zoology resource bookzoology resource book
TRANSCRIPT
1
ZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOKZOOLOGY RESOURCE BOOK PART 2
2
PHILOSOPHY
This Zoology course is based on the idea that all a nimals are important. Our world and existence must be in constant balance with the diversity of animals in which
we share the Earth. Each animal has a role in a co mplex web of life that makes its’ survival crucial. All organisms deserve our respec t, for if this balance is upset our
lives will ultimately be affected.
This course is designed for students wanting to per use an academic path, especially in the sciences. Material in this class is unique to other sciences, and thus presents an opportunity for the hard working s tudent to achieve success. As an elective course, Zoology is designed to guide it s students to become better learners, more responsible students, and hopefully more conscience observers of the natural world. It not our intent to make the c ourse too hard to be successful in; however, we feel that in challenging our studen ts we provide them with a better way to learn, therefore helping them to becoming be tter and more productive students.
3
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
Intro to Cnidarians �How do you say it????
�Say it with me now: (_________________) �Practicing saying this when you are with your friends so you sound smart.
�What are cnidarians? �Examples: ______________________________
�Are there many species of cnidarians? �Yes, there are ____________ different species!
Body Structure �Like sponges, they have:
�______________________________________ �______________________________________
�Unlike sponges: �Their cell layers are organized into ___________ that have specific ________________. �They have ________________
Body Structure, cont’d �The function of the two layers:
�Outer Layer: ____________________________ �Inner Layer: _____________________________
Cnidarian Symmetry �Cnidarians are ______________________.
�Remember what that means???? �Radially symmetrical organisms can ___________ & ___________ prey from ________ direction.
�This is especially helpful for the _____________ & ____________________________ cnidarians. �Some cnidarians are ______________________. �Others are _______________.
�What is that again???? Feeding & Digestion �What’s a jellyfish look like? �They have long, stinging ____________________.
�The tentacles have stinging cells called ______________________. �They also have ________________.
�These are capsules that have threadlike tubes that contain ____________________.
4 The nifty nematocyst �____________________ are like harpoons.
�They are propelled by _____________________ (_______________________). �When a cnidarian is ____________ or otherwise _______________ water rushes into the nematocyst (by osmosis) and increases the water pressure, forcing the _________ out of the nematocyst. �The force is so _____________ that the barb can penetrate a _________________________.
Feeding & Digestion cont’d �After prey is hit with a nematocysts or cnidocytes (_____________) the cnidarian brings it to its mouth (_____________________). �It then eventually makes it’s way to the _______________________________________.
�Cells in the ______________________________ secrete ________________________________ to break down the captured prey. �Any ________________________ material is then expelled through the _______________. Yummy.
Response to stimuli �Cnidarians have a primitive ____________ _________ known as a _______________.
�These specialized cells can cause contractions of ______________________ tissue. �The movement of ______________ during prey capture is a result of these _________________.
Types of organ systems �As we’ve mentioned Cnidarians have:
�_____________________________________ �_____________________________________
�They do not have: �_____________________________________ �_____________________________________ �_____________________________________
�So while they are more _________ than a sponge, they are still not very _________ creatures.
� �
� �
Reproduction
� � �
Response to Stimuli
� � Movement
� �
� �
Feeding/ Digestion
� � Body Plan
Cnidaria Sponges Example
5 Vocabulary Review �Define the following words using your notes:
�Radially Symmetry �Sessile �Cnidocyst �Nematocyst �Gastrovascular cavity �Nerve net
Cnidarians : Part Deux
Reproduction �Most cnidarians have _______ forms: �Polyp – �Medusa – Reproduction �The two forms of cnidarians can be seen in the life cycle of a jellyfish (next slide).
�The ____________ form varies depending on the ______________ of cnidarian.
6 Jellyfish Reproduction �To ______________ jellyfish (in the medusa stage) release ______________ ______________ into the water.
�When the two meet _____________ occurs – in the ___________ not ______________. �Resulting ______________ (product of fertilization) will develop into free-swimming larvae that will grow into ____________.
Jellyfish Reproduction �Jellyfish polyps reproduce ___________ to form new _____________ (plural of ______________).
�So jellyfish alternate ________________ from the polyp stage and the medusa stage. Cnidarian Diversity �You know that jellyfish and sea anemone’s are cnidarians, but what else is there?
�________________ �________________ �________________
�How do these three groups consititute 10,000 species???? Hydroids �Hydroids:
�~ _________ species �Have both ________ and ___________ stages in their life cycles. �Most form ____________ (like the Portugese Man of War �). �Another example of hydroids is the ________ – which we will study.
Jellyfishes �Jellyfishes: �~ ______ species �Transparent/transulscent appearance �_________ is the dominant form, but there is a _____________ stage �One well known example is the _________________.
�Box jellyfish get their name because the medusa form has a boxlike structure. �A sting from a box jellyfish can kill a human.
Sea Anemones & Corals �~ _________ species (WOW) �_________ stage is the dominant stage. �Recent research suggests _________ ____________ for the polyps, unlike jellyfish and hydroids. Sea Anemones & Coral �_______________________ live as individuals and __________________ lives in colonies. �Coral secretes _________________________ to protect itself.
�This creates a hard shell around their soft bodies. �As you may know coral reefs are endangered.
�Their health depends on: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________. �Rises in water temperature & pollution pose a threat to this ___________ cnidarian.
7
Australia’s Box Jellyfish: A Killer Down Under Directions: As you read the article, answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What is the scientific name for the box jellyfish? What are some slang names?
2. Why is the box jellyfish so dangerous?
3. What are the dimensions of a large box jellyfish?
4. What length of tentacle is necessary to deliver a lethal dose? How much to cause pain?
5. What are the life stages of the box jellyfish mentioned in the article?
6. Why are the jellyfish a problem along the Australian coast?
7. What are nematocysts?
8. Why do surfers wear two pairs of pantyhose when they surf?
9. Why is box jellyfish venom more dangerous than spider’s and snake’s venom?
10. How is the antivenin produced to treat box jellyfish stings?
11. What new type of aquarium was developed to hold the box jellyfish? Why is it different?
12. Why did the box jellyfish instantly kill the banana prawns?
13. How did the scientists discover the box jellyfish could “see?”
14. How is the box jellyfish vulnerable?
8
HYDRA LAB MATERIALS:
• Pond Water • Hydra • Watch Glass • Dissecting Microscope • Slide • Cover Slip
• 0.0% Methlene Blue Solution • 1% Acetic Acid • Compound Light Microscope • Daphnia • Disposable Pipette (Dropper) • Dissecting Needle
PROCEDURES: Answer the italicized questions on your hydra lab report. (Page 72-73) General Appearance : • Examine a living specimen of hydra in a dish of pond water. Be sure to use pond water and not tap water,
since most tap water contains trace amounts of copper and other substances toxic to hydra. • Place the hydra in a watch glass and examine under the dissecting microscope. Locate the following structures
on your specimen and use these terms to help label your self-test. • Notice the basal disc at the lower end, which serves for attachment. The body is a cylindrical tube with a
circle of tentacles at the free end. 1. How many tentacles are present?
• The hypostome is an elevation between the bases of the tentacles. In the middle of the hypostome is the mouth. Buds may be located on the sides, which are products of asexual reproduction. Ovaries or testis may be present on the body tube of a mature hydra. 2. Draw and label your hydra noting the structures that your see.
Behavior:
3. Does your specimen change shape? • Touch one of the tentacles with the tip of a dissecting needle.
4. What is its reaction? 5. What methods of locomotion are used by the hydra. (If your hydra does move, look in your notes.)
• Observe Hydra feeding in your dish by adding a few drops of daphnia near the specimen. BE PATIENT. Watch the reaction from the hydra. Note how the food organism is captured what happens to them after capture, and the movements of the various parts of the hydra. 6. Describe the Hydra’s response.
Cnidocytes & Nematocysts: • After you have studied the basic form and behavior of your specimen. Place it on a clean microscope slide in a
drop of water. CAREFULLY add a cover slip. Observe the numerous cnidocytes which appear as swellings on the tentacles. Each cnidocyte is a cell containing a nematocyst of stinging capsule.
• The cnidocytes of the hydra can be stained to aid your observation by adding a DROP of 0.0% methlene blue solution at the end of the cover slip. 7. Describe the cnidocytes.
• Gently tap on the cover slip of your wet mount of hydra tentacles to induce the discharge of the nematocyst. When properly stimulated, the nematocysts empty their contents with a rapid discharge as the coil tube is shot out. In addition to tapping the cover slip, you may also add a drop of 1% acetic acid to stimulate the discharge.
• Study the discharge nematocyst under the high power. Observe the outer capsule, the long thread or tube and the large spines or barbs at the end. 8. Make a drawing of the cnidocytes and nematocyst. Label the parts you see. 9. Complete the self–test on Hydra.
9
HYDRA PRE-LAB QUESTIONS These questions must be answered in order to take part in the lab!!!
Please answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What type of water must you use for your hydra? Why?
2. What type of microscope do you use to view your hydra when on the watch glass?
3. Where are the basal disc, body, and tentacles located on your hydra?
4. What is a hypostome? Where is the mouth in relation to the hypostome?
5. What type of food are you going to feed to the hydra?
6. What do you do with your hydra after studying it’s basic form and behavior what are you going to do with your hydra?
7. What are cnidocytes and nematocysts. (Look in your notes if you need to.)
8. What do you have to do to make the cnidocytes and nematocysts visible? How will you do it?
9. List the steps you will take to make the nematocysts discharge.
10. Which type of microscope will you use to view your slide. (Compound light or dissecting?)
11. What power is recommended for viewing the nematocysts and cnidocytes?
Teacher Sign-Off: ________________________ Date: ____________________
10
HYDRA LAB REPORT Please read the procedures outlined on page 70 in the resource book. Introduction : Using CP 14, (#1) what are stinging capsules and (#2) how do small cnidocytes and large cnidocytes work together to capture prey? Please answer in complete sentences.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces.
1. How many tentacles are present? Draw Hydra. Need to label: title, tentacles, body wall, basal disk
2. Does your specimen change shape? Explain in relation to CP 13 drawing. 3. Touch one of the tentacles with the tip of the dissecting needle. What is the Hydra’s reaction? 4. What methods of locomotion are used by Hydra? (Look at CP 13 if the hydra does not move)
11
5. After adding the Daphnia, describe the reaction of the Hydra.
6. After staining the cnidocytes, describe their appearance.
7. Draw the Cnidocyte and Nematocyst. Need to label: title, stinging thread/tube, trigger.
8. SELF TEST for Hydra. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
103
4.
4.
5
6
7 8
2
1
11
12
9.
12
JELLYFISH LAB Materials:
• Dissecting Dishes • Jellyfish • Water • Dissecting Tweezers
Procedure/Background Information:
Place jellyfish in a dissecting dish with enough water to float, with the exumbrellar surface up. The top
side of a jellyfish is called the excumbrellar surface. The bottom surface is the subumbrellar surface. Notice
the umbrella is fringed with tentacles. These are interrupted at intervals by indentations called rhopalium . The
rhopalium house the nerve centers. Hooked to a nerve network you can locate the eyespot, used for detecting
light, and the statolith, used for balance and sensory purposes, and lappets, used for detecting any form of danger.
Notice the four rings of tissue on the exumbrellar surface. These are the gonads for reproduction.
Flip the jellyfish so the subumbrellar surface is up. On the subumbrellar side are the oral arms, which
surround the mouth. The arms are lined with stinging cells called nematocysts. Food enters the mouth with the
help of the oral arms and passes into the gastrovascular cavity. From this cavity, a series of canals, (the ring
canal which encircles the umbrellas and the radial canals radiating from the ring canal) carry the digested food
to all parts of the canal. Between the umbrella surfaces the jelly-like mesoglea will be found. This gives the
animal his common name and helps support the body.
JELLYFISH PRE-LAB QUESTIONS Please answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What are the top and bottom sides of a jellyfish called?
2. Where are the tentacles found?
3. What are the rhopalium and where are the found?
4. What structures are hooked to the nerve net?
5. Where are the gonads, and what do they look like?
6. Where are the oral arms?
7. List two places where nematocysts are found. 8. How do jellyfish get food in their mouths?
9. What is mesoglea and what type of consistency does it have?
13
JELLYFISH LAB REPORT
Please read the procedures outlined on pg. 75 in the resource book. Introduction: List the major classes of Cnidaria (aka Coelenterata), give the major examples for each class, and explain how each class is different. ___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces in the results.
1. Fill in and complete the chart. CELL NAME LOCATION FUNCTION A.EXUMBRELLA
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
B.SUBUMBRELLA XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
C.TENTACLES
D.RHOPALIUM
E.EYESPOT
F.STATOLITH
G.LAPPETS
H.GONADS
I.ORAL ARMS
J.MOUTH
K.NEMATOCYSTS
L.GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
14
M.RING CANAL
N.RADIAL CANALS
O.MESOGLEA
2. Draw jellyfish. Need to label: title, tentacles, and gonads.
3. SELF TEST using CP 17 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5.
15
SEA ANEMONE LAB Background Information: The sea anemone is much like a sophisticated hydra, hundreds of times larger, with more outfittings. Note that the animal is short and stocky. It is covered with a tough, hide-like surface. Because it is preserved, it has a brown appearance. In nature, they are usually brightly colored. The dorsal surface is covered with tentacles. In the center of the tentacles the mouth can be found. The tentacles are armed with nematocysts. Procedure: 1. Dissect your animal into two halves by cutting it directly through the mouth from the dorsal to the ventral
surface. 2. Notice the central position of the body is covered with curly tubules, the digestive filaments. 3. By moving these to the side or cutting away a portion of them, you can see the gullet or pharynx with its
smooth surface. 4. The grooves found on the gullet are the siphonoglyph. 5. The gastrovascular cavity is just an extension of the gullet/pharynx. 6. Examine the lateral edges of the anemone and notice the large band of muscles, the retractor muscles. 7. In the same area, notice the anemone is divided into compartments, the septa. 8. Probe into these septa to find the tiny thread like filaments with tiny nodules on them. These filaments are the
acontia, which are armed with nematocysts and can be thrown outside the body to catch prey. 9. The nodules on the acontia are the gonads.
SEA ANEMONE PRE-LAB QUESTIONS Please answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. Why is the anemone brown? Would it be brown in nature?
2. Where are the tentacles found? How about the mouth?
3. What do dorsal and ventral mean? How will you be cutting your animal. Draw the direction of the cut .
4. How will you get past the digestive filaments? What will you find?
5. What are the grooves on the gullet called?
6. Where will you find the retractor muscles?
7. What will you find on the septa?
8. What will you find on the acontia?
16
SEA ANEMONE LAB REPORT Please read the procedures outlined on pg. 78 in the resource book. Introduction : How was the sea anemone named? What are the largest and smallest sea anemones? What is the body shape of the anemone? ___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces in the results. A. DISSECTION: LABEL THE FOLLOWING PARTS WITH PINS AND HAVE THEM CHECK BY THE TEACHER.
1. TENTACLES 2. MOUTH 3. COLUMN 4. PEDAL DISC 5. PHARYNX 6. GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY 7. SEPTA/COMPLETE/INCOMPLETE 8. RETRACTOR/LONGITUDINAL MUSCLES 9. CIRCULAR MUSCLES 10. ACONTIA
17
B. SELF TEST for the Sea Anemone and using CP 18 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
C. Fill in and complete the chart.
STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
A.TENTACLES
B.NEMATOCYSTS
C.DIGESTIVE/SEPTAL FILAMENTS
D.GULLET/PHARYNX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
18
STRUCTURE LOCATION FUNCTION
E.SIPHONOGLYPH
F.GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
G.RETRACTOR MUSCLES
H.SEPTA XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
I.ACONTIA
J.GONADS
4. Draw a sagittal section of the sea anemone. Need to label: title, tentacles, pedal disc, gastrovascular cavity, pharynx, retractor muscles, mouth, and column. Draw a cross section of the sea anemone. Need to label: complete septa, incomplete septa, pharynx or gastrovascular cavity (depending on view).
anterior cross section sagittal section posterior cross section
19
CNIDARIA STUDY SHEET 1. What are the three main classes of cnidaria?
2. What characterizes animals which belong to this phyla?
3. How does the polyp stage differ from the medusa stage?
4. Give two examples of hydrozoans.
5. Name a common Scyphozoa.
6. Name two Anthozoans. How do they differ?
7. What are the two types of stinging cells? How do they differ?
8. What are the three main parts of a nematocyst?
9. What is contained in the nematocyst to paralyze prey?
10. How do cnidaria differ from porifera. Discuss the body plan, feeding/digestion, movement, response to stimuli, as well as reproduction.
HYDROZOAN STUDY SHEET C.P. 13 1. What does the body wall provide for the hydra?
2. What are buds?
3. What happens to the bud as the tentacles and mouth appear?
4. What are two types of gonads in the hydra? Where do they develop?
5. What is the function of the tentacles?
6. What is the mesoglea?
7. List the four types of cells in the mesoglea.
8. What do the contraction of the epitheliomuscular cells do?
9. Where do the nerve cells connect?
10. What is the central cavity?
11. Name the four cells present in this cavity.
12. How do epitheliomuscular cells differ from epitheliodigestive?
13. What are the three functions of the epitheliodigestive cells?
14. Why do gland cells secrete enzymes into the gastrovascular cavity?
15. What do nerve cells control?
20
SCYPHOZOAN STUDY SHEET – C.P. 17 1. What stage is eliminated in this animal?
2. What are the three layers of the Aurelia’s body plan?
3. How does mesoglea of the Aurelia differ from mesoglea of hydra?
4. What is contained on the subumbrellar surface?
5. What is the function of the oral arms?
6. What do the radial canals assure in the Aurelia?
7. Where are the gonads located in Aurelia?
8. Where does fertilization occur?
9. Where are the rhopalium located? What are their function?
10. What are the lappets? What are their function?
ANTHOZOAN STUDY SHEET – C.P. 18 & 19
1. How did the sea anemone gets its name?
2. What happens when an animal contacts the sea anemone’s tentacles?
3. What is contained in the column?
4. Why is the mesoglea true connective tissue in the sea anemone?
5. What makes up the pharynx? Where is it located?
6. What is the function of the complete septa?
7. What is the siphonoglyph?
8. How are CO2 and other metabolic wastes removed from the anemone?
9. Where are the gonads located?
10. Where are the digestive glands and the nematocysts located?
11. What are acontia? What are their function?
12. Compare the contractions of the circular and longitudinal fibers.
13. What is the function of the pedal disc?
14. What characterizes coral?
15. What stage is present in coral?
16. What connects member of the coral colony?
17. How do sea fans and organ pips differ from stone coral?
18. What is an atoll?
19. Explain how a fringing reef develops.
20. Why does coral not grow inward and fill the lagoon?
21. What is a reef front?
21
CORAL REEFS: ESSENTIAL AND ENDANGERED VIDEO QUIZ
1. Where are coral reefs found?
2. What are two of the major types of reefs?
3. What are zooxanthellae, and why are they important to corals?
4. How do coral feed?
5. What conditions do coral reefs need to remain healthy?
6. Why are mangrove swamps important to coral reefs?
7. Why are sea grasses important parts of coral reefs?
8. What are two examples of animals found in or around coral reefs?
22
Directions: Answer all questions on a separate sheet of paper using all Cnidarian Notes, Labs, and Study Sheets. Your test will be on _______________. You WILL NOT be permitted to use this study guide or any notes during the test. So, STUDY this sheet and your notes!!!! 1. Be able to identify function and location of the following structures for all cnidarians.
a. Nematocysts b. Cnidocytes c. Gastrovascular Cavity
d. Tentacles e. Mouth
f. 2. Explain the reproductive cycle of jellyfish. Name the two stages, and what those stages have to do with the
reproductive cycle. (HINT: You have notes on this.) 3. Explain how cnidarians kill, capture, and digest their food. (To answer this think about the following
questions: How do they kill it? How do they get to it to kill it? How do they get it in their mouth? What happens to the food once it’s in their mouth? Where do they digest it? How does it get out of their body once its digested?)
4. Know which body type and symmetry (radial, bilateral, asymmetrical) each of the following cnidarians have. If more than one list both.
a. Hydra b. Jellyfish c. Sea Anemone
d. Coral e. Portugese Man-of-War
5. Explain why the box jellyfish is so dangerous. 6. Know the three different types of coral reefs and the differences between them. 7. Know the function and location of the following structures for the jellyfish:
a. Exumbrellar surface b. Subumbrellar surface c. Eyespot
d. Oral Arms e. Mesoglea
8. Know the function and location of the following structures for the sea anemone: a. Pharynx b. Siphonoglyph
c. Retractor Muscles d. Acontia
9. Know the three different types of cnidaria (excluding the cubozoa) and an example of each. 10. Know the two types of systems found in cnidaria and what makes them up. 11. Be able to label the following parts of each Cnidaria.
23
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
(PLAT (PLAT (PLAT (PLAT ––––EEEEEEEE---- HELLHELLHELLHELL----MINMINMINMIN –––– THEEZ)THEEZ)THEEZ)THEEZ) FLATWORMSFLATWORMSFLATWORMSFLATWORMS
PLEASE PREPARE TO TAKE NOTES.PLEASE PREPARE TO TAKE NOTES.PLEASE PREPARE TO TAKE NOTES.PLEASE PREPARE TO TAKE NOTES.
A. THE MAJORITY OF FLATWORMS ARE ____________________.A. THE MAJORITY OF FLATWORMS ARE ____________________.A. THE MAJORITY OF FLATWORMS ARE ____________________.A. THE MAJORITY OF FLATWORMS ARE ____________________. B. THE GATEWAY PHYLUM TO THE REST OF THE ANB. THE GATEWAY PHYLUM TO THE REST OF THE ANB. THE GATEWAY PHYLUM TO THE REST OF THE ANB. THE GATEWAY PHYLUM TO THE REST OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.IMAL KINGDOM.IMAL KINGDOM.IMAL KINGDOM. CNIDARIANS: FLATWORMS:::: * * * * * * * * * C. THREE CLASSES C. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSES
• _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ---- MADE UP OF MOSTLYMADE UP OF MOSTLYMADE UP OF MOSTLYMADE UP OF MOSTLY __________ ________________ FLATWORMS.__________ ________________ FLATWORMS.__________ ________________ FLATWORMS.__________ ________________ FLATWORMS. CAN LIVE IN _______CAN LIVE IN _______CAN LIVE IN _______CAN LIVE IN ___________________, ____________, ____________, ____________, ______________________, AND _________ ____________ ______________________, AND _________ ____________ ______________________, AND _________ ____________ ______________________, AND _________ ____________ ENVIRONMENTS.ENVIRONMENTS.ENVIRONMENTS.ENVIRONMENTS.
• EXAMPLES: PLANARIA AND POLYCLADIDS.EXAMPLES: PLANARIA AND POLYCLADIDS.EXAMPLES: PLANARIA AND POLYCLADIDS.EXAMPLES: PLANARIA AND POLYCLADIDS.
C. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSESC. THREE CLASSES
• __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ –––– KNOWN AS FLUKES. ALL ARE _______________ AND VERY KNOWN AS FLUKES. ALL ARE _______________ AND VERY KNOWN AS FLUKES. ALL ARE _______________ AND VERY KNOWN AS FLUKES. ALL ARE _______________ AND VERY DAMAGING.DAMAGING.DAMAGING.DAMAGING.
• EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: _________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ __________ FLUKFLUKFLUKFLUKE AND E AND E AND E AND ____________________________________________________________________________________________....
24 C. THREE CLASSES
• ____________________________________________________________–––– KNOWN AS ________________.KNOWN AS ________________.KNOWN AS ________________.KNOWN AS ________________. ALL ARE PARASITIC.ALL ARE PARASITIC.ALL ARE PARASITIC.ALL ARE PARASITIC.
• EXAMPLES: PORK, BEEF, FISH, & DOG EXAMPLES: PORK, BEEF, FISH, & DOG EXAMPLES: PORK, BEEF, FISH, & DOG EXAMPLES: PORK, BEEF, FISH, & DOG TAPEWORMS. TAPEWORMS. TAPEWORMS. TAPEWORMS. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------->>>> D. THREE LAYERS
• EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS –––– _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ (_____________ ____________)(_____________ ____________)(_____________ ____________)(_____________ ____________)
• MUSCLE MUSCLE MUSCLE MUSCLE –––– _________________ AND _________________ AND _________________ AND _________________ AND ____________________________________________________________________
• MESENCHYME MESENCHYME MESENCHYME MESENCHYME –––– ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________________________________________ E. NERVOUS SYSTEME. NERVOUS SYSTEME. NERVOUS SYSTEME. NERVOUS SYSTEM
• SIMPLE ______SIMPLE ______SIMPLE ______SIMPLE _____________ FOUND AT THE HEAD END._______ FOUND AT THE HEAD END._______ FOUND AT THE HEAD END._______ FOUND AT THE HEAD END.
• TWO ______________ ___________ THAT LOOK LADDER LIKE.TWO ______________ ___________ THAT LOOK LADDER LIKE.TWO ______________ ___________ THAT LOOK LADDER LIKE.TWO ______________ ___________ THAT LOOK LADDER LIKE. F. EXCRETORY SYSTEMF. EXCRETORY SYSTEMF. EXCRETORY SYSTEMF. EXCRETORY SYSTEM
• CONTAINS ___________ ______CONTAINS ___________ ______CONTAINS ___________ ______CONTAINS ___________ ______.... (THE CILIA LOOKS LIKE A FLICKERING FLAME)(THE CILIA LOOKS LIKE A FLICKERING FLAME)(THE CILIA LOOKS LIKE A FLICKERING FLAME)(THE CILIA LOOKS LIKE A FLICKERING FLAME) G.G.G.G. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• _________________._________________._________________._________________.
• ___________ ONLY___________ ONLY___________ ONLY___________ ONLY
• TAPEWORMS CAN TAPEWORMS CAN TAPEWORMS CAN TAPEWORMS CAN POSSIBLY _________________.POSSIBLY _________________.POSSIBLY _________________.POSSIBLY _________________. Planaria Tapeworm
penis
genital pore oviduct testis ovary
25 H.H.H.H. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEMDIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ClassClassClassClass FeedingFeedingFeedingFeeding DigestionDigestionDigestionDigestion
H. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1)1)1)1) ______ OPENING ______ OPENING ______ OPENING ______ OPENING ---- THE ____________. THE ____________. THE ____________. THE ____________. ______________ AND ________________.______________ AND ________________.______________ AND ________________.______________ AND ________________. 2)2)2)2) TATATATAPEWORMS DO NOT NEED A PEWORMS DO NOT NEED A PEWORMS DO NOT NEED A PEWORMS DO NOT NEED A _________________ SYSTEM._________________ SYSTEM._________________ SYSTEM._________________ SYSTEM.
Planaria
asian liver fluke � tapeworm scolextapeworm scolextapeworm scolextapeworm scolex
26 I.I.I.I. LIFE CYCLESLIFE CYCLESLIFE CYCLESLIFE CYCLES TapewormTapewormTapewormTapeworm FlukeFlukeFlukeFluke
J. MISC.J. MISC.J. MISC.J. MISC. 1.1.1.1. THEY DO NOT HAVE A __________________ SYSTEM OR THEY DO NOT HAVE A __________________ SYSTEM OR THEY DO NOT HAVE A __________________ SYSTEM OR THEY DO NOT HAVE A __________________ SYSTEM OR
A _________________ SYA _________________ SYA _________________ SYA _________________ SYSTEM. USE _________________.STEM. USE _________________.STEM. USE _________________.STEM. USE _________________. J. MISC.J. MISC.J. MISC.J. MISC.
• CONSIDERED __________________ BECAUSE THEY LACK A _______ _________________.CONSIDERED __________________ BECAUSE THEY LACK A _______ _________________.CONSIDERED __________________ BECAUSE THEY LACK A _______ _________________.CONSIDERED __________________ BECAUSE THEY LACK A _______ _________________.
• HAVE A ______________________ SKELETON.HAVE A ______________________ SKELETON.HAVE A ______________________ SKELETON.HAVE A ______________________ SKELETON.
• THEY ARE REALLY __________!!!THEY ARE REALLY __________!!!THEY ARE REALLY __________!!!THEY ARE REALLY __________!!!
Your Assignment – Due at the end of the period.
Answer the folloAnswer the folloAnswer the folloAnswer the following questions on a wing questions on a wing questions on a wing questions on a SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPERSEPARATE PIECE OF PAPERSEPARATE PIECE OF PAPERSEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER & turn in!!& turn in!!& turn in!!& turn in!! 1. What is another name for platyhelminthes?
2. List the three types of Platyhelminthes and give an example of each.
3. List the Three layers of Platyhelminthes and describe them.
4. Describe the nervous system of Platyhelminthes.
5. Why are Flame cells called that?
6. State the sex of and give the only type of reproduction for Platyhelminthes.
7. What type of Platyhelminthes lacks a digestive system?
8. List the two systems that are absent in Platyhelminthes. How do they get
Around this?
9. What is an Acoelomate? Why are they considered to be Acoelomate?
10. What is a hydrostatic Skeleton? (You had to have listened to get this
answer, or you could look it up in your classification notes!!)
27
TAPEWORM LAB Materials:
• Prepared tapeworm slide (Taenia pisiformis) • Compound Light Microscope
Procedure:
Examine the prepared slide of the tapeworm (Taenia pisiformis). On your slide there may be three sections of the tapeworm. The thin section ending in a point has the head, or scolex. The mature proglottid contains the reproductive organs. The gravid proglottid becomes filled with eggs. Study each section individually. A. SCOLEX
• Note that the scolex has suckers and hooks. B. MATURE PROGLOTTID
• Male Reproductive: The red dots sprinkled through the proglottid are the testes. Coming from the testes and leading to the genital pore is the vas deferens.
• Female Reproductive: The two large bushy organs located near the bottom on the proglottid are the ovaries. Just beneath these are the shell glands, a small round red area, and the yolk gland, a flattened red area. The large red tube extending up the center of the proglottid is the uterus. A red line coming from the genital pore and leading to the shell gland is the vagina. Where the vagina swells it becomes the seminal receptable.
C. GRAVID PROGLOTTID
• The last section is all uterus and it is filled with eggs. The male and female organs have disappeared.
TAPEWORM PRE LAB These questions must be answered in order to take part in the lab!!!
You must get these pre-lab questions initialed before you begin the lab, or you WILL NOT receive
credit for the lab!
1. What are the three segments of a tapeworm that you are examining? How can you tell the difference?
2. What is another name for the scolex? What are the two structures found on it?
3. What organs will you find in the male reproductive system? What do they look like?
4. What organs will you find in the female reproductive system? What do they look like?
5. What will the uterus look like in a gravid proglottid? What will it be full of?
28
TAPEWORM LAB REPORT PART 1. Introduction: How are flatworms different from Cnidarians and Poriferans? (Give 3 reasons) Why are they medically significant? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Please read the procedures outlined on pg. 90 in the resource book. Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces in the results.
1. How many suckers can you see? 2. What is the purpose of the hooks? 3. SCOLEX SLIDE: 4. MATURE PROGLOTTID SLIDE Need to label: title, magnification, suckers, and hooks. Need to label: title, magnification, testes, ovaries,
uterus, and vagina 5. GRAVID PROGLOTTID SLIDE: Need to label: title, magnification, and eggs.
29
PART 3. CHART STRUCTURE NAME LOCATION FUNCTION A.SCOLEX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
B.MATURE PROGLOTTID
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
C.GRAVID PROGLOTTID
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
D.HOOKS
E.TESTES
F.VAS DEFERENS (SPERM DUCT)
G.OVARIES
J.UTERUS
K.GENITAL PORE
L.VAGINA
M.SEMINAL RECEPTACLES
N.EGGS
30
7. SELF TEST for the Tapeworm on pg. 90. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
31
LIVER FLUKE LAB Materials:
• Prepared Liver Fluke Slide • Compound Light Microscope
Procedure:
• All flukes are parasites and must hold on to their host with suckers. The anterior sucker can be seen as a red muscular organ at the anterior end (pointed end). Just below this sucker, about 1/3 down the animal is the large ventral sucker.
• The digestive system consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and intestines which extend down each side from the pharynx. The nerve cord may be seen extending down each side.
• At the posterior end, the testes can be seen as branched red organs filling the entire area. Just anterior to these will be found a large red organ, the seminal receptacle. Next to this is a smaller red area, the ovary. The uterus is a coiled tube filled with black eggs. The genital pore is located on the ventral sucker.
LIVER FLUKE PRE-LAB QUESTIONS These questions must be answered in order to take part in the lab!!!
You must get these pre-lab questions initialed before you begin the lab, or you WILL NOT receive
credit for the lab!
1. Where are the two suckers located on the liver fluke?
2. What are the parts of the digestive system? Where are they found?
3. List the parts of the reproductive system, where they are found, and what they will look like on your slide.
32
LIVER FLUKE LAB REPORT Introduction : Why are flukes so damaging to their hosts? What common body regions do they infect? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Please read the procedures outlined on pg. 94 in the resource book.
Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces in the results. 1. CHART: STRUCTURE NAME LOCATION FUNCTION A.ANTERIOR SUCKER
B.VENTRAL SUCKER
C.MOUTH XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
D.PHARYNX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
E.ESOPHOGUS XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
F.INTESTINES
G.NERVE CORD
H.TESTES
I.SEMINAL RECEPTACLE
J.OVARY
K.UTERUS
L.EGGS XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
M.GENITAL PORE
33
2. LIVER FLUKE SLIDE
Need to label: title, magnification, intestines, uterus, and anterior sucker. Recommend the lowest power.
3. SELF TEST 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13.
Liver Fluke Internal Structures
34
PLANARIA LAB Materials:
• Pond Water • Petri Dishes • Disposable Pipette
(Dropper)
• Black paper or Plastic • Dissecting Needle • Liver • Living Planaria
• Dissecting Microscope • Hand Lens
Procedure:
1. Place a live planaria into the petri dish and fill with pond water. Observe animal with dissecting scope and hand lens.
2. Answer the following questions in your lab report: • What type of symmetry does the animal have? • Is there a head and tail region? • Is this an advancement over Cnidaria? Why?
3. Notice the ear-like auricles, which are found on the anterior end. Create a stream-like effect or current against the posterior side of the auricles by squeezing a water dropper in the water.
• What is the reaction of the planaria? • What is the function of the auricles?
4. Notice the two dark spots on the head. These are the eyespots. They are used to detect light. Cover part of the dish with black paper or plastic. Shine a light (with the dissecting scope) on the side of the dish where the planaria is located. Phototaxic means to have a tendency to adjust orientation in response to light. Organisms that are positively phototaxic will move toward the light, those that are negative phototaxic will move away from the light.
• What is the reaction of the planaria? • Is the animal positive or negative phototaxic?
5. Touch the animal GENTLY with the dissecting needle. • How does it react? • What does this (the past three steps) indicate about the nervous system of this animal? Think about
how it relates to that of the hydra. 6. When the planaria is under the dissecting scope, turn the animal over with a probe. Note the tube coming
from the center of this animal. This is the pharynx. Place a piece of liver in with the planaria. • Does the animal react positively or negatively to the liver? Explain your answer.
PLANARIA PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
These questions must be answered in order to take part in the lab!!! You must get these pre-lab questions initialed before you begin the lab, or you WILL NOT receive credit for the lab!
1. What are the three types of symmetry that an animal can have? Which is the most advanced?
2. Where are the auricles found on your planaria?
3. Where are the eyespots found, and what is their purpose?
4. What does it mean to be phototaxic? How do positive phototaxic organisms respond to light? Negative?
5. From your knowledge of platyhelminthes and cnidaria, which has a more advanced nervous system? What are some ways that you would be able to tell by observing your organism?
6. Where is the pharynx located on your planaria?
35 PLANARIA LAB REPORT
Introduction: How are Turbellarians different from other flatworms? What are possible habitats for turbellarians? How would you describe the feeding habits of the planaria? ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Please read the procedures outlined on page 97 in the resource book. Results: Write the results from the procedures in the corresponding spaces.
10. What type of symmetry does the animal have?
11. Is there a head and tail region? How can they be distinguished? 12. Explain why # 1 & 2 are advancements over Cnidarians/Poriferans? 13. What is the reaction of the planarian? 14. What is the possible function of the auricles?(Look in the RB) 15. What is the reaction of the planarian?
16. What does phototaxic mean? Is the animal positive or negative phototaxic? Explain why?
17. How does it react?
18. Based on the questions #4 -#8, what does this indicate about the nervous system of the animal? (Think in comparison to hydra)
Optional: Only if liver is available 19. Does the animal react positively or negatively to the liver? Explain your answer.
36 Planaria Self-Test:
1. 7. 13. 2. 8. 14. 3. 9. 15. 4. 10. 16. 5. 11. 17. 6. 12. 18.
37 CLASSES OF PLATYHELMINTHES STUDY SHEET
PLANARIA -- C.P.21
1. What is the function of the planaria’s simple eyes?
2. Where are the cilia located, and what are their function?
3. Where are the longitudinal muscle and circular muscles located?
4. What are the formative cells?
5. What is the function of the flame cells?
6. Name the structures through which waste pass to the outside of the planaria?
7. What is the function of the cerebral ganglia?
8. List structures through which sperm pass to get to the genital pore.
9. Give the two names for the sperm storage sac.
10. What is the name for the passageways of sperm to ovaries?
11. What are enclosed with fertilized eggs? Where are they produced?
12. How long does it take for planaria to develop?
ASIAN LIVER FLUKE –C.P. 22 & 23
13. Where specifically does the Asian Liver Fluke live in humans?
14. How does this animal cause problems for it’s host?
15. What is unusual about the fluke body wall? Why is this necessary?
16. How does the fluke attach to its host?
17. Where does the bladder empty waste?
18. Where may cross fertilization take place for flukes?
19. Where is the egg fertilized?
20. What are the intermediate hosts involved with the fluke’s life cycle?
21. Who is the final host? Why is this host called the “final?”
22. What is a miracidium? Where does it develop? How long can it survive?
23. What must eat the miracidium to ensure it’s survivial?
38 24. What happens to the miracidium once its inside the snail?
25. What is a rediae? Where does it change into a cercariae?
26. Where does the cercariae enter a fish?
27. What happens to the cercariae inside a cyst capsule?
28. When does the metacercariae break the dormant stage?
29. To what organ does the immature fluke migrate after they enter man’s intestines?
PORK TAPEWORM – C.P. 24 & 25
30. How do humans become infected with a pork tapeworm?
31. Describe the scolex of a pork tapeworm?
32. Where are new proglottids produced?
33. How do immature and mature proglottids differ?
34. What is a ripe (gravid) proglottid?
35. What is the function of the longitudinal and transverse excretory canals?
36. List the male reproductive organs from testes to penis.
37. What expands to fill the entire proglottid after fertilization?
38. Where are pork tapeworm larvae found?
39. What is another name for the pork tapeworm larvae?
40. What happens to bladderworm after it reaches the human intestine?
41. What happens to the cyst after the scolex appears?
42. When is development suspended in the embryo of a pork tapeworm?
43. What happens to larvae once it is ingested by the pig?
44. What is the name for the animal once it burrows into the muscle of the pig?
45. What must happen for the bladderworm to be formed?
46. What cancels the life cycle of the pork tapeworm?
47. What is the real danger of the organism to humans?
48. What can occur if the larvae penetrate the human intestines?
39 PHYLUM NEMATODA
AKA _______________ __________________.
Nematodes � Advancements over flatworms:
� � Not as advanced as “higher” worms, such as earthworms because:
�
Nematodes, cont’d � Unsegmented roundworms are classified into about _____________ species, but the actual number of
nematode species could be as high as ______________.
� Nematode facts: � __________________
� Range in length from ________________ to ____________ ____________ long. � May be _______________ or ________________.
Nematode Habitat � Nematodes live in:
� Parasitic nematodes live within a _______.
� Free-living nematodes live in __________, ___________________, or ________ __________ environments.
The Nematode lifestyles � Nematodes generally live one of two types of lifestyles: _____________ or _______________.
Free-living Lifestyle � Free-living Nematode Eating habits:
� �
� �
� The free-living nematodes are important because they add ____________ ________ to the soil and by putting _________ in the soil they better allow ___________ ______________ through the soil.
Parasitic Lifestyle � Parasitic – feed off of a ________.
� These worms feed of the _________ or __________ _________ of their hosts.
� We will learn about four types of parastic nematodes:__________ worms, _______________, ____________worms, and _____________ worms. � Interesting tidbits:
� The _____________ worms cause the disease _____________________, pictured to the left.
� ______________ worms cause ______________ – the horrid disease contracted from eating undercooked _______ products.
40
Nematode Body Plan � Nematodes have three cell layers:
� _______________ – outer tissue layer (_____________) � _______________ – middle tissue layer (___________)
� _______________ – innermost tissue layer (_______ ___________) � They are known as ______________________ because they have an __________________
____________ that is not lined with ________________ – therefore it is not a “true” ___________. � They are ______________________ __________________ – as is every organism we study from here
on out.
Nematode Epidermis � The ______________ of the nematode is made up of a tough, flexible, noncellular layer known as the
______________. � The cuticle is secreted by ______________ cells. � It functions to:
� Resist __________________ – in free-living.
� Resist ________________ _______________ – in parasitic. � Maintains ____________ _________________ ________________.
� The cuticle usually molts ____ times during maturation.
Nematode Digestive System � __________ _______ digestive system; remember this means that food goes in ______ _______ and
out _____________. Just like us. � The digestive tract is a linear progression, as shown below:
__________ � ___________ � _____________ � _________ � ___________ � Food is pushed through this system by ______________ ____________.
Nematode Musculature � The nematode body wall has only _________________ ______________.
� Remember __________________ means ______________, so they only run from the ____________ to the _____________ end of the worm.
� These muscles are used for __________________.
� When these muscles contract it causes the _______________ movements from head to tail. � They lack ___________ muscles so they cannot _____________ as we saw the leech do on dry
surfaces.
Excretory System � __________ species have __________ gland (called ______________) posterior to the pharynx that
absorb waste from the __________________ and empties the waste through the ______________
_______. � _______________ nematodes have a more advanced excretory system.
Parasitic Excretory System � Their system is known as a _____________ system that develops from the renette system of the free-
living worms.
� The renettes unite to form two large ____________ known as the _____________ canals that open to the outside by an _______________ __________ which is located by the ______________.
� A little odd to excrete wastes near your ___________, eh?
41 Excretory System Diagram
Reproductive System � Most nematodes are:
� Dioecious:
� Dimorphic:
� As you might guess, they reproduce ____________. � The males are slightly ___________ than the females. Why?
Female Reproductive System � Consists of a pair of __________ attached to an ___________ that has a swollen proximal end that
forms a _____________ _____________. � Each oviduct becomes a tubular ___________, and the two uteri come together to form a _________
that opens to the outside through a _________ ________.
Male Reproductive System � Most male nematodes have only a single ________ attached to the _____ ___________ which
expands into a __________ ____________ which connects to the _________. � What are all these things?
� Vas deferens – � Seminal vesicle – � Cloaca –
� They also have a flap of tissue called the __________ that aids in the transfer of _________ to the female ____________ _________.
42 Reproductive System Diagram
Brief Parasitic Nematode Info. � Pinworms
� Most common roundworm in the ______. � Adults reside in the ___________ ______________.
� Enter humans by _________ _________. � Hookworms
� Found in the __________ ______.
� Adults live in the __________ _____________ of humans. � Enter host through the _______, usually between the ________. That makes you want to walk around
barefoot, doesn’t it? � Trichina
� Live in ________ & other omnivores (like _________) � Adults live in the _________ ______________ of it’s host; larvae encyst in the __________ and
____________ ____________ (ouch!)
� Enter host by _________ __________.
43 Classes of Nematodes Nematodes
� The four main Nematodes that we will concentrate on are: � Ascaris � � Hookworm �
Ascaris Worms
� Signs & Symptoms: � Persistent cough � Shortness of breath � � Vague abdominal pain � Diarrhea or bloody stools
� Signs & Symptoms: � Severe abdominal pain � � � Weight loss � A worm in vomit or stool �
The severity of the symptoms depends on how many worms you have and how long you have had them. Preventing Ascaris Infection
� The best defense is good hygiene and common sense. Follow these tips to avoid infection: � �
Ascaris Pictures Pinworm
� Signs & Symptoms: � Itching around anus or vagina � Upset stomach � � Irritability � � Insomnia
Pinworms Cont’d
� Can be prevented by having ___________ _________________ ______________________. � That said, it is more common in children than adults. Why?
� Infection is spread by ingesting the _______________, not necessarily in ______________. Pinworm, Cont’d
� Adult pinworms reside in the intestine, and attach to the ________________ ______________.
44 � Their eggs are not released in the ____________, but instead they crawl and lay egg around the
_________. This causes the skin to itch. � When scratched the eggs are caught under _________________ and then transmitted to anyone in
contact with the infected hand. � Prevention: WASH YOUR HANDS -- ALWAYS!!
Pinworm Pictures Hookworms
� Signs & Symptoms: � � Bloody sputum (spit) � � General ill health
Hookworms, cont’d
� Recall they enter through the ___________________ around your _________________.
� So to prevent them: �
Hookworm Pictures Trichina
� Signs & Symptoms: � History of having eaten rare or uncooked pork (bear and other wild carnivores or omnivores) � Abdominal Discomfort � � Diarrhea � Muscle Pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles) �
Trichina, Cont’d
� Prevention: �
Trichina Pictures:
45 CHART ON PARASITIC WORMS
SIZE WHERE ADULT LIVES
HOW MAN IS INFECTED
METHOD OF PREVENTION
TAPEWORM
TRICHINA
HOOKWORM
PINWORM
ASCARIS
46 PHYLUM NEMATODA STUDY SHEET – C.P. 26
1. How do unsegmented worm show advancement over flatworms?
2. What are the habitates of roundworms?
3. Explain the three types of eating patterns found in Nematodes.
4. Why are free-living roundworms important?
5. List the three cell layers that nematodes have and state what those layers become in an adult worm.
6. What does the term pseudocoelomate mean? What does a true coelom have?
7. What are the functions of the cuticle?
8. What type of digestive system do roundworms have? Is that an advancement over Platyhelminthes?
9. What is the significance of nematodes only having longitudinal muscles?
10. Where is the excretory pore of a nematode located?
11. List how pinworms, hookworms, and trichina enter their host and were they reside once within the host.
47 CLASSES OF NEMATODA STUDY SHEET
ASCARIS – C.P. 28
1. Where is Ascaris normally found in vertebrates?
2. What surrounds the lips of Ascaris?
3. How does the pharynx enable the Ascaris to eat?
4. How does waste enter the excretory canal?
5. Into what structure does the vagina and ejaculatory duct lead?
6. What effect do the muscles have on the movements of Ascaris?
PINWORMS/HOOKWORM INFECTION – C.P. 29
7. What organism causes enterbiasis or oxyurias?
8. Where does the adult worm lay its eggs?
9. How do pinworms enter the body?
10. What are the signs and symptoms of a hookworm infection?
11. What is secreted by the oral glands of the hookworm?
12. List the organs, in order, that the hookworm travels through inside man, beginning with the foot and ending with the intestine.
13. What do the pharynx and cutting plates do in the intestines of man?
TRICHINA WORM INFECTION -- C.P. 30
14. Who can develop trichinosis? How does one develop trichinosis?
15. How can this disease be stopped?
16. Explain the life cycle of trichina worm in the pig.
17. What is the danger to humans with a trichina worm infection?
18. How do pigs become infected by the encysted larvae?
19. What happens to larvae after being ingested by the pig?
20. Where do Trichina reproduce? How many larvae are produced?
21. Where do larvae migrate after entering the capillaries?
22. What does the muscular encystments cause in man?
48 PHYLUM ANNELIDA
AKA Segmented Roundworms Annelids
• The word annelid is dervied from the word __________________ which means __________.
– In this way, annelids get their name from their most defining characteristic – their external and internal ________________, or ________.
Classes of Annelids
• Annelids have three main classes based on habitat and differences in body structure.
• They are:
–
–
– Polychaete Worms
• AKA __________________ • Size: millimeters to meters long • Change in body structure: has many _________________ . • Habitat: ______________ environment • Types of movement: ______________ or ____________
Mobile Polychaete
• Mobile worms: • Tend to swim around and catch food • Have ________________ (little flaps of skin that act as legs) for movement. • Parapodia have __________ (_____________) and __________ (needle-like projections) on
them. • Have __________, sensory tentacles, and a retractable pharynx with ___________.
– Ex. Sedentary Polychaete
• Sedentary Worms • Tend to burrow in sand or mud & _______________ ________________. • They suck up sand or mud and selectively absorb nutrients. • Often lack ___________ and have much smaller _______________________. • Some secrete their own tube to burrow into. • Ex.
49 Oligochaete Worms
• Change in body structure: _________ __________________.
• Habitat: __________ _______________ environments
• Best known oligochaete is the ______________________ Earthworm
• The earthworm is mostly _________________ and tends to live in underground tunnels.
• They help to develop and add ________________ to the soil.
• They are considered to be more ________________ than polychaete. Hirudinea
• Change in body structure: _____________ body, with no ________________ or _______________.
• Habitat: _________________ or ________________ parasites or predators. – They attach to their prey by suckers.
• Ex. _________________ – After having it’s fill of a victim’s blood they can go for weeks or months without eating.
Annelid Body Structure
• Bilateral symmetry
• _____________________: have a lined coelom (body cavity). – This is an advancement over nematodes.
• Cuticle covered body to keep the worm from ______________ _________, while still allowing movement.
Digestive System • More advanced than the nematodes. • One way system, in addition to the nematode parts they have:
– _______________________ _____________ • Monitor acid-base levels of the coelomic and blood fluids.
– __________________ • Used to store food.
– ________________________ • Food is ground into digestible pieces.
Mouth � buccal cavity � pharynx � esophagus (attached to calciferous glands) � crop � gizzard � intestine � anus
Please study this image!
50 Nervous System • Anterior __________ with paired ventral ________________ ______________.
– Has peripheral nerves that supply the muscle layers and reach the sense ________________ of the outer wall.
• Also have _________________ that allow for movement. • Each segment has a nerve cord that passes through a ganglia
and attaches to sense receptors. This nerve cord consists of giant nerve fibers and is responsible for __________________ _________________ of all the segments.
Muscular System • Both ____________________ and __________________
muscles – another advancement over nematodes. • Seta retractors are muscles that connect from one set of
____________ to another. This allows for coordinated ________________________. – Remember, setae are bundles of ___________.
Circulatory System
• We haven’t seen one of these since the piggy!
• Two kinds are seen in annelids:
– __________________: no vessels, blood empties into sinuses, or cavitites. (in the ________________)
– _________________: has vessels to hold and direct blood. (in the _________________ & _______________________)
51 Reproduction
• Annelids are ______________________.
• They reproduce ___________________. Excretory System
The excretory system is called a _____________________. – Each segment has a funnel like ____________________
which is covered by tiny hair-like structures (_________) leading into the coelom of that segment.
– The segments are connected together by a _____________________ ____________ which leads from the nephrostome into the __________________ of another segment.
– Wastes are excreted through the __________________. A note on leeches
• Leeches are sometimes considered to be ___________________ organisms.
• However, their relationship with the host is relatively brief, so it is more correct to classify them as ________________________.
Annelid Importance
• Annelids are important to humans for the following reasons:
–
–
–
52 EARTHWORM SELF-TEST
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
Dorsal Surface
Ventral Surface
53 Earthworm Structure and Function Chart
Structure Function – What are these structures responsible for doing? Pharynx
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Brain
Ventral Nerve Cord
Hearts
Subintestinal Blood Vessel
Dorsal Blood Vessel
Clittelum
Nephrostome
54
HIRUDINEA LAB
Materials: • Leeches • Glass dish • Liver or snails
Background Information: Leeches are predators and are mostly fluid feeders. Some are true blood suckers, attaching themselves to a host during feeding periods. Hirudo medicinalis is one of the freshwater leeches found in lakes, streams, ponds, and marshes. Specifically they are found in the western and southern parts of Europe and along the northeastern Mediterranian coast. H. medicinalis is often referred to as the “medicinal leech” because it was formerly used in blood-letting and is still occasionally used in plastic surgery for treatment of hematomas (blood clots). It feeds on blood of vertebrates, to which it attaches itself periodically. Lab Procedures:
• Note the use of the ventral suckers – the smaller oral sucker at the anterior end and the larger caudal sucker at the posterior end. Attempt to pull an attached leech free from what it is attached to.
2. Are the suckers powerful? • The leech combines the use of suckers with its muscular body contractions in creeping. The oral
sucker attaches and the body contracts, then the caudal sucker attached and the body extends forward before the oral sucker attaches again.
• Drop the leech into the water to observe its undulating free-swimming motion. 3. How do you account for this type of motion?
• Study the specimen of the leech. 4. How does its shape compare with that of an earthworm? 6. Can you distinguish between the dorsal and the ventral surfaces? How?
• The leech is segmented inside and outside, but externally the segments are also marked of into 1-5 annuli or compartments. Each true segment bears a pair of nephridiopores and on one of it annuli, a row of sensillae (used mainly to detect water movements) or (at the anterior end) eyespots .
• The oral sucker contains the mouth . The anus is located in the middorsal line at the junction with the caudal sucker. The male genital pore is located on segment 11, and the female genital pore is located on segment 12. Segment 10, 11, and 12 serve as functional clitellum , secreting the capsule in which the egg develops. Leeches are monoecious.
o Complete the self test.
HIRUDINEA PRE-LAB QUESTIONS These questions must be answered in order to take part in the lab!!!
You must get these pre-lab questions initialed before you begin the lab, or you WILL NOT receive credit for the lab!
1. What is another name for Hirudo medicinalis? What is it’s habitat?
2. List the type of suckers a leech has, and where they are found.
3. How is a leech segmented?
4. What are sensillae used for and where are they found?
5. Where are the male and female genital pores found?
55 HIRUDINEA LAB REPORT
1. Using your notes, and the background information given on the previous page, describe the
following characteristics of leeches: niche, habitat, and importance.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Results : Write the results from the procedures in the spaces below. 2. Are the suckers powerful? Observe the leech in water: 3. How do you account for this type of motion? (What structures are involved?) How is this different
from the way it moves on a dry surface? 4. How does the shape compare to that of an Earthworm? 5. How does the shape compare to that of a clamworm? 6. Can you distinguish between the dorsal and ventral surfaces? How?
56 Hirudinea Self-Test
Self-Test:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
57 PHYLUM ANNELIDA STUDY SHEET
INTRODUCTION - C.P. 31
1. What is the principal characteristic of the phyla ANNELIDA?
2. What two traits divide ANNELIDA into three classes?
3. What does the word “polychaete” mean?
4. In what environment are polychaetes usually found?
5. What are parapoda?
6. What is located on the head of Nereis?
7. What two structures may be modified in polychaetes?
8. What two structures are modified in polychaetes?
9. What does the word “oligochaete” mean?
10. What contribution to the environment do earthworms make?
11. What is the common name for animals in class Hirudinea?
12. Where are leeches usually found?
13. How do leeches differ in general appearance from other Annelida?
14. What does the leech secrete to allow for free flow of blood?
CLAMWORM - C.P. 32
15. What is the difference between prostomium and a peristomium?
16. What structures are present on the prostomium?
17. Describe how the pharynx and jaws work to capture and ingest prey.
18. What roles do the spines and the cirri and the setae play in the locomotion with the parapoda?
19. How do the parapoda function in respiration?
20. What is the function of the metanephridia?
MEDICINAL LEECHES – C.P. 37
21. What are the functional differences of the anterior and posterior suckers?
22. What is present in the mouth of the leech and what is their function?
23. What does the lateral ceca of the crop enable the leech to do?
24. Describe the circulatory system of the leech.
25. What are ganglia?
58 EARTHWORM STUDY SHEET
EARTHWORM I – C.P. 33 1. What is the name of the first and last segments of the earthworm?
2. What is the function of the dorsal pores and nephridipore?
3. Where are the pores to the seminal receptacles located?
4. What does the clitellum secrete?
5. List the structures of the digestive tract in order from mouth to anus (there are 8 TOTAL)
6. What do the calciferous gland monitor?
7. What occurs in the crop? In the gizzard?
8. List the four parts of the metanephridium.
9. What occurs in the convoluted tubules?
EARTHWORM II NERVOUS & CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS – C.P. 3 4
10. What composes the brain of the earthworm?
11. What are axons?
12. What is the largest vessel in earthworm?
13. What vessels drain into the dorsal vessel?
14. What is the principal pumping force?
15. Where does oxygen enter the body?
EARTHWORM III REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – C.P. 35
16. What two structure help hold earthworms together during mating?
17. How does the sperm get from the pore of one worm to the seminal receptacle of the other?
18. How does the clitellum secrete its cocoon?
EARTHWORM IV CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW AND LOCOMOTION
19. What are two functions of the cuticle?
20. What are the two layers of muscles?
21. What separates the body wall from the coelom?
22. What separates each body segment?
23. Where are the chloragogue cells located and what is their function?
24. What is the importance of the typhlosole?
25. Describe in two or three sentences how the earthworm moves.
59
Directions: Answer all of these questions using your nematode & annelid notes, as well as any related assignments. All questions will need to be answered in sentence form! Study your answers! Make notes cards, read your notes, do whatever you need to do to remember this information! You will not be using this study guide on your test. 1. List the habitats and niches of roundworms. 2. What is the difference between a coelomate and a psuedocoelomate? Are nematodes coelomates or
psuedocoelmates? How about annelids? Which is more advanced? 3. Explain how one would get a trichina, hookworm, pinworm, and ascaris worm infection, where do the adult
worms live in humans, and how can you prevent yourself from getting these worms? 4. Describe the digestive system of the annelid. List the order that food would pass through the following
organs: anus, mouth, gizzard, crop, pharynx, intestines, esophagus, calciferous gland, buccal cavity. Be able to label these parts!
5. What is the difference between an open and a close circulatory system. State which system the hirudinea,
polychaete, and oligochaete have. 6. Describe the excretory system of the annelid. You must give the function of the following organs:
nephridiopore, nephrostome, convoluted tubule, and the bladder. You must also give the name of the entire system. Be able to label these parts of the digestive system!
7. List the three classes of annelids and give an example of each. 8. Give two ways that annelids are more advanced than nematodes.
60 Appendix – Self test terms to be used.
Self Test for Hydra -CNIDOCYTE -EGGS -BUD -MOUTH -MESOGLEA -SPERM -GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY -TENTACLE -BASAL DISK -EPIDERMAL CELL -NEMATOCYST -STINGING THREAD
Self Test for Jelly Fish -EXCUMBRELLAR SURFACE -MOUTH -GONADS -TENTACLES -RADIAL CANALS -ORAL ARMS -MESOGLEA/GASTRIC POUCH -LAPPETS -RING CANAL
Self Test for Sea Anemone -LONGITUDINAL/RECTRACTOR MUSCLES -MOUTH -PHARYNX -ACONTIA -GONDADS -SIPHONOGLYPH -INCOMPLETE SEPTA -SEPTAL FILAMENTS -TENTACLES -BODY WALL/COLUMN -COMPLETE SEPTA
Self Test for Tapeworm -TESTES -VAGINA -GENITAL PORE -MATURE UTERUS -IMMATURE UTERUS -OVARY -GENITAL PORE -HOOKS -MOUTH -VAS DEFERENS -NECK -SUCKERS -PENIS -YOLK GLAND -OOTYPE -LONGITUDINAL EXCRETORY CANAL -LONGITUDINAL NERVE CORD
Self Test for Liver Fluke -UTERUS -ANTERIOR SUCKER -MOUTH -OOTYPE -TESTIS -FLAME CELL -SPERM DUCT -SHELL GLAND -VENRAL PORE -SEMINAL VESICLE -EXCRETORY PORE -INTESTINES -PROTONEPHRIDIAL DUCT
Self Test for Planaria -EXCRETORY PORE -FLAME CELL -OVARY -INTESTINE -PHARYNX -OVIDUCT -VAGINA -YOLK GLAND -EYESPOT -TESTES -NERVE BRANCH -NERVE CORD -CEREBRAL GANGLIA -COPULATORY SAC -SPERM DUCT -GENITAL PORE -EXCRETORY DUCT -MOUTH
61
Self Test for Earthworm -COELUM -SETA -NERVE CORD -CEREBRAL GANGLION -EXCRETORY PORE -EPIDERMIS -DORSAL VESSEL -NEPHRIDIUM -CUTICLE -GLAND CELL -PHARYNX -CROP -SENSE CELLS -CIRCULAR MUSCLE -HEAD SEGMENT -SUBNEURAL VESSEL -HEART -GIZZARD -INTESTINE -ESOPHAGUS -LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE -SUBINTESTINAL VESSEL
Self Test for Hirudinea -OVIDUCT PORE -INTESTINE -RECTUM -POSTERIOR SUCKER -DORSAL PORE -PHARYNX -SPERM DUCT PORE -NEPHRIDIOPORE -MOUTH -ANUS -ESOPHAGUS -HEAD -ANTERIOR SUCKER -SEGMENT -BODY WALL
62