482).

Ukupan broj ljudi pogubljenih za čarobnjaštvo u Europi je oko četiri milijuna kuna (Long, 1893). Danas, apsurdnost ove ludost čini očita. Ipak, to sigurno nije bio slučaj u vrijeme.

Masovni zablude obično su donijela neke socijalne ili psihološke svrsishodnosti. Tužiteljstvo Witch Mania u srednjovjekovnoj Europi pojačao autoritet kršćanske crkve i pod uvjetom da sredstvo kojim nepoželjnih mogao biti eliminiran iz društva. Inkvizicija je također nedvojbeno ojačana praksu oduzimanja imovine od osuđeni. To je povijesna činjenica da vještice i heretici bili su manje brojni u siromašnim četvrtima. Papinske bikovi pozivajući na suzbijanje čarobnjaštva i čarobnjaštva imao suprotan učinak kreditiranje vjeru u praksi. Ljudi zaključio da ako sam Papa je osudio vračanje, ona mora biti pravi. Neznanju i lakovjerni tako postao uvjeren da praksa čarolije bio efikasan način dobivanja osobne snage.

Međutim, ljudi koji prijavljuju sluha Hum doživljaj nema socijalnu ili psihološku prednost. Osim neugodnost i bol povezana sa samim fenomenom, za one koji prijave čujemo-a drugi cannot rizika socijalne ostracizam i ismijavanja. Izvješća Huma ne pojavljuju na proljeće od psihičkih ili društvenih pritisaka, već slušatelji čini se da djeluje suprotno tih faktora. Slušatelji mogu prihvatiti izvanredne troškove pobjeći iz neprilika. U Kokomo, Indiana, Diane Anton prestati svoj posao i napuštene kuće u vrijednosti od 180.000 $ (Huppke, 2002).

Hipoteza'' obmana'' je također strašno zgodan. To je moguće objasniti bilo neobjašnjivom fenomenu ili percepciju kao zablude. Kao što Karl Popper je istaknuo, hipoteza koja objašnjava sve što je u stvari objašnjava ništa (Magee, 1973).

Čimbenici

unexplained phenomenon or perception as a delusion. As Karl Popper pointed out, a hypothesis that explains everything in fact explains nothing (Magee, 1973).

Confounding Factors

In the developed world, most people live in cities in which there are innumerable sources of low-frequency noise. These include industrial machinery, air conditioning and refrigerating equipment, boilers, compressors, electrical transformers, traffic noise, ventilation fans, tunneling operations, trains, and aircraft (Howell & Weatherilt, 1993). Thus, any attempt to measure the Hum invariably picks up normal low-frequency environmental noises.

An acoustic consultant hired to track down the source of the Hum in Kokomo, Indiana, found low-frequency noise coming from a compressor and a cooling fan. After these noise sources were abated, the press promptly declared that the source of the Hum had been found (Associated Press, 2003). But a follow-up revealed that the Hum had not been diminished. People who heard the Hum still suffered (Lewis, 2004). The acoustical consultant also noted that there were ‘‘non-acoustic’’ issues involved that went beyond the industrial noise he had located (Cowan, 2003).

The sounds that our instruments cannot measure, while they are real sounds in people’s heads, are not generated by acoustic mechanisms in which measurable pressure waves travel through the air to be sensed by our ears. It is also worth noting that people from areas far away from Kokomo have reported the same types of sensings. These people have contacted us from both ends of our continent and from other areas of the globe . . . These issues are not local to Kokomo, and need to be addressed on a national, if not global, level (Cowan, 2003: 14).

In the absence of an answer provided by science, Hum hearers tend to find an explanation and hang onto it, sometimes even in the face of strong contradictory evidence. Human beings seem to have a psychological need for answers even if the answers are wrong. Every hearer has a theory. [Some Hum hearers] are convinced aliens or secret military installations are to blame (Palfreyman, 1999:

U razvijenom svijetu, većina ljudi živi u gradovima u kojima postoji bezbroj izvora niske frekvencije buke. To uključuje industrijskih strojeva, klima uređaj i rashladne opreme, bojleri, kompresori, električni transformatori, prometne buke, ventilatori, tuneliranje operacija, vlakova i zrakoplova (Howell & Weatherilt, 1993). Dakle, svaki pokušaj da se izmjeri Hum uvijek pokupi normalne niske frekvencije okoliša zvukove.

Akustična konzultant angažiran u trag izvor Huma u Kokomo, Indiana, naći niske frekvencije buke dolazi iz kompresora i ventilator. Nakon ove izvori buke su popustila, novinari odmah je izjavio da je izvor Hum je pronađen (Associated Press, 2003). Ali praćenja otkrila da Hum nije umanjena. Ljudi koji su čuli Hum još uvijek patio (Lewis, 2004). The akustički konzultant je također napomenuo da su'' ne'' akustični problemi uključene koji je otišao izvan industrijske buke je smješten (Cowan, 2003).

Zvukovi da naši instrumenti ne može mjeriti, dok su pravi zvukovi u tuđe glave, nisu ostvareni akustične mehanizama u kojem mjerljivi tlak valovi putuju kroz zrak da se osjeća našim ušima. Također je vrijedno napomenuti da su ljudi iz područja koja su daleko od Kokomo izvijestio iste vrste sensings. Ovi ljudi su nas kontaktirali iz oba kraja našeg kontinenta i iz drugih dijelova svijeta. . . Ovi problemi nisu lokalna za Kokomo, a treba rješavati na nacionalnoj, ako ne i globalno, na razini (Cowan, 2003: 14).

U nedostatku odgovora koje znanosti, Hum slušatelji imaju tendenciju da se pronaći objašnjenje i objesiti na njega, ponekad čak u lice jakom proturječnih dokaza. Ljudska bića izgledaju kao da imaju psihološku potrebu za odgovorima, čak i ako su odgovori su u krivu. Svaki slušatelj ima teoriju. [Neki Hum slušatelji] uvjereni su stranci ili tajne vojne instalacije su krivi (Palfreyman, 1999: 29).

Hummers. . . su krivi obrane radarske sustave, klimatizacija, pumpe vode, tvorničke zvukove, mikrovalne razine, visoki tlak plinskog transportnog cijevi, seizmičke rasjednih linija, [i] zaostala buke preostalo od velikog praska

29).

Hummers . . . have blamed defence radar systems, air conditioning, water pumps, factory noises, microwave levels, high pressure gas transmission pipes, seismic fault lines, [and] residual noise left over from the big bang (Sieveking, 1996: 17).

A German website (http://www.igzab.de/English/FAQ/faq.html) devoted to the Hum relates the story of a woman who is firmly convinced that the Hum she hears is caused by engines idling at a nearby airport. It is a reasonable conclusion. But in defiance of all logic and common sense, the same individual remains convinced that she is correct even when she hears the Hum at a location hundreds of kilometers from her home.

Internal or External?

When consulted, most physicians invariably diagnose the Hum as tinnitus because it is the only option known to medical science. Walford (1983: 74) subjected 23 people who heard the Hum to a battery of tests and concluded that 10 of these ‘‘definitely have low-frequency tinnitus’’. However, his methodology was badly flawed. Walford (1983: 73) assumed that any perceived sound associated with the Hum that could not be blocked by earmuffs must be internally generated and therefore tinnitus. But if the Hum were due to some type of electromagnetic radiation, the source could be external and the earmuffs would have no effect. Walford (1983) attempted to control for radiofrequency hearing by wrapping subjects’ heads in ordinary household aluminum foil. Conductive metal of this thickness may be effective in blocking out electromagnetic waves in the higher frequency ranges (e.g., microwaves), but it is completely ineffective at shielding low-frequency signals. Walford (1983) evidently did not understand the concept of skin depth (see below) or how the shielding efficiency of a conductor depends on frequency.9

Hum symptoms are distinctly different from classic tinnitus. Tinnitus is typically a high-frequency ringing sound—not a low-frequency rumble.

Most individuals with tinnitus match what they perceive to [be] a tone between 3000 to 6000

(Sieveking, 1996: 17).

Njemački website (http://www.igzab.de/English/FAQ/faq.html) posvećen Hum odnosi priču o ženi koja je čvrsto uvjeren da je Hum čuje uzrokovana motora praznog hoda na obližnjem aerodromu . To je razuman zaključak. No, usprkos svim logiku i zdrav razum, isti pojedinac ostaje uvjeren da je ona točna, čak i kada se čuje Hum na mjestu stotinama kilometara od njenog doma.

Unutarnji ili vanjski?

Kada konzultirati, većina liječnika uvijek dijagnosticirati Hum kao zujanje u ušima, jer je to jedina opcija poznat medicinske znanosti. Walford (1983: 74) podvrgnut 23 ljudi koji su čuli Hum na bateriji testova i zaključio da je 10 od tih'' definitivno imaju niske frekvencije tinitusa''. Međutim, njegova metodologija teško je manjkav. Walford (1983: 73) smatra da svaka percipira zvuk povezan s Huma koje nisu mogle biti blokiran antifona mora interno generira i stoga tinitus. Ali ako Hum su zbog neke vrste elektromagnetskog zračenja, izvor može biti vanjski i naušnjaci bi imati nikakvog učinka. Walford (1983) pokušao kontrolirati radiofrekvencijskog raspravi po wrapping ispitanika glave u običnom folijom kućanstva aluminija. Vodljivi metal ovom debljine može biti djelotvoran u blokiranju od elektromagnetskih valova u višim frekvencijama (npr., mikrovalne pećnice), no to je potpuno neučinkovit u zaštiti niske frekvencije signala. Walford (1983) očito ne razumije koncept kože dubini (vidi dolje) ili kako oklop učinkovitost dirigent ovisi o frequency.9

Hum simptomi su izrazito drugačiji od klasičnog zujanje u ušima. Tinitus je obično visoke frekvencije zvona zvuk ne niske frekvencije tutnjava.

Većina osoba s tinnitus onome što oni vide da [se] ton između 3000 do 6000 Hz, i rijetko, ako ikada, ne utakmicu tinitus pati za tonu ispod 1000 Hz. Zašto bi takav fenomen preskočiti iz regije pužnice gdje su najniže frekvencije zastupa (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 6)?

Tu su i paket simptoma povezanih s Huma koji

Hz, and rarely, if ever, does a tinnitus sufferer match to a tone below 1000 Hz. Why should such a phenomenon skip from regions of the cochlea where the lowest frequencies are represented (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 6)?

There are also a suite of symptoms associated with the Hum that bear no apparent relationship to tinnitus. These include physical illness (headaches, nausea, etc.) and perceived vibrations.

[She] knows it isn’t tinnitus because the humming is so strong she gets vibrations through her body (Palfreyman, 1999: 29).

Being internally generated, tinnitus is not dependent on the location of the hearer. But people who hear the Hum are occasionally able to find relief in certain locations.

There have been reports of Hummers [Hum hearers] going into deep limestone caves . . . when the noise completely ceases . . . (Sheppard & Sheppard, 1993: 115).

If the Hum were due to tinnitus, it should be distributed more or less proportionately throughout the population regardless of location. But that is not the case. There are some striking discrepancies. For example, the small coastal town of Largs, Scotland, with a population of 12,000, is infamous for its Hum problem (e.g., Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). Glasgow, 31 kilometers inland from Largs, has a population of 1.1 million. If the Hum is due to tinnitus, the total number of cases in Glasgow should be 92 times the number of reports from Largs. Yet there are no reports in either the popular or scientific literature of any significant Hum problem in Glasgow.

I have noted that when I listen to loud music through headphones, there is a sensitizing effect. When I remove the headphones, the Hum is louder but fades in a few minutes to a normal level. The aural stimulation of listening to music through headphones seems to enhance perception of the Hum. This strongly suggests that the Hum is a form of tinnitus and is not due to an external source. However, if the Hum is not otherwise present, aural stimulation has no effect. There are distinct times when I can remove my headphones and listen in vain for the Hum. Yet it is not there. The source,

nose bez ikakvog odnos zujanje u ušima. To uključuje fizičke bolesti (glavobolje, mučninu, itd.) i uočene vibracije.

[Ona] zna to nije zujanje u ušima, jer zuji toliko je jaka ona dobiva vibracije kroz njeno tijelo (Palfreyman, 1999: 29).

Budući da je interno generira, zujanje u ušima ne ovisi o položaju slušatelja. No, ljudi koji čuju Hum su povremeno mogli naći olakšanje u određenim mjestima.

Bilo je izvješća o Hummers [Hum slušatelji] ide u dubokim vapnenačkim pećinama. . . kada buka potpuno prestaje. . . (Sheppard & Sheppard, 1993: 115).

Ako Hum su zbog tinitusa, to bi trebao biti distribuiran više ili manje proporcionalno u cijeloj populaciji, bez obzira na lokaciju. No, to nije slučaj. Postoje neke nevjerojatne razlike. Na primjer, gradić od Largs, Škotske, s populacijom od 12.000, je sramotno za svoje Hum problema (npr. Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). Glasgow, 31 km udaljen od Largs, ima populaciju od 1,1 milijuna. Ako Hum je zbog tinitusa, ukupan broj predmeta u Glasgowu bi trebao biti 92 puta broj izvješća iz Largs. Ipak, nema izvješća u bilo popularne ili znanstvenoj literaturi bilo značajnog Hum problema u Glasgowu.

Ja sam primijetio da kad slušam glasnu glazbu preko slušalica, tu je sezibilizirajuće djelovanje. Kad sam uklonite slušalice, Hum je glasniji, ali nestaje u nekoliko minuta na normalnu razinu. The slušni stimulacija slušanje glazbe preko slušalica čini kako bi se poboljšala percepciju Hum. Ovo snažno sugerira da je Hum oblik zujanje u ušima i ne zbog vanjskog izvora. Međutim, ako Hum inače nije prisutan, čujni stimulacija nema nikakvog utjecaja. Postoje različita puta kad mogu ukloniti moje slušalice i slušati uzalud za Hum. Ipak, to ne postoji. Izvor, dakle, mora biti vanjski.

Postoji anegdota izvješća da ljudi imaju tendenciju da se čuje Hum nakon što je prvi izlaze iz svojih automobila. To se može dogoditi, jer vibracije i zvuk povezan s automobilskoj putovanja ima zvučno stimulacija učinak.

therefore, must be external.

There are anecdotal reports that people tend to hear the Hum after first stepping out of their cars. This may happen because the vibration and sound associated with automobile travel has an aural stimulation effect.

Is the Hum an Acoustic Sound?

The bulk of the evidence suggests that the Hum is not an acoustic sound. This is indicated by the simple fact that most people do not hear it. Investigators in Taos, New Mexico, tried to measure the Hum with a custom-built microphone they described as ‘‘an ultra-sensitive, low-frequency sound detector’’ (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 3). But they found nothing and concluded ‘‘there are no known acoustic signals that might account for the Hum’’ (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 4).

In Kokomo, Indiana, an acoustic consultant located two industrial sources of low-frequency noise, a compressor and a cooling fan. But after the noise was abated, Hum sufferers received no relief (Lewis, 2004).

Another facet of the Kokomo investigation pointed away from acoustic sources (at least stationary ones). A plot of Hum complaints in Kokomo showed no simple relationship to a source. If the Hum was generated by an industrial noise source, complaints should have been clustered around the source (or sources). But hearers were distributed randomly throughout the city (Cowan, 2003: 3).

There are anecdotal reports of the Hum being present in wilderness areas, far from any conceivable anthropogenic noise source. For most people, earmuffs and plugs bring no relief from the Hum. Nearly all hearers report that the Hum is louder indoors than outdoors and is louder during night hours compared to day. The Hum is typically said to be loudest in the hours between midnight and dawn. These observations may simply reflect the fact that many of the ordinary masking noises that are present during the daytime are absent at night. During the day, a typical household in an industrialized nation may have a television or radio playing, and a washing machine or dishwasher may be running. Traffic noises are also greater during the daytime. A refrigerator is

Je Hum Acoustic Sound?

Glavnina dokaza sugerira da je Hum nije akustični zvuk. To je naznačeno jednostavnu činjenicu da većina ljudi ne čuju. Istražitelji u Taos, New Mexico, pokušao izmjeriti Hum s običaj-izgrađen mikrofon oni opisao kao'' ultra-osjetljiva, niske frekvencije zvuka detektor'' (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 3). No, nisu pronašli ništa i zaključio'' nema poznatih akustični signali da bi račun za Hum'' (Mullins & Kelly, 1995: 4).

U Kokomo, Indiana, akustična konzultant nalazi dva industrijskih izvora niske frekvencije buke, kompresora i ventilator. No, nakon što je buka prestala, Hum bolnicima dobila nikakvu olakšanje (Lewis, 2004).

Drugi aspekt Kokomo istrage ukazao daleko od akustičnih izvora (barem stacionarnih one). Radnja Hum pritužbi u Kokomo nije pokazao jednostavan odnos na izvoru. Ako Hum je generirana industrijskog izvora buke, prigovori trebaju biti grupirani oko izvora (ili izvori). No, slušatelji su distribuirani nasumično po cijelom gradu (Cowan, 2003: 3).

Postoji anegdota izvješća Hum budemo prisutni u pustinji područjima, daleko od bilo zamisliv antropogenog izvora buke. Za većinu ljudi, naušnjaci i utikači donijeti nikakvu reljef iz Huma. Gotovo svi slušatelji izvijestiti da je Hum glasnija unutra nego vani i glasnije tijekom noćnih sati u odnosu na dan. Hum obično se kaže da je najglasniji u satima između ponoći i zore. Ova zapažanja jednostavno mogu odražavati činjenicu da su mnogi od običnih maskiranje zvukova koji su prisutni tijekom dana su odsutni noću. Tijekom dana, tipično domaćinstvo u industrijaliziranom nacije mogu imati televiziju ili radio svira, i perilicu rublja ili suđa može biti pokrenut. Prometna buka također veći tijekom dana. Hladnjak je otvorio češće tijekom dana, a time i kompresor je više vjerojatno da će biti pokrenut od kasno u noć. Isto tako, u toplom vremenu, centralno klima je više vjerojatno da će biti pokrenut tijekom dana sati.

Može elektromagnetske energije biti otkrivena kao Sound?

opened more often during the day, and thus the compressor is more likely to be running than late at night. Similarly, in hot weather, central air conditioning is more likely to be running during daytime hours.

Can Electromagnetic Energy be Detected as Sound?

If the Hum is not an acoustic sound, then it is possible that it is caused by some type of electromagnetic signal that some people have the capability of detecting and interpreting as sound. The first individuals who reported hearing radar signals in the 1940s were initially considered to be mentally ill. However, research in subsequent years has established that human beings have the ability to hear radio waves under certain conditions (Elder & Chou, 2003).

The first person to investigate and report the auditory perception of radio waves was Allan Frey in 1962. Frey (1962) showed that the perception of acoustic sound could be induced by radio waves in the microwave range. The phenomenon occurred in people who had normal hearing as well as in deaf individuals. Frey’s experiments were done with microwaves in the range of 425– 1310 mHz at average power densities of 275 mW/cm2.

. . . the perception of various sounds can be induced in clinically deaf, as well as normal, human subjects at a distance of inches up to thousands of feet from the transmitter (Frey, 1962: 689).

Subsequent research has repeatedly confirmed human auditory perception of radiofrequencies from 2.4 to 10,000 MHz (Elder & Chou, 2003). The key factor in effecting an acoustic perception is not the average power level, but the peak power. Radiofrequency energy can be detected as sound at average power levels as low as 0.001 mW/cm2 if a pulse in the range of 2 to 20 lJ/cm2 is delivered over 10 ls (Elder & Chou, 2003: S163).

There were ‘‘side effects’’ associated with Frey’s experiments.

With some different transmitter parameters, we can induce the perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea. Changing

Ako Hum nije akustični zvuk, onda je moguće da je to uzrokovano nekom vrstom elektromagnetskih signala da neki ljudi imaju sposobnost otkrivanja i interpretacije kao zvuk. Prvi pojedinci koji su izvijestili sluha radarske signale u 1940 početku su smatrali da su mentalno bolesni. Međutim, istraživanje je u kasnijim godinama je utvrđeno da su ljudska bića imaju sposobnost da čujete radio valove pod određenim uvjetima (Stariji i Chou, 2003).

Prva osoba koja je istražiti i izvijestiti slušni percepciju radio valova je Allan Frey u 1962. Frey (1962) pokazali su da je percepcija zvuka akustične mogla biti izazvana radio valova u mikrovalnoj rasponu. Fenomen dogodio u ljudi koji su imali normalan sluh, kao iu gluhim osobama. Frey je eksperimenti su učinili s mikrovalovima u rasponu od 425 - 1310 MHz na prosječne gustoće snage 275 mW/cm2.

. . . percepcija različitih zvukova može biti izazvana u klinički gluhe, kao i normalnim, ljudskim subjektima na udaljenosti od inča do tisuća metara od odašiljača (Frey, 1962: 689).

Naknadna istraživanja u više navrata potvrdio ljudski slušni percepciju radiofrequencies od 2,4 do 10.000 MHz (Stariji i Chou, 2003). Ključni faktor u izazvalo akustičnu percepciju nije prosječna razina snage, ali je vršna snaga. Radiofrekvencija energija može biti prepoznat kao zvuk na prosječnim razinama snage kao niska kao i 0,001 mW/cm2 ako puls u rasponu od 2 do 20 lJ/cm2 je isporučio preko 10 LS (Stariji i Chou, 2003: S163).

Tu su'' nuspojave'' povezan s Frey je eksperimentima.

Kod nekih različitih odašiljača parametrima, možemo inducirati percepciju teškim buffeting glave, bez takvih očiglednih vestibularnih simptoma kao što su vrtoglavica ili mučnina. Promjena odašiljača parametre opet, može izazvati'' igle-i igle'' senzacija (Frey, 1962: 689).

Frey (1962: 692) je utvrdio da osjetljivo područje ljudske glave za detekciju zvuka iz mikrovalnog zračenja je područje nad sljepoočnom režnju mozga. On je također

transmitter parameters again, one can induce a ‘‘pins-and needles’’ sensation (Frey, 1962: 689).

Frey (1962: 692) found that the sensitive area of the human head for detection of sound from microwave radiation was an area over the temporal lobe of the brain. He also found that the sound could be blocked with an ordinary piece of screen wire two inches square (5.1 cm).

There is also some evidence in the scientific literature that low-frequency electromagnetic radiation can induce the perception of sound in people. Anomalous sounds have been reported as coincident with large-scale electromagnetic emissions associated with the Aurora Borealis and the passage of large meteors through the Earth’s atmosphere.

One of the most spectacular natural phenomena on Earth is the Aurora Borealis, or the Northern Lights. The classic auroral display is a shifting curtain of whitishgreen or red light that appears occasionally at high latitudes during the night. The aurora is caused by charged particles from the solar wind entering the Earth’s atmosphere along lines of magnetic force and colliding with molecules in the atmosphere. It is the molecular collisions that generate light. The aurora also generates radio waves over a wide range of frequencies. The emissions are especially intense in the neighborhood of 500–1600 kHz (Akasofu, 1979: 66).

There are anecdotal reports of people hearing sounds attributed to the aurora. Many people have reported hearing a crackling or hissing sound coming from the aurora on occasion (Akasofu, 1979: 66).

However, no one has ever been able to record an acoustic sound generated by an auroral display.

For hundreds of years, anomalous sounds associated with the entry of large meteors were attributed to a psychological effect. This attribution occurred even though there were well-documented cases of a sound perception occurring before the visual sighting of a fireball.

The first physical explanation for the strange sounds associated with some meteors was provided by Colin Keay in 1980. Keay (1980, 1992) theorized that large bolides generated

utvrdio da je zvuk mogao biti blokiran s običnim komadom žice ekrana dva inča trgu (5,1 cm).

Tu je također i neki dokazi u znanstvenoj literaturi da niske frekvencije elektromagnetskog zračenja može izazvati percepciju zvuka u ljudi. Anomalijsko zvukovi su izvijestili kako se poklopilo s velikim elektromagnetskih emisija povezanih s Aurora Borealis i prolaz velikih meteora kroz Zemljinu atmosferu.

Jedan od najspektakularnijih prirodnih fenomena na Zemlji je Aurora Borealis, ili Northern Lights. Klasični jutarnji zaslon prebacuje zavjesa whitishgreen ili crveno svjetlo koji se pojavljuje povremeno na visokim geografskim širinama tijekom noći. Aurora je uzrokovana nabijenih čestica iz solarnog vjetra koji ulaze u Zemljinu atmosferu uz silnica i sudaraju s molekulama u atmosferi. To je molekularni sudari koji generiraju svjetlo. Aurora također generira radiovalova na širokom rasponu frekvencija. Emisije su osobito intenzivne u susjedstvu 500-1600 kHz (Akasofu, 1979: 66).

Postoji anegdota izvješća ljudi sluha zvukove pripisati aurora. Mnogi ljudi su izvijestili čuo pucketanje ili pištanje zvuk koji dolazi iz aurora povodom (Akasofu, 1979: 66).

Međutim, nitko nikada nije bio u mogućnosti snimiti akustični zvuk generira jutarnji zaslonu.

Za više stotina godina, anomalna zvukove povezane s ulaskom velikih meteora su pripisati psihološki učinak. Ovo imenovanje dogodilo, iako je bilo dobro dokumentirani slučajevi zvučne percepcije koji je nastao prije vizualnog viđenje jednog eksploziji.

Prvi fizički objašnjenje za čudne zvukove povezane s nekim meteora je dao Colin Keay u 1980. Keay (1980, 1992) teoriju da veliki bolides generira elektromagnetsko zračenje u ekstremnim niske frekvencije (ELF) / vrlo niske frekvencije (YLF) raspon od 1 do 10 kHz s izlaznim o redoslijedu megavata. Naknadne mjerenja potvrdila da velike bolides emitiraju zračenje u tom rasponu (Keay, 1998).

electromagnetic radiation in the extreme low-frequency (ELF)/very low-frequency (VLF) range of 1–10 kHz with power outputs on the order of megawatts. Subsequent measurements confirmed that large bolides emit radiation in this range (Keay, 1998).

It is not clear if hearing related to meteors takes place by electrophonics, the direct perception of electromagnetic radiation as sound, or if radiation generates acoustic signals by exciting transducers in the environment. Keay (1980) exposed 44 subjects to radio transmissions in the 1–8 kHz range. He found that three of them (seven percent) ‘‘exhibited heightened awareness of sounds from an electric field varying at audio frequencies’’ (Keay, 1998: 10). Interestingly, Keay (1980: 14) also found that sensitivity to electrophonic perception varied by at least a factor of 103 between individuals.

Leitgeb and Schr_ttner (2003) tested the ability of people to detect a 50-Hz electric current applied on their forearms. They found that sensitivity has a lognormal distribution, but women are more sensitive than men. They also documented the existence of a subset of the general population that has a significantly greater sensitivity.

Cellular Telephones

Cellular telephones in the United States have proliferated over approximately the same period of time during which media reports of the Hum have appeared. From 1985 through 2001, the number of cell phone users in the United States increased from 500,000 to 120,000,000. Cell phones also operate at frequencies in the neighborhood of 800–900 mHz, within the range covered by Frey’s experiments.

However, there are a number of logical problems in attributing the Hum to cellular telephone transmissions. Reports of the Hum in the United Kingdom date back at least to the 1970s, predating the proliferation of cellular phones. If cell phone towers were the cause, Hum reports should be concentrated in highpopulation urban areas. Yet the two areas in the United States that have had what appear to be the highest concentrations of Hum hearers are small cities. The population of Taos, New Mexico (year 2000) is 4700; the population (year 2000) of Kokomo, Indiana is 46,113.

Nije jasno je li čuo se odnose na meteorite odvija electrophonics, izravna percepcija elektromagnetskog zračenja kao zvuk, ili ako zračenje stvara zvučne signale uzbudljivih pretvarača u okruženju. Keay (1980) izložena 44 predmeta za radio prijenose u 1-8 kHz raspona. Otkrio je da su tri od njih (sedam posto)'' izlagao povišenu svijest zvukova iz električnog polja varira na audio frekvencijama'' (Keay, 1998: 10). Zanimljivo, Keay (1980: 14) također su otkrili da osjetljivost na electrophonic percepcije razlikuju od najmanje faktorom 103 između pojedinaca.

Leitgeb i Schr_ttner (2003) testirali sposobnost ljudi da otkrije 50-Hz električna struja se primjenjuje na nadlaktici. Oni su otkrili da osjetljivost ima logaritamsko-normalne distribucije, ali žene su osjetljivije od muškaraca. Oni također dokumentirano postojanje podskup opće populacije koja ima znatno veću osjetljivost.

Mobilne telefone

Mobilne telefone u SAD-u su cvale tijekom približno isto vrijeme tijekom kojeg mediji u Humu su se pojavili. Od 1985 do 2001, broj korisnika mobitela u SAD-u porastao s 500.000 na 120 milijuna. Mobiteli također djeluju na frekvencijama u susjedstvu 800-900 MHz, u rasponu pokriveno Frey je eksperimentima.

Međutim, postoje broj logičkih problema u pripisujući Hum na mobilne telefonske prijenose. Izvješća Hum u datumu Velika Britanija leđima najmanje do 1970, datira širenja mobitelima. Ako mobitel tornjevi su uzrok, Hum izvješća trebaju biti koncentrirani u highpopulation urbanim područjima. Ipak, ta dva područja u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama koje su imali ono što čini se da su najviše koncentracije Hum slušateljima su mali gradovi. Populacija Taos, New Mexico (2000) je 4700; stanovnika (2000) od Kokomo, Indiana je 46.113.

Slušateljice Hum trebali naći inverznu korelaciju između udaljenosti od najbliže mobitela kula i utjecaju na zvuk. Ipak, nije bilo takvih izvješća bilo korelacije. Izvor Hum je notorno teško ući u trag. U stvari, nije pokrenuta istraga nikada nije

Hearers of the Hum should find an inverse correlation between distance from the nearest cell phone tower and magnitude of the sound. Yet there have been no such reports of any correlation. The source of the Hum is notoriously difficult to trace. In fact, no investigation has ever found the source. As Frey (1962) reported, microwave radiation is easily shielded with thin metal sheets or screens. Yet I am aware of anecdotal reports of unsuccessful attempts to shield the Hum with similar materials.

LORAN

In 1999, Arthur Firstenberg suggested that the Hum could be caused by LORAN (Firstenberg, 1999). LORAN is an acronym for ‘‘long range radio navigation’’. The LORAN system consists of a network of powerful radio transmitters that continuously broadcast signals at a frequency of 100 kHz. LORANsignals are used to find location by comparing differences in arrival times from three or more transmitters. There are 25 LORAN transmitters located in the United States (including Alaska); their broadcast power ranges from 400 kW to 1600 kW. In comparison, commercial AM radio stations in the United States broadcast in the range of 535–1605 kHz with a maximum power of 50 kW.

There are some difficulties with the LORAN hypothesis. Although there are some anecdotal reports of people hearing the Hum 24 hours a day, in most areas the Hum is intermittent. LORAN broadcasts, in contrast, are continuous, except when stations are shut down for maintenance.

If LORAN broadcast towers were the source of the Hum, there should be a correlation between LORAN broadcast locations and Hum reports. Yet no such correlation exists. Consider the case of Kokomo, Indiana, the site of welldocumented Hum reports in 2001 and 2002 (Albrecht, 2002; Fountain, 2002; Huppke, 2002; Kozarovich, 2001). The closest LORAN broadcast tower to Kokomo is about 138 km to the east in the small town of Dana, Indiana, near the Indiana-Illinois border. If the LORAN tower were the source of the Kokomo Hum, there should have been similar reports from people living closer to the LORAN facility in Dana. Yet no such reports exist. The town of Terre Haute, Indiana, lies 40 km south of Dana and has a population (year

pronašao izvor. Kao Frey (1962) izvijestili, mikrovalno zračenje lako je zaštićen s tankih limova ili ekrana. Ipak, svjestan sam od anegdota izvješća bezuspješnih pokušaja da štit Hum sa sličnim materijalima.

LORAN

Godine 1999, Arthur Firstenberg sugerirao da Hum mogao biti uzrokovan Loran (Firstenberg, 1999). LORAN je skraćenica za'' dalekometni radio navigacije''. LORAN sustav se sastoji od mreže moćnih radio odašiljača koji kontinuirano emitira signale na frekvenciji od 100 kHz. LORANsignals se koriste kako bi pronašli mjesto usporedbom razlika u dolasku puta od tri ili više odašiljača. Postoji 25 Loran odašiljača nalazi u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama (uključujući Aljasku); njihovo emitiranje snage kreće se od 400 kW do 1600 kW. U usporedbi s tim, komercijalne AM radio stanica u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama emitira u rasponu od 535-1605 kHz s maksimalnom snagom od 50 kW.

Postoje neke poteškoće s Loran hipoteze. Iako postoje neke anegdota izvješća ljudi čuju Hum 24 sati dnevno, u većini područja Hum je nepredvidiva. Loran emitira, u kontrastu, su kontinuirano, osim kada stanice su zatvorena za održavanje.

Ako Loran emitiranja tornjevi su izvor Huma, tamo bi trebao biti korelacija između Loran broadcast mjestima i Hum izvješća. Ipak, ne kao korelacija postoji. Razmotrimo slučaj Kokomo, Indiana, mjesto welldocumented Hum izvješća u 2001 i 2002 (Albrecht, 2002; Fountain, 2002; Huppke, 2002; Kozarovich, 2001). Najbliže LORAN emitiranje kula Kokomo je oko 138 km prema istoku u malom gradiću Dana, Indiana, u blizini Indiana-Illinois granice. Ako LORAN toranj su izvor Kokomo Huma, tamo bi trebao biti slični izvještaji ljudi koji žive bliže Loran objekta u Danu. Ipak, nema takva izvješća postoje. Grad Terre Haute, Indiana, leži 40 km južno od Dana i ima populaciju (2000) od 59.614, veći od Kokomo stanovništva (2000) od 46.113. Pretpostavljajući inverzni odnos-kvadrat, na snazi izračena snaga iz Loran stanice na Danu je više od deset puta veća u Terre Haute u odnosu na Kokomo. Ipak, čak i nakon medijskih izvješća Kokomo Hum pojavio, nije bilo sličnih

2000) of 59,614, higher than Kokomo’s population (year 2000) of 46,113. Assuming an inverse-square relationship, the effective radiated power from the LORAN station at Dana is more than ten times greater in Terre Haute compared to Kokomo. Yet even after media reports of the Kokomo Hum appeared, there were no similar reports from Terre Haute.10

HAARP

HAARP is an acronym that stands for High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program. The HAARP facility is located in the small town of Gakona, Alaska, 294 km northeast of Anchorage. HAARP was originally promoted by Ted Stevens, US Senator from Alaska, as a method of harnessing the vast energy of the Aurora. But this application was never considered by physicists to be practical, and was ridiculed as ‘‘sky-powered toasters’’ (Cohen, 1991).

The stated purpose of HAARP is to transmit high-frequency radio waves into the Earth’s ionosphere for the purpose of heating the ionosphere (Mintz, 1995). The Earth’s ionosphere begins at an altitude of about 70 kilometers; the name is derived from the fact that this region contains a significant number of charged particles or ions. Natural electric currents are induced in the ionosphere by the solar wind, a plasma stream of charged particles ejected by the sun.

The apparent rationale behind HAARP is that the beaming of energy into the ionosphere can be used to control and alter the large electric currents that exist there. These currents in turn can be used to generate low-frequency electromagnetic waves for purposes such as submarine communications, terrestrial tomography, and possibly even as a shield against incoming missiles (Mintz, 1995).

Although the HAARP transmitter operates on a frequency range of 2.8 to 10 MHz, it has the potential to induce secondary radiation at both very low (0.001 Hz) and very high frequencies (>1 GHz).

By exploiting the properties of the auroral ionosphere as an active, nonlinear medium, the primary energy of the HF transmitter, which is confined in the frequency range from 2.8 to 10 MHz, can be down-converted in frequency to

izvješća iz Terre Haute.10

HAARP

HAARP je skraćenica koja se zalaže za High Frequency Active jutarnji Research programa. HAARP se objekt nalazi se u malom gradu Gakona, Aljaska, 294 km sjeveroistočno od Anchoragea. HAARP je izvorno promovira Ted Stevens, američki senator iz Aljaske, kao metodu iskorištavanje velika energije od Aurora. No, ovaj program nikada nije smatrao fizičara biti praktična, te je ismijan kao'' nebo pogon tostera'' (Cohen, 1991).

Izjavio je svrha HAARP je za prijenos visoke frekvencije radiovalova u Zemljinu ionosferu radi grijanje ionosfere (Mintz, 1995). Zemljina ionosfera počinje na nadmorskoj visini od oko 70 km, naziv je izveden iz činjenice da je ova regija sadrži značajan broj nabijenih čestica ili iona. Prirodni električne struje inducirane u ionosferu od solarnog vjetra, plazma tok nabijenih čestica izbačen na suncu.

Očito Logika iza HAARP je da usmjere energije u ionosferu se može koristiti za kontrolu i mijenjati velike električne struje koje postoje tamo. Te struje, pak, može se koristiti za generiranje niske frekvencije elektromagnetskih valova za svrhe kao što su podmornice komunikacija, zemaljske tomografija, a možda čak i kao štit protiv dolaznih raketa (Mintz, 1995).

Iako HAARP odašiljač radi na frekvencijskom području od 2,8 do 10 MHz, ona ima potencijal za izazvati sekundarnu radijaciju na obje vrlo niskim (0,001 Hz) i vrlo visoke frekvencije (> 1 GHz).

Do iskorištavaju svojstva jutarnji ionosfere kao aktivni, nelinearnom mediju, primarna energija HF odašiljača, koja je ograničena u frekvencijskom rasponu 2,8-10 MHz, mogu biti dolje pretvaraju u frekvencije na suvislim niskofrekventnih valova u rasponu pet desetljeća, kao i gore-pretvaraju u infracrveno i vidljive fotona. . . Kao rezultat toga, odašiljač HAARP HF može generirati izvore za daljinsko očitavanje i komunikacija razgranalog 16 desetljeća u frekvenciji (Naval Research

coherent low frequency waves spanning five decades, as well as up-converted to infrared and visible photons . . . As a result, the HAARP HF transmitter can generate sources for remote sensing and communications spanning 16 decades in frequency (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 6).

The HAARP facility has considerable potential for long-distance lowfrequency communications capable of penetrating both earth and water to significant depths.

[HAARP] can be used as a low-frequency transmitter or radio system that is tunable continuously over the range from 0.001 Hz to 40 kHz . . . [HAARP-generated] waves can propagate with low attenuation over thousands of kilometers, guided by the waveguide formed by the ground and the ionosphere, in the manner that many low-frequency communication systems are used by the Navy (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8).

Experimental studies of ionospheric heating conducted in Alaska, Norway, and Puerto Rico date back to the late 1960s (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8). In 1991, the Washington Post reported that a three-year experiment involving the beaming of energy into the ionosphere had been under way in 1988, suggesting that activity at the current HAARP site in Alaska could have begun as early as 1985. Early research was aimed at generating ELF waves for the purpose of submarine communications, and was funded by the US Office of Naval Research (Cohen, 1991). Large-scale funding of HAARP began in 1990 (Danitz, 1996).

Although the acronym HAARP refers to a ‘‘research program’’, it was apparently also developed for applied purposes. At a planning meeting held in 1990, HAARP was conceived as a practical device for modifying the ionosphere, not solely a tool for pure research.

The scientific field was ready to make the transition from pure research to applications in the civilian and military arenas . . . The workshop endorsed the HAARP transmitter as the cornerstone of the transition from ionospheric research to technology and applications (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8).

Laboratory, 1998: 6).

HAARP objekt ima znatan potencijal za dalekometne lowfrequency komunikacija sposobne za proboj i zemlju i vodu do značajnih dubina.

[HAARP] može se koristiti kao niske frekvencije odašiljača ili radio sustav koji je melodičan kontinuirano tijekom rasponu od 0,001 Hz do 40 kHz. . . [HAARP-generirani] valovi mogu propagirati s niskim gušenja više tisuća kilometara, vođeni valovodu formirana terenu i ionosfere, na način da su mnogi niskofrekventne komunikacijski sustavi koriste u mornarici (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8).

Eksperimentalne studije ionosferskog grijanja provodi na Aljasci, Norveškoj, i Portoriko datiraju iz kasnih 1960-ih (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8). Godine 1991, Washington Post je izvijestio da trogodišnji pokus uključuje vedar energije u ionosferu bio u tijeku u 1988, sugerirajući da je aktivnost na sadašnjoj HAARP stranice na Aljasci mogli su počeli već 1985. Rana istraživanja bio je usmjeren na stvaranje ELF valove radi podmorskih komunikacije, te je financiran od strane američkog Ureda Naval Research (Cohen, 1991). Masovna financiranje HAARP je počela 1990 (Danitz, 1996).

Iako akronim HAARP odnosi na program'' istraživanje'', to je navodno također razvijen za primijenjene svrhe. Na planiranja sastanka održanog u 1990, HAARP je zamišljen kao praktičan uređaj za izmjenu ionosfere, a ne samo alat za čiste istraživanja.

Znanstveno polje bio spreman napraviti prijelaz iz čistog istraživanja na primjenu u civilnim i vojnim arenama. . . Radionica je prihvatila HAARP odašiljač kao kamen tranzicije iz ionosferskog istraživanja na području tehnologije i aplikacije (Naval Research Laboratory, 1998: 8).

Od samog početka, HAARP je okružena kontroverzama. Početne kritike HAARP usmjerena na karakterizaciju projekt kao rasipan porkbarrel potrošnje (Cohen, 1991). U posljednjih nekoliko godina, HAARP projekt je bio okružen tajnosti i glasine.

From the beginning, HAARP has been surrounded by controversy. Initial criticisms of HAARP focused on characterizing the project as wasteful porkbarrel spending (Cohen, 1991). In recent years, the HAARP project has been surrounded by secrecy and rumors.

HAARP technology is based on three US patents held by physicist Bernard J. Eastlund (Lomas, 1999) and assigned to a company named Advanced Power Technologies, Inc. (APTI). The Eastlund patents are:

4686605: Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth’s atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere. 4712155: Method and apparatus for creating an artificial electron cyclotron heating region of plasma. 5038664: Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earth’s surface.

Eastlund’s patents appear to be related to ideas originally proposed by the eccentric and brilliant Nikola Tesla (1856–1943). Lomas (1999) described Eastlund’s third patent (5038664) as identical to ‘‘Tesla’s Death Ray’’, a reference to a legendary invention that Tesla claimed he could build. On September 22, 1940, the New York Times published an article titled ‘‘Death Ray for Planes’’. The author wrote:

Tesla . . . stands ready to divulge to the United States Government the secret of his ‘‘teleforce’’, with which, he said, airplane motors would be melted at a distance of 250 miles, so that an invisible Chinese Wall of Defense would be built around the country against any attempted attack by an enemy air force, no matter how large (Laurence, 1940: D-7).

In 2002, The Observer reported that the Russian Parliament had made demands that construction on HAARP be stopped. The demands were based on the analysis of a Russian scientist who warned that:

[HAARP could] trigger chaotic changes in weather patterns, cause permanent environmental damage . . . influence the mental and physical health of people across regions, lead to a new arms race, and undermine the strategic stability of the world (Walsh & McKie, 2002: 22).

HAARP tehnologija temelji se na tri patenata u SAD-u posjedu fizičar Bernard J. Eastlund (Lomas, 1999), a dodjeljuje se tvrtka pod nazivom Advanced Napajanje Technologies, Inc (APTI). U Eastlund patenti su:

4686605: Metoda i aparati za mijenjanjem regiju u Zemljinoj atmosferi, ionosfere, i / ili magnetosfere. 4712155: Metoda i aparati za stvaranje umjetne elektronski ciklotron grijanja regiju plazme. 5038664: Metoda za proizvodnju ljusku relativistička čestica na nadmorskoj visini iznad površine Zemlje.

Eastlund patent pojavljuju se odnose na idejama izvorno predložio ekscentričnom i sjajan Nikole Tesle (1856-1943). Lomas (1999) opisao Eastlund je treći patent (5.038.664), kao identičan'' Teslina'' Death Ray, upućivanje na legendarnom izumu da je Tesla tvrdio je on mogao graditi. Na 22. rujna 1940, New York Times objavio je članak pod naslovom'' Smrt Ray za Zrakoplovi''. Autor je napisao:

Tesla. . . spreman otkriti Vladi Sjedinjenih Američkih Država tajna njegova'' teleforce'', s kojima, kako je rekao, avion motori bi se rastopila na udaljenosti od 250 km, tako da je nevidljiv Kineski zid obrane će biti izgrađeno oko zemlji protiv bilo pokušaja napada od strane sile neprijateljske zraka, bez obzira koliko je velika (Laurence, 1940: D-7).

U 2002, Observer izvijestio da ruski parlament je napravio zahtjeve da gradnja na HAARP biti zaustavljen. Zahtjevi su na temelju analize ruskog znanstvenika koji je upozorio da je:

[HAARP mogao] potaknule kaotične promjene vremenskih obrazaca, uzrokovati trajnu štetu okolišu. . . utjecati na mentalno i fizičko zdravlje ljudi diljem regije, dovesti do novog utrke u naoružanju, i potkopati strateški stabilnost svijeta (Walsh & McKie, 2002: 22).

Neki od tih zahtjeva se da se obrazlaže tekst Eastlund patenata.

. . . odgovarajućom primjenom različitih aspekata ovog izuma na strateškim mjestima i sa odgovarajućim izvora energije, sredstvo i

Some of these claims appear to be substantiated by the text of the Eastlund patents.

. . . by appropriate application of various aspects of this invention at strategic locations and with adequate power sources, a means and method is provided to cause interference with or even total disruption of communications over a very large portion of the earth. (US Patent 4686605)

This invention has a phenomenal variety of possible ramifications and potential future developments. As alluded to earlier, missile or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion could result, particularly when relativistic particles are employed . . . Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns or altering solar absorption patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. (US Patent 4686605)

The plasma will be confined between adjacent field lines and will form a shell of relativistic particles there . . . the shell so formed may be used as an anti-missile shield. The high energy, relativistic particles in the shell will collide with any missile passing through there to give up energy which, in turn, will damage or destroy the missile (US Patent 5038664).

The holder of the Eastlund patents, APTI, developed HAARP for the US Navy and Air Force. In 2001, Commerce Business Daily reported:

The Office of Naval Research has a requirement for continuing the development of HAARP . . . the Government intends to negotiate with only one source, Advanced Power Technologies Inc. (APTI). APTI was the sole offeror under the original competitive procurement and has completed the demonstration prototype phase of this program. Under this phase, a functional research instrument of 960 kilowatts power was developed, and is currently being used to pursue research objectives within its capability. The proposed action is for continued development of the facility toward its final planned configuration with 3.6 megawatts power (Anonymous, 2001).

At the present time it would appear that the HAARP facility in Alaska is in an intermediate stage of development. In June of 2004, DRS

način pod uvjetom da izazvati smetnje sa ili čak ukupnu prekida komunikacije preko vrlo velik dio zemlje. (US Patent 4686605)

Ovaj izum ima fenomenalan niz mogućih posljedice i potencijalnih budućih kretanja. Kao aludirao na ranije, projektila ili aviona razaranja, progiba, ili zbunjenost može rezultirati, osobito kada relativističkoj čestice su zaposleni. . . Vrijeme modifikacija je moguće, na primjer, mijenjaju gornje uzorke atmosfere vjetar ili mijenjanje solarne apsorpcijske obrasce izgradnjom jednog ili više plinove i paru od atmosferskih čestica koje će djelovati kao leća ili fokusiranja uređaja. (US Patent 4686605)

Plazma će biti ograničena između susjednih polja redaka i činit će ljusku relativistička čestica postoji. . . ljuska tako formirana može se koristiti kao anti-raketnog štita. Visoke energije, relativističkoj čestice u ljusci će se sudariti s bilo projektil koji prolazi kroz tu odustati energiju koja je, pak, će oštetiti ili uništiti rakete (US Patent 5038664).

Nositelj Eastlund patenata, APTI, razvio HAARP za američke mornarice i zrakoplovstva. U 2001, commerce Business Daily izvijestio:

Ured Naval Research ima uvjet za nastavak razvoja HAARP. . . Vlada namjerava pregovarati sa samo jednom izvoru, Napredna Snaga Technologies Inc (APTI). APTI bio jedini ponuditelj pod izvornom konkurentnom nabave te je završio u fazu demonstracije prototipa ovog programa. Pod ovoj fazi, funkcionalna istraživanja instrument 960 kilovata snage je razvijena, a trenutno se koristi u potjeru istraživačkih ciljeva u okviru svoje sposobnosti. Predložio je akcija za daljnji razvoj objekta prema svojoj konačnoj planiranog konfiguraciji s 3,6 megavata energije (Anonymous, 2001).

U današnje vrijeme, čini se da je HAARP objekt na Aljasci je u srednjem stupnju razvoja. U lipnju 2004, DRS tehnologije dobio 23,3 milijuna dolara ugovor za pružanje odašiljače za HAARP. Prijave navedene u Eastlund patenata su ambiciozni, a stupanj do kojeg se može ostvariti je nepoznata u sadašnjem trenutku.

HAARP se pozivati možda češće od bilo koje

technologies received a $23.3 million contract to provide transmitters for HAARP. The applications outlined in the Eastlund patents are ambitious, and the degree to which they can be realized is unknown at the present time.

HAARP is invoked perhaps more often than any other single hypothesis as a cause of the Hum. One Hum sufferer describes himself as ‘‘HAARPooned’’. However, there is a significant problem in attributing the Hum to HAARP: reports of the Hum predate HAARP. There are reliable reports of the Hum in the United States in 1991, 1992, and 1993 (e.g., Taos, New Mexico) and well-documented reports in the United Kingdom that go back to at least the early 1970s. Although research into ionospheric heating dates back to the 1960s, the HAARP facility itself does not appear to have been fully operational until the mid-1990s.

There is an additional logical problem in attributing the Hum to HAARPgenerated low-frequency radio waves. These waves apparently can travel for ‘‘thousands of kilometers’’ without significant attenuation, yet the Hum appears to be a local phenomenon confined to several tens of kilometers.

TACAMO

TACAMO is an acronym that stands for ‘‘Take Charge and Move Out’’. The term was first coined in 1961 when the idea of using aircraft to communicate with submarines was proposed as an interim solution until a permanent landbased facility that could survive a nuclear attack was built. As time passed, it became clear that survivability depended on mobility, and TACAMO aircraft became an essential component of submarine communications (Anderson & Day, 1996).

The function of TACAMO aircraft is to relay messages to submarines using transmitters on the VLF band. The first generation of TACAMO planes were Lockheed EC-130s, into which VLF transmitters had been loaded. The first plane became operational in 1963. By 1971, TACAMO aircraft had undergone four generations of improvements and incorporated a 200-kW transmitter. TACAMO aircraft broadcast by deploying two trailing wire antennae while flying in a circular orbit. The shorter antenna is about 1500 meters in length, the longer is about 8500

druge hipoteze kao uzrok Hum. Jedan Hum pati sebe opisuje kao'' HAARPooned''. Međutim, postoji značajan problem u pripisujući Hum na HAARP: izvješća HAARP Hum raniji. Postoje pouzdani izvješća Hum u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama u 1991, 1992, i 1993 (npr., Taos, New Mexico) i dobro dokumentiranih izvješća u Velikoj Britaniji da idu natrag na najmanje ranih 1970-ih. Iako je istraživanje u ionosferskog grijanje datira iz 1960-ih, HAARP objekt sama po sebi ne čini se da su bili potpuno operativan do sredine 1990-ih.

Tu je dodatni logično problem u pripisujući Hum na HAARPgenerated niskofrekventnih radiovalovima. Ovi valovi očito može putovati za'' tisućama kilometara'' bez značajnog prigušenja, ali Hum Čini se da je lokalni fenomen ograničena na nekoliko desetaka kilometara.

TACAMO

TACAMO je skraćenica koja se zalaže za'' Uzmi zadužen i iseliti''. Pojam prvi je skovao u 1961, kada ideja o korištenju zrakoplova za komunikaciju s podmornicama je predložio kao privremeno rješenje dok se ne postigne trajno landbased objekta koja bi mogla preživjeti nuklearni napad sagrađena. Kako je vrijeme prolazilo, postalo je jasno da Izdržljivost ovisi o mobilnosti, a TACAMO zrakoplov postao bitna komponenta podmorskih komunikacije (Anderson & Dan, 1996).

Funkcija TACAMO zrakoplova je relejna na podmornicama koriste odašiljače na VLF pojasu. Prva generacija TACAMO zrakoplova bili su Lockheed EC-130, u kojem VLF odašiljači bio opterećen. Prvi avion je postao operativan u 1963. Do 1971, TACAMO zrakoplov pretrpio četiri generacije poboljšanja i ugradio 200 kW odašiljača. TACAMO zrakoplov emitira implementaciju dvije prateći žičanu antenu dok leti u kružnoj orbiti. Kraće antene je oko 1500 metara u dužinu, više je oko 8500 metara (Nordwall, 1990).

Počevši od 1989, EC-130 zrakoplova su izbačene i zamijenjene šesnaest modificiranog Boeinga 707 odredila E6-(GAO, 1987). Nadogradnju u'' upotrebe zrakoplova, avionike i

meters long (Nordwall, 1990).

Starting in 1989, EC-130 aircraft were phased out and replaced by sixteen modified Boeing 707 designated the E6-A (GAO, 1987). The upgrade in ‘‘airframe, avionics and mission equipment’’ was substantial and completed in 1992 (Anderson & Day, 1996). Current transmission power and frequency range of TACAMO transmitters are unknown.

Starting in 1998, E6-A aircraft were upgraded to the E6-B. The E6-B planes continued the role of submarine communications but also took over the communications operation formerly performed by the United States airborne strategic command post known as ‘‘Looking Glass’’ (Rudney & Stanley, 2000). The name ‘‘Looking Glass’’ derived from the fact that it mirrored a land-based command center (Gertzen, 1995). The first Looking Glass airplane took off on February 3, 1961. One of seven Looking Glass aircraft remained continuously airborne until Cold War tensions eased on July 24, 1990 (Anonymous, 1990).

TACAMO’s home base is Tinker Air Force Base (AFB) in Oklahoma City. From there, crews are deployed to Travis AFB, 69 km northeast of San Francisco, and the Naval Air Station at Patuxent River, 85 km southeast of Washington, DC (Proctor, 1996).

VLF transmissions from TACAMO planes are complemented by ELF (30– 3000 Hz) signals from transmitters in Wisconsin and northern Michigan. A drawback to the ELF facility is that the low frequency limits the rate at which data can be transmitted. It takes about 20 minutes to transmit a short, coded message via ELF frequencies (Fairhall, 1988). Because of the limited data transmission rate, ELF transmitters are only capable of relaying simple messages, such as a three-letter code instructing a submarine to approach the surface and deploy an antenna for additional instructions (Sullivan, 1981). In 1988, the Guardian, a London newspaper, reported that the Soviet Union had three land-based ELF transmitters in operation (Fairhall, 1988).

The US Navy also maintains permanent, land-based VLF transmission stations in Australia, Japan, Hawaii, and the west and east coasts of the US (Meyer, 1984). The US Navy VLF-

misije opreme'' je značajan i završena u 1992 (Anderson & Dan, 1996). Trenutni prijenos snage i frekvencijski raspon od TACAMO odašiljača su nepoznati.

Počevši od 1998, E6-zrakoplovi su nadograđeni na E6-B. E6-B zrakoplovi nastavili ulogu podmorskih komunikacije, ali također preuzeo komunikacijske operacije nekad obavio u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama u zraku strateškog zapovjedno poznat kao'' Looking Glass'' (Rudney & Stanley, 2000). Naziv'' Looking Glass'' proizlazi iz činjenice da je zemlja odslika-based zapovjedno središte (Gertzen, 1995). Prvi Gledajući Staklo zrakoplov poletio je 3. veljače 1961. Jedan od sedam Looking Glass zrakoplova ostao stalno u zraku dok Hladni rat napetosti smanjila na 24. srpnja 1990 (Anonymous, 1990).

TACAMO dom baza je Tinker Air Force Base (AFB) u Oklahoma Cityju. Od tamo, posade su raspoređeni Travis AFB, 69 km sjeveroistočno od San Francisca, i Naval Air Station Patuxent rijeke, 85 km jugoistočno od Washingtona (Proctor, 1996).

VLF prijenosi iz TACAMO zrakoplova dopunjena ELF (30 - 3000 Hz) signala iz odašiljača u Wisconsinu i sjevernom Michiganu. Nedostatak ELF objekta je da niska frekvencija ograničava brzinu kojom se podaci mogu prenositi. To traje oko 20 minuta za prijenos kratku, kodiranu poruku preko ELF frekvencijama (Fairhall, 1988). Zbog ograničenog prijenosa podataka stope, ELF odašiljača su samo sposobni prosljeđivanje jednostavnih poruka, poput tri slova koda naložio podmornicu da pristupi na površinu i implementaciju antene za dodatnim uputama (Sullivan, 1981). Godine 1988, Guardian, London novine, izvijestio je da je Sovjetski Savez je imao tri kopneni ELF odašiljača u radu (Fairhall, 1988).

Američka ratna mornarica također održava stalne, kopneni VLF prijenos stanica u Australiji, Japanu, Havajima, i na Zapadu i Istoku obalom SAD (Meyer, 1984). Američka mornarica YLF-odašiljači na Cutler, Maine, i Jim Creeku, Washington, su najmoćniji radio postaja u svijetu, prenosi na snazi više od dva milijuna vata (Littleton, 1988).

transmitters at Cutler, Maine, and Jim Creek, Washington, are the most powerful radio stations in the world, transmitting at a power of more than two million watts (Littleton, 1988).

Radio frequencies in the VLF band of 3–30 kHz are used for submarine communications because lower frequencies penetrate deeper than higher ones.

The degree to which electromagnetic waves are attenuated in a conductor like seawater is described by the concept of skin depth. The skin depth is the depth at which an electromagnetic wave is attenuated to 1/e of its surface magnitude, where e is the base of the natural logarithms (e ¼ 2.7183. . . .). Skin depth d is inversely proportional to the square root of frequency f.

d ¼ ½1=ðlpfrÞ_1=2 ð1Þ

where l is the magnetic permeability, f is frequency, and r is electrical conductivity. For seawater, the following values are good approximations: l ¼ 4p 3 10_7 N/A2 and r ¼ 5 (ohm-m)_1 (Griffiths, 1981, p. 326). Substituting these values into Equation 1 yields:

d ¼ ½1=ð1:974310_5Þf _1=2 ð2Þ

Equation 2 gives the approximate skin depth d (in seawater) in meters for a radiofrequency f in Hz. Thus, the skin depth for 30 kHz is 1.3 meters; the skin depth for 3 kHz is 4.0 meters.11

To receive transmissions in the VLF band, submarines tow an antenna with a buoyant casing that places a 61-m–long antenna about 12 meters below the surface. The tow line itself is about 500 meters long, enabling a submarine to remain concealed at depth while receiving VLF signals (Sullivan, 1981).

TACAMO aircraft and associated VLF transmissions are in many ways coincident in time and space with Hum reports. For security reasons, the precise areas in which TACAMO aircraft operate are classified. The only public information that the US Navy provides is that one squadron of planes is deployed to cover the Atlantic Ocean, the other to cover the Pacific. Historically, the area with the most Hum reports is the United Kingdom. A prime operating area for US submarines—especially during the Cold

Radijske frekvencije u VLF pojasu 3-30 kHz se koristi za podmorske komunikacije jer niže frekvencije prodiru dublje od višima.

Stupanj do kojeg elektromagnetski valovi su smanjeni u dirigent poput morske vode je opisao koncept kože dubine. Koža dubina je dubina na kojoj elektromagnetski val je oslabljena na 1 / e njegove površine veličine, gdje je E baza prirodnih logaritama (e ¼ 2,7183 ....). Koža dubina d je obrnuto proporcionalna kvadratnom korijenu frekvencije f.

d ¼ ½ 1 = ðlpfrÞ_1 = 2 ð1Þ

gdje je l permeabilnost, f je frekvencija, a r je električna vodljivost. Za morske vode, sljedeće vrijednosti su dobre aproksimacije: l ¼ 4p 3 10_7 N/A2 i r ¼ 5 (ohm-m) _1 (Griffiths, 1981, str 326.). Uvrštavanjem tih vrijednosti u jednadžbu 1 prinosa:

d ¼ ½ 1 = D1: 974310_5Þf _1 = 2 ð2Þ

Jednadžba 2 daje približnu d kože dubina (u pomorskom) u metrima za radiofrekvencijskog f u Hz. Dakle, koža dubina 30 kHz je 1,3 metara, koža dubina za 3 kHz je 4,0 meters.11

Za primanje prijenose u VLF pojasu, podmornice vučne antena s dinamičnim kućište koje stavlja na 61-m-dugo antenu oko 12 metara ispod površine. Vuču linija sama po sebi je oko 500 metara, omogućujući podmornica ostati skriven u dubini dok prima signale VLF (Sullivan, 1981).

TACAMO zrakoplova i pripadajuće VLF prijenosi su u mnogočemu podudara u vremenu i prostoru s Hum izvješćima. Iz sigurnosnih razloga, precizni područja u kojima TACAMO zrakoplovi djeluju klasificiraju. Jedini javni podatak da američka ratna mornarica predviđa se da je jedan eskadron od zrakoplova raspoređeno je za pokrivanje Atlantski ocean, drugi za pokrivanje Pacifik. Povijesno gledano, područje s najviše Hum izvješća je Velika Britanija. Predsjednik operativni prostor za SAD podmornice, osobito u vrijeme Hladnog rata, bila bi Sjevernoatlantski, s Velikom Britanijom logično osnovnog poslovanja za komunikacijske funkcije. Iako to može biti moguće da Hum

War—would have been the North Atlantic, with the United Kingdom a logical base of operations for communication functions. Although it may be possible that Hum reports in the United Kingdom date back to as early as the 1940s, widespread reports appear to date back to the early 1970s or mid 1960s. This is about the same period of time that TACAMO aircraft first became operational.

With some notable exceptions, Hum reports appear to be concentrated near coastal regions where TACAMO aircraft operate. Of course, the population of the United States is also concentrated near the east and west coasts. However there are some fascinating cases that illustrate how the Hum seems to be peculiarly prominent near seacoasts. In 1996, the Boston Herald reported that inhabitants of the tiny peninsular towns of Nahant (year 2000 population 3632) and Hull (year 2000 population 11,050) were bothered by the Hum (Weber, 1996). Yet there were no reports from the major city of Boston, located 13 km to the west with a population (year 2000) of 589,141. Similarly, reports in Scotland seem to come from small coastal towns such as Largs (population about 12,000), while major cities which are further inland, such as Glasgow (population 1.1 million), are quiet (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). If the Hum were due to tinnitus or were a byproduct of an industrial infrastructure, reports should be more numerous in major population centers. Yet that does not seem to be the case. The extent to which TACAMO aircraft operate over the continental United States is unknown. Presumably when TACAMO took over the Looking Glass mission, deployment over the continental United States was concomitant. In 1997, Defense Daily reported that TACAMO training flights take place over the Gulf of Mexico (Breen, 1997).

Notably, the first reports of the Hum in the United States were in 1991, about the same time that older TACAMO EC-130 aircraft were upgraded to the E-6A. One of the most mysterious aspects of the Hum is the absolute inability of any person or investigator to locate the source. This inability could be understood if the source were on a moving aircraft subject to random and unpredictable deployments. Furthermore, investigations of the Hum in Taos, New Mexico, circa 1993 (Mullins & Kelly, 1995) and Kokomo, Indiana (Cowan, 2003), were

izvješća u datuma Velika Britanija natrag već 1940, brojna izvješća čini se da potječu iz ranih 1970-ih ili sredine 1960. To je otprilike isto vrijeme da TACAMO zrakoplov prvi put postao operativan.

Kod nekih iznimaka, Hum izvješća pojavljuju se usredotočio blizini primorskim krajevima gdje TACAMO zrakoplovi djeluju. Naravno, stanovništvo Sjedinjenim Državama također je koncentrirana u blizini istočne i zapadne obale. Međutim, postoje neke fascinantne slučajeve koji ilustriraju kako Hum čini se da je posebno istaknuta u blizini seacoasts. Godine 1996, Boston Herald izvijestio da stanovnici malih poluotoku gradovima Nahant (2000 stanovnika 3632) i Hull (2000 stanovnika 11.050) su smeta Hum (Weber, 1996). Ipak, nije bilo izvještaja iz velikog grada Bostona, koji se nalazi 13 km na zapadu sa stanovništvom (2000) od 589.141. Slično tome, izvješća u Škotskoj čini se da dolaze iz malih primorskih gradova, kao što su Largs stanovnika (oko 12.000), dok je glavni gradovi koji su dodatno unutrašnjosti, kao što je Glasgow stanovnika (1,1 milijuna), su tihi (Mcquillan & Martin, 2001). Ako Hum su zbog tinitusa ili su nusprodukt industrijske infrastrukture, izvješća trebaju biti brojniji u većim centrima stanovništva. Ipak, to ne činiti se biti slučaj. Opseg u kojem TACAMO zrakoplovi djeluju preko kontinentalnim Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama je nepoznat. Vjerojatno kada TACAMO preuzeo Looking Glass misiju, implementaciju nad kontinentalnim Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama je popratna pojava. Godine 1997, Obrana Dnevni izvijestio da TACAMO trening letovi odvijati preko Meksičkog zaljeva (Breen, 1997).

Znakovita je prva izvješća Hum u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama su u 1991, otprilike u isto vrijeme da stariji TACAMO EC-130 zrakoplova su nadograđene na E-6A. Jedna od najtajanstvenijih aspekata Hum je apsolutna nemogućnost bilo koje osobe ili istražitelja da pronađe izvor. Ova nemogućnost mogao razumjeti ako se izvor bili na pokretnoj zrakoplova predmet slučajnih i nepredvidljiv implementacije. Nadalje, istraživanja u Humu u Taos, New Mexico, oko 1.993 (Mullins & Kelly, 1995) i Kokomo, Indiana (Cowan, 2003), su objavljeni i unaprijed, dopuštajući vrijeme za

publicized well in advance, allowing time for any mobile source to be moved. One more aspect of the Hum implicates an anthropogenic source: it avoids publicity.

Curiously, the families who complained about the Hueytown Hum say it subsided noticeably just as national news reporters showed up to hear it (Olinger, 1992).

One difficulty with attributing the Hum to VLF transmissions from TACAMO aircraft is that there are no Hum reports near the Navy’s stationary VLF broadcast stations at Cutler, Maine, and Jim Creek, Washington.

Conclusions

1. Analysis of that anecdotal evidence available at the present time tentatively suggests that the Hum is not an acoustic sound or a form of tinnitus. As a working hypothesis, it appears probable that the Hum can be attributed to electromagnetic radiation that some people have the ability to interpret as sound.

2. The source of the Hum is unknown. However, a comparison of several different sources of radio transmissions with the time and place of Hum reports seems to tentatively exclude several possibilities. Unlikely sources include cellular telephone transmissions, LORAN navigational stations, and HAARP. The hypothetical source that can be best correlated in time and space with Hum reports is the TACAMO aircraft operated by the US Navy for purposes of submarine communications.

3. Thirty years of research into the cause of the Hum have proven fruitless because of the repetitive and thoughtless use of standard acoustic techniques. Although sound measurements are an indispensable starting point, it should be clear by now that routine approaches are inadequate. Future investigations should start with some recognition that local manifestations of the Hum are only one aspect of a global problem. Ten years ago, the British Medical Journal noted:

Hums are associated with noise problems that cannot be routinely solved by acoustic consultants or environmental health officers (Rice, 1994).

bilo koji mobilni izvora kako bi se preselio. Još jedan aspekt Hum podrazumijeva se antropogeni izvor: ona izbjegava publicitet.

Zanimljivo, obitelji koje su se žalili na Hueytown Hum kažu da oslabio primjetno kao nacionalni novinarima pojavio čuti ga (Olinger, 1992).

Jedan poteškoća s pripisujući Hum na VLF prijenose iz TACAMO zrakoplova je da nema izvješća Hum blizini mornarice stacionarnih VLF radio postaje u Cutler, Maine, i Jim Creeku, Washington.

Zaključci

1. Analiza tog anegdotalnih dokaza dostupnih u današnje vrijeme uvjetno sugerira da Hum nije akustični zvuk ili oblik zujanje u ušima. Kao radna hipoteza, čini se vjerojatnim da Hum može pripisati elektromagnetskog zračenja koje neki ljudi imaju sposobnost da tumači kao zvuk.

2. Izvor Hum je nepoznat. Međutim, usporedba od nekoliko različitih izvora radio postaja s vremenom i mjestom Hum izvješća čini uvjetno uključuju nekoliko mogućnosti. Vjerojatno izvori uključuju stanične telefonske prijenose, Loran navigacijske postaja, a HAARP. Hipotetski izvor koji se najbolje može povezati u vremenu i prostoru s Hum izvješća je TACAMO zrakoplov operiran od strane američke mornarice za potrebe podmorskih komunikacije.

3. Trideset godina istraživanja o uzroku Hum su urodila plodom, jer je ponavljaju i nepromišljeno korištenje standardnih akustičnih tehnika. Iako zvuk mjerenja su neizostavni polazna točka, to bi trebalo biti jasno da je do sada rutinski pristupi su neadekvatna. Buduća istraživanja trebala početi s nekim priznanje da su lokalne manifestacije Hum su samo jedan aspekt globalnom problemu. Prije deset godina, British Medical Journal je navedeno:

HUMS su povezana s buke problema koji se ne mogu rutinski riješiti akustične savjetnika ili ekoloških zdravstvenih djelatnika (Rice, 1994).

Globalna priroda problema treba priznati i istražitelji trebaju biti opremljeni za mjerenje radiofrekvencijske energije u VLF pojasu i ispod.

The global nature of the problem should be recognized and investigators should be equipped to measure radiofrequency energy into the VLF band and below. Because the source of the Hum may be anthropogenic, it may be circumspect for future inquiries to be performed surreptitiously.

4. A simple experiment could be performed to determine if the Hum is acoustic or electromagnetic in origin. A set of three boxes or enclosures large enough to contain a human body could be constructed. On the outside, each box would appear identical. But the inner composition of each box would be different. The control box might have an inner layer of air. The second box would be lined with concrete to attenuate acoustic signals. The third box would contain a conductor thick enough to significantly diminish the amplitude of most electromagnetic radiation.12 The boxes could be transported to a location such as Kokomo and hearers asked how the perceived sound of the Hum changes inside each enclosure.

As a corollary, there should be experiments designed to determine human sensitivity to pulsed electromagnetic radiation in the VLF band and below.

5. Study of anomalies is the key to scientific discovery. If human beings have some previously unrecognized ability to detect low-frequency electromagnetic energy, there may be beneficial applications.

Notes

1 I use the convention that the particular phenomenon referred to in this article is capitalized as ‘‘the Hum’’, while the lower case usage (‘‘hum’’) refers to the dictionary definition.

2 I try to maintain a complete bibliography at: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ humforum/ Coming from a mainstream scientific tradition, I am uncomfortable with the use of anecdotal evidence. However, as one reviewer pointed out, ‘‘some topics are necessarily anecdotal’’, and cited ball lightning as an example. In this article I try to balance skepticism with credulity.

3 Walford (1983, p. 83) lists Sunday Mirror articles appearing in 1977 on June 19, July 3,

Zbog izvor Hum može biti antropogenih, to može biti oprezan za buduće upite koje se izvode potajno.

4. Jednostavan eksperiment mogao biti izvedena kako bi se utvrdilo je li Hum je akustična ili elektromagnetska podrijetla. Skup od tri kutije ili kućišta dovoljno velik da sadrži ljudsko tijelo može izgraditi. S vanjske strane, svaka kutija će se pojaviti identični. Ali unutarnji sastav svakog okvira će biti različit. Okvir kontrola može imati unutarnji sloj zraka. Drugi okvir će biti poredani s betonom da priguše zvučnih signala. Treća kutija bi sadržavati dirigent debeli dovoljno da značajno smanjiti amplitude elektromagnetskog najviše radiation.12 Kutije mogao biti prebačen na mjesto kao što Kokomo i slušatelji pitali kako percipiraju zvuk Hum promjena unutar svake ograde.

Kao nužna, tamo bi trebao biti pokusi dizajnirani kako bi se utvrdilo ljudsku osjetljivost na pulsne elektromagnetskog zračenja u VLF pojasu i ispod.

5. Studija anomalija je ključ za znanstveno otkriće. Ako ljudska bića imaju neku prethodno nepoznatu sposobnost otkriti niske frekvencije elektromagnetske energije, postoji svibanj biti korisne aplikacije.

Bilješke

1 Ja koristiti konvencije da određeni fenomen u smislu ovoga članka je kapitaliziran, kao'' Hum'', dok je donji dio kućišta upotrebe ('' Hum'') odnosi se na definiciji rječnika.

2 sam pokušati zadržati potpunu bibliografiju na: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ humforum / Dolazeći iz mainstream znanstvenog tradicije, ja sam neugodno s korištenjem anegdotalnih dokaza. Međutim, kao što je jedan recenzent je istaknuo,'' neke teme su nužno anegdota'', i naveo loptu munja kao primjer. U ovom članku ću pokušati uravnotežiti skepticizam s lakovjernosti.

3 Walford (1983, str. 83) navodi Sunday Mirror članke koji se pojavljuju u 1977 na 19. lipnja, 3. srpnja, a 20. studenoga. Samo jedan od njih

and November 20. The only one of these I have been able to locate is the July 3 story by Martin and Barker (1977).

4 In August of 1985, a seasonal nighttime hum that had plagued people living on houseboats in Sausalito, California (the Sausalito Hum) was tracked down to the fish species Porichthys Notatus. The description of the sound, an underwater buzzing noise that sounded like an electric razor, did not match the Hum. See stories that appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle on July 29, August 7, and August 20 of 1985.

5 I recall very well one Sunday afternoon during the summer of 1999 when the Hum manifested as a continuous higher-pitched tone in my rural home. The ‘‘sound’’ was extremely irritating. It felt like someone holding a mechanical device of some type up against my head. As an experiment, I drove a mile north of my home, stopped my automobile, and got out. The Hum was still there, absolutely unchanged. I drove over several miles in a number of compass directions. The Hum remained undiminished as far as 5 miles from my home. Fortunately, these higher-pitched manifestations are uncommon.

6 An acoustic consultant hired to track down the Kokomo, Indiana, Hum in 2003 measured low-frequency sound from industrial sources (Cowan, 2003). However a causal relationship between these noise sources and the Hum was never demonstrated. It is apparent that any moderately large town in an industrialized nation will have sources of low-frequency noise.

7 A reviewer noted here that ‘‘crackling’’ noises from dry leaves can also simply result from air currents. The author’s perspective is that the observer would have been sufficiently astute to differentiate between leaves rustling in the wind and anomalous behavior.

8 The inference to be drawn from the smoke detectors is that the simultaneous excitation of these alarms in different parts of the residence could only have been due to some type of uncommon radiofrequency interference. One of the reviewers pointed out that smoke alarms can be set off by high concentrations of dust or humidity.

9 Aluminum foil 0.001 inches (2.5310_5 m) thick

sam bio u mogućnosti pronaći je 3. srpnja priča su Martin i Barker (1977).

4. U kolovozu 1985, sezonski noćna Hum koji je imao udario ljudi koji žive na houseboats u Sausalito, California (Sausalito Hum) je trag na riblje vrste Porichthys Notatus. Opis zvuka, podvodni zujanje zvuk koji je zvučao kao električni britve, ne odgovara Hum. Vidi priče koji su se pojavili u San Francisco Chronicle 29. srpnja, 7. kolovoza i 20. kolovoz 1985.

5 sjećam vrlo dobro jednom nedjeljno popodne tijekom ljeta 1999, kada Hum manifestira kao kontinuirani više utabore ton u mom ruralnom domu. '''' Zvuk je bio iznimno iritantan. Osjećao sam se kao da netko drži mehanički uređaj za neke vrste protiv moje glave. Kao eksperiment, sam vozio milje sjevernije od moje kuće, zaustavljen moj automobil, a izašao. Hum je još uvijek tamo, apsolutno nepromijenjena. Vozio sam preko nekoliko milja u nizu kompas smjerovima. Hum je ostao neumanjen koliko pet milja od moje kuće. Srećom, ove veće razapeo manifestacije su rijetki.

6 akustična konzultant angažiran u trag Kokomo, Indiana, Hum u 2003 izmjeriti niske frekvencije zvuka iz industrijskih izvora (Cowan, 2003). Međutim uzročna veza između tih izvora buke i Huma nikada nije pokazao. Očito je da je bilo umjereno veliki grad u industrijaliziranom nacije će imati izvore niske frekvencije buke.

7 recenzent napomenuti da se ovdje'''' pucketanje zvukove iz suhog lišća također mogu jednostavno doći od strujanja zraka. Autorova perspektiva je da promatrač bi bio dovoljno lukav da se razlikovati između lišća šušti u vjetar i neobičnim ponašanjem.

8 zaključak koji se može izvući iz detektora dima je da simultano uzbude tih uzbuna u različitim dijelovima prebivališta samo mogao biti zbog neke vrste neuobičajeno radiofrekvencijskog smetnji. Jedan od recenzenata je istakao da alarme može krenuti po visokim koncentracijama prašine ili vlage.

9 Aluminijska folija 0,001 inča (2.5310_5 m) debeo će blokirati 95 posto elektromagnetskog zračenja na tipičnom mobilne telefonije

will block out 95 percent of electromagnetic radiation at a typical cellular telephone frequency of 850 mHz. But the same foil will lose its shielding effectiveness dramatically as the frequency drops.

10 One of the reviewers noted that LORAN and other radio transmissions do not necessarily attenuate in a linear or even a regular manner with increasing distance from the transmitter. Although this is undoubtedly the case, it seems unlikely to the author that such effects could reasonably explain the marked contrast between the cities discussed. It is also striking that there are no known instances of a Hum problem adjacent to a LORAN facility.

11 The discussion of skin depth appears extraneous, but is included to make the point that thin conductors are not necessarily effective shields of electromagnetic energy. There are anecdotal reports of sufferers being unable to block out the Hum with aluminum foil and thereby concluding that the Hum is not due to electromagnetic energy. But VLF frequencies and lower are easily able to pass through household aluminum foil without significant attenuation. For example, the skin depth for a 20 kHz wave in aluminum is 5.8310_4 meters, while the typical thickness of household aluminum foil is 0.001 inches or 2.5 3 10_5 meters.

12 A layer of aluminum one inch (0.0254 meters) thick would attenuate the amplitude of a 100 Hz wave by 95 percent.

Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges helpful reviews by Dr. Bill P. Curry of EMSciTek Consulting Company in Glen Ellyn, Illinois (http://www.emscitek. com/) and Dr. R. Alan Kehs of the US Army Research Lab in Adelphi, Maryland. Rosemarie Mann kindly provided copies of several documents published in the United Kingdom that would have otherwise been difficult for me to obtain.

References

frekvenciji 850 mHz. No, ista folija će izgubiti svoju učinkovitost u zaštiti dramatično kao frekvencija padne.

10 Jedan od recenzenata napomenuti da LORAN i druge radio prijenosi ne nužno razrijediti u linearnom ili čak redovnoj način s povećanjem udaljenosti od odašiljača. Iako je ovo nesumnjivo slučaj, čini se malo vjerojatnim da je autora da se takvi učinci mogao razumno objasniti označena kontrast između gradova razgovarali. Također je začuđujuće da ne postoje poznate pojave u Humu problema tik do Loran objekta.

11 Rasprava kože dubine pojavljuje stran, ali je uključena da bi točku da tanki vodiči nisu nužno učinkovite štitove elektromagnetske energije. Postoji anegdota izvješća bolnicima nemogućnosti da blokira Hum aluminijsku foliju i time zaključivši da Hum nije zbog elektromagnetske energije. Ali VLF frekvencije i niže su lako mogli proći kroz kućanstva aluminijsku foliju bez značajnog prigušenja. Na primjer, koža dubina za 20 kHz vala u aluminiju je 5.8310_4 metara, dok je tipična debljina kućanstva aluminijsku foliju je 0,001 inča ili 2,5 3 10_5 metara.

Zahvale

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