zoonoses: a multi-dimensional public health problem in india
TRANSCRIPT
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Zoonoses: A multi-dimensional public health problem in India
NATARAJU.S.M.Senior Research Fellow (ICMR)
Division of VirologyNational Institute of Cholera and Enteric
DiseasesEmail: [email protected]
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Bird flu in West Bengal in 2008 Pneumonic plague in Surat in 1994
Top Zoonotic news in India
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A zoonosis is any disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans.
Examples: Rabies, Avian influenza,Japanese encephalitis, Leptospirosis, Plague and Anthrax
Zoonosis
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A zoonosis that is newly recognized or newly evolved, or that has occurred previously but shows an increase in incidence or expansion in geographical, host or vector range.
Examples: Swine flu, Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis (BSE) and the Nipah virus.
Emerging zoonosis
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The vast majority of zoonoses are, however, not prioritized by health systems at national and international levels and are labelled neglected.
Examples: Bovine Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, Leishmaniasis, Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis.
Neglected zoonoses
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Animal pathogens transmission to humans
Source: Wolfe et al., 2007
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EID events are dominated by zoonoses (60.3%): the majority of these (71.8%) originate in wildlife.
Emerging disease hotspots due to zoonotic pathogens from wildlife are more concentrated in lower-latitude developing countries.
Zoonotic diseases hotspots
Source: Jones et al., 2008
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Source: Jones et al., 2008
Share of Zoonotic diseases
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Wildlife host species richness is a significant predictor for the emergence of zoonotic EIDs with a wildlife origin, with no role for human population growth, latitude or rainfall.
The emergence of zoonotic EIDs from non-wildlife hosts is predicted by human population density, human population growth, and latitude,and not by wildlife host species richness.
Wildlife and Zoonoses
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Social (e.g. human behavior, mobility, demography and public health measures),
Ecological(e.g. animal contacts, agricultural practices, fisheries, environmental pollution and global warming) and
Microbial (e.g. mutation and recombination/reassortment).
Risk factors for zoonotic disease emergence
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Zoonotic disease research
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National Standing Committee on Zoonoses (GoI)
ICMR and ICAR Collaboration
Road Map to Combat Zoonoses in India (RCZI)
Global Early Warning and Response System for Major Animal Diseases, including Zoonoses (GLEWS)
One World, One Health (OWOH)
Zoonotic disease control Programmes
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•The global effort for EID surveillance and investigation is poorly allocated, with the majority of our scientific resources focused on places from where the next important emerging pathogen is least likely to originate.
•Re-allocation of resources for ‘smart surveillance’ of emerging disease hotspots in lower latitudes is necessary.
•Efforts to conserve areas rich in wildlife diversity by reducing anthropogenic activity may have added value in reducing the likelihood of future zoonotic disease emergence.
Outlook and future research directions
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•Systematic surveys for particular classes of agents over the spectrum of domestic and wild animals.
•More is already known about the origins of some of the agents (AIDS, influenza A and measles) than about others (rotavirus, smallpox and tuberculosis).
•A global early warning system. Most major human infectious diseases have animal origins, and we continue to be bombarded by novel animal pathogens. Yet there is no ongoing systematic global effort to monitor for pathogens emerging from animals to humans.
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Summary
•There are multiple and complex set of challenges to zoonotic diseases control in India.
•Existing public health systems and newer frameworks are opportunities to further the agenda of zoonotic disease prevention and control.
•We need to establish partnerships between academic and implementing agencies.
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We need to educate our kids
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