zion’s peak campgroundcecapstone.groups.et.byu.net/sites/default/files/2015capstone/repor… ·...

ZION’S PEAK CAMPGROUND

CAPSTONE 2015

Jake Nelson Melissa Monjaras Scott Snow April 14th, 2015

Brigham Young University Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

Table of Contents

Table of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. 1

Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 1

Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3

Filtration System ....................................................................................................................................... 4

Design .................................................................................................................................................... 5

Tank ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

Distribution System ................................................................................................................................... 8

Model Results ....................................................................................................................................... 8

Installation Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 11

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 11

Appendix A .................................................................................................................................................. 12

Appendix B .................................................................................................................................................. 12

Appendix C .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Table of Tables

Table 1: Pro‐Ox Iron and Manganese Filter Specifications ......................................................................... 6 Table 2: Reverse Osmosis System Specifications ........................................................................................ 7 Table 3: Cost Estimate of Filtration System ................................................................................................. 7 Table 4: Tank Price and Capacity ................................................................................................................. 7

Table of Figures

Figure 1: Campsite. ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Reverse Osmosis Process .............................................................................................................. 5 Figure 3: Prefabricated tank. ....................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Upper section of distribution system. .......................................................................................... 9 Figure 5: Middle section of distribution system. ...................................................................................... 10 Figure 6: Bottom section of distribution system ....................................................................................... 10

Executive Summary

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints requested the design of a water filtration and

distribution system for Zion’s Peak Recreation Camp. The camp is used every summer between the

months of June and August. Young girls visit the campsite a week at a time. Thus, it is imperative that

their water needs be met.

The well at the campsite exhibits levels of sulfate and iron above that defined by the State of Utah

Standards, requiring adequate filtration of both. Several improvements to the infrastructure have also

been requested such as replacing the current storage tank and distribution system.

We focused on these main objectives:

! Designing a water treatment system

! Replacing the water storage tank

! And modeling a new distribution system

In response to these objectives we propose the following solution, described in more detail in this

report.

After the water is pumped from the well with the existing pump, the water goes through the

filtration process. The filtration system consists of the following three stages: an iron filter, the injection

of an antiscalant and a reverse osmosis filter. A Pro‐Ox Iron filter was selected. This filter has a

manganese dioxide filter media oxidizes the ferrous iron and then removes the ferric iron and

manganese particles. The filter is backwashed periodically to clean the filter of the collected iron. The

water is then injected with an antiscalant that reduces the hardness of the water. This two initial step

pre‐treat the water and prepare it to undergo the reverse osmosis process.

From this system the treated water moves to the storage tank. It is a 6000 gallon, buried gravity

tank from FreeWater Systems. Discharge water from the system moves to a separate tank for use in

irrigation and to operate the flushing toilets at the site. This should allow for a reasonable consumption

of water for the filtration system.

The distribution system was modeled using EPANET. The model incorporates the existing pump and

well as well as the new storage tank. It also accounts for elevation, coefficient of friction of the CPVC

pipe, pressure changes and the base water demand at each outlet location. The system runs under

gravimetric flow and does not require any additional pumps. This system was designed with economic

and environmental impact in mind. The system is designed to be economically feasible for the Church of

Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints. It is also designed to not be detrimental to the environment and benefit

the campers throughout their activities by providing them with safe water to drink.

Introduction

Zion’s Peak Recreation Camp is located in Weber Canyon, near Oakley, Utah. It is owned and

operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints and is available for use to up to 200 persons

each summer from June to August. The campsite has a well, water tank, and distribution system

installed and this system has been providing the campground with the water it requires each summer.

Recent water quality test have shown that the water exhibits high levels of iron and sulfate, exceeding

state and federal standards. Another issue is that the tank has begun to leak and requires replacement.

The scope of this project includes designing a filtration system that will control the levels of iron and

sulfate in the water, replacing the tank with an underground gravity storage tank of at least 6,000

gallons, including a water quality monitoring system and an economical housing solution for water

treatment equipment, and designing a new distribution system with high density polyethylene pipes.

This distribution system should accommodate 12 yard spigots, 12 flushing toilets, and an RV pad.

Figure 1: Campsite.

Upon receiving this project we, the JMS Engineering team, worked to accomplish the

objectives provided by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints. In our quest to provide

quality service and consulting, we made every effort to find the best solution. With the project

we received a proof of the campground water usage, water quality reports and a survey of the

area. With this information and our research we gathered enough data to design a system that

would meet the project requirements listed below:

! A new water treatment system that filters the well water to meet all of the

governmental regulations under the Clean Water Act and also meet standards outlined

by the State of Utah.

! A new water storage facility with at least an 6,000 gallon capacity, an economical

method for housing the water treatment equipment, and autonomous system that

monitors and reports water quality.

! Modeling of a new distribution system that carries water from the tank to several outlet

points throughout the camp.

Filtration System

As previously stated, two of the primary options to treat and remove iron and sulfate from the

well water are ion exchange and reverse osmosis. Each of these options has its advantages and

disadvantages. Throughout the design process, these options have been weighed and decisions have

been made accordingly.

The ion exchange process works by exchanging similarly charged ions. In this project the

objective was to exchange iron and sulfates for other ions such as sodium chloride. The water flows into

the system and comes into contact with the ion exchange resin, which is usually a special polymer

formed into small beads. Once in contact with the resin, the ions to be removed are trapped within the

polymers and a different ion, in this case sodium chloride, is released to take its place. Ion exchange is

typically quite effective and provides immediate results. It also provides minimal discharge water except

when backwashing/regenerating the resin. However, depending upon the type of resin, different ions

may be exchanged rather than those targeted. Certain cations and anions are preferred over others,

and therefore particular resins may not be as effective. Individual ion exchange systems also can only

target either anions or cations.

An alternative to ion exchange is reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis works by sending water at

high pressures through a semipermeable membrane as seen in Figure 2. This membrane is designed

specifically to capture inorganic solids such as sulfate, and to allow clean water to pass through.

Concurrently, wastewater is discharged carrying the inorganic solids. Some downsides to this process

is the amount of electricity required to perform the process, the amount of water used to

create clean water, and the susceptibility of the membranes to fouling.

Figure 2: Reverse Osmosis Process

Reverse osmosis membranes are fouled, clogged or damaged by sediment, metals, and hard

water. In order to prevent fouling, the water must be pretreated. This can be accomplished by

designing a filter to remove both the dissolved (ferrous) and solid (ferric) iron by oxidation and filtration.

Once the iron has been oxidized and captured by the filter, clean water from the system can be used to

backwash and cleanse the system of collected iron. Hardness can be removed by using chemicals or

water softening.

Design

Specific to this project, iron and sulfate are oppositely charged particles. Due to this, the design

would require two different types of ion exchange systems. One would exchange anions (sulfate) and

the other would exchange cations (iron). As the ion exchange resin removes these ions, its capacity

decreases and eventually the resins need regeneration by flushing the system with a particular solution

to remove trapped ions and replace the ions necessary to continue exchange. When using two different

systems, this process would have to be performed separately for each type of unit and requiring

different regenerative solutions. Additionally, when operating these systems in a place like Zion’s Peak,

one must consider the environmental effects of the wastewater.

Based on the above information, we do not recommend using ion exchange because of the

necessity to use two different ion exchange units to remove both iron and sulfate, and the different

costs associated with regenerating the resins. Monetary costs can be high based on the frequency of

required regenerations. One source claimed that we would need to regenerate the resins multiple times

per day due to the high amounts of sulfate. They estimated it would require approximately 50 pounds of

sodium chloride per day, resulting in almost 3,000 pounds of sodium chloride per summer. The

environmental costs of discharging brine water during the regeneration of the resins would also

be great. It would likely damage any part of the environment it comes into contact with at those levels.

Reverse osmosis would have much less environmental impact because discharge of the sulfate

and low levels of iron would be beneficiary to plant life. This is one of the primary reasons why a reverse

osmosis system was selected.

The system is composed of three parts and is designed in a series. First, a Pro‐Ox Iron filter

removes iron and manganese by employing a manganese dioxide filter media. This filter media oxidizes

the ferrous iron and then removes the ferric iron and manganese particles. The filter is later cleansed of

the iron and manganese through backwashing with clean water from the storage tank. Specification for

this filter can be found in Table 1.

Table 1: Pro‐Ox Iron and Manganese Filter Specifications

Pro‐Ox Iron and Manganese Filter

Flow rate 12 gpm

Backwash Flow rate 10 gpm

Iron Removal Capacity 15 ppm

Manganese Removal Capacity 5 ppm

Diameter 10 in

Height 61.5 in

Upon completion of the iron treatment, an antiscalant called Vitec 4000 is injected into the

water to break apart calcium carbonate particles. This reduces scaling in the system and the hardness in

the water.

After this pretreatment has occurred, the water is ready to be pass through the reverse osmosis

system. The system removes inorganic solids, such as sulfate, by passing the water through

semipermeable membranes at pressure. See Table 2 for the specifications of the reverse osmosis

system. While the clean water is passed onto a storage tank used for drinking water, discharge water is

used to irrigate the local fields and provide water to operate the camp’s toilets.

Table 2: Reverse Osmosis System Specifications

Reverse Osmosis LP‐7500

GPD 7500

Production GPM 5.2

Rejection GPM 6.8

Recovery 43%

Dimensions WxDxH 22x23x64

A cost estimate for all aspects of the filtration system is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Cost Estimate of Filtration System

Component Cost Estimate

Iron Filtration $1,200

Antiscalant $64‐$160/year

Injection Unit $400

Reverse Osmosis $4,950

Tank

The replacement tank recommended is a Free Water 6,000 gallon polyethylene tank. The cost

of this model, shown in Table 4, is $11,188.

Table 4: Tank Price and Capacity

FreeWater Systems, LLC Tank

Price $11,188

Capacity 6,000 gal

The following items are included in the price: inspection, acceptance, offload, installation materials and

labor, unspecified pipe, valves and fittings, pumps, controls, level sensors, wire rope, clamps, and

deadman anchor forms. Tank specifications are shown in below in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Prefabricated tank.

The tank is 22.5’ long and has a diameter of 7.5’. A vent, labeled 11, allows for air to flow in and out of

the tank during periods of discharge and recharge. A screen sits in the air vent to prevent bugs and

other debris from contaminating the water. A pump within the tank pushes water out at the location

labeled 18. Float sensors located in the tank relay signals to the pump. The pump can be programmed

to run when the volume in the tank drops to any given level. Float sensors will also turn the pump off

when the tank empties completely, suggesting there is no inflow in the tank. This option prevents the

pump in the tank from burning out. All tank and accessories details are included in Appendix A.

Distribution System

The distribution system is designed to distribute water throughout Zion’s Peak campground to

accommodate up to 300 campers. The distribution system utilizes the existing 1.0HP pump and 300ft

deep well. The system requires 4025 feet of 1” CPVC pipe, 789 feet of 2” CPVC pipe, and 1245 feet of 3”

CPVC pipe to be installed. This pipe type has glued fittings and a life expectancy of 50 to 75 years. The

CPVC pipe has a Hazen‐Williams coefficient of 150. Plan View drawings of the distribution system are

located in Appendix B.

Model Results

A model of the distribution system was created using EPANET. The model accounts for

elevation at each junction, the Hazen‐Williams coefficient, pressure changes at each junction, and a base

demand flow at each of the 12 specified locations. A report displaying all elevations, pressures, and

demand flows produced by the model can be found in Appendix C. The highest pressure in the system is

83.08psi located at Junction 60. This is expected because Junction 60 is located at the low point of the

system and experiences the greatest change in head. The lowest pressure is located at Junction 19

which is the high point of the system. A pressure map of the system is shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, and

Figure 6. The total change in head allows for the water in the system to flow uphill with reduced

pressures. The model reflects the burial of the system 4’ below the existing ground surface.

Figure 4: Upper section of distribution system.

Figure 5: Middle section of distribution system.

Figure 6: Bottom section of distribution system

Installation Recommendations

It is recommended that 4035 feet of 1” CPVC pipe be installed in the upper section of the

campground beginning at Junction 4 and Junction 6. Control valves are to be connected to pipes 53 and

54. 3” CPVC pipe is to be installed from the tank to Junction 4 and from Junction 6 to Junction 12. All

pipe extending from Junction 12 are to be 2” CPVC pipe. It is recommended that the distribution system

be buried 4’ to protect against potential freezing during the early and late camping season.

Conclusion

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints presented JMS Engineering with three problems

concerning water at the Zion’s Peak Campground: poor water quality, leaking storage tank, and old

distribution system. JMS Engineering provided solutions to each of these problems. Water quality was

improved with a 3‐stage filtration system designed to reduce Iron, Sulfates, and water hardness. An

economical, prefabricated storage tank was found to replace the leaky preexisting tank. A new

distribution system was designed in AutoCAD and modeled in EPANET to replace the old system. These

solutions are designed to improve the water quality and water delivery at the Zion’s Peak Campground.

Appendix!A!

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Appendix!B!!

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SIGN READS BLUE JAY

SIGN READS EAGLE POINT

SIGN READS EAGLE POINT

TRANS

SIGN READS ELK RUN

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Appendix!C!!

Elevation Base Demand Demand Head Pressure Node ID ft GPM GPM ft psi Junc 4 8094 0 0 8210.55 50.5Junc 5 8091.7 0 0 8210.55 51.5Junc 6 8091 0 0 8210.55 51.8Junc 7 8108 0 0 8210.55 44.43Junc 8 8120 0 0 8210.55 39.23Junc 9 8121 0 0 8210.55 38.8Junc 10 8124 0 0 8210.55 37.5Junc 11 8133.72 0.35 0.35 8210.55 33.29Junc 12 8131 0 0 8210.54 34.47Junc 13 8130.3 0 0 8210.54 34.77Junc 14 8131 0 0 8210.54 34.46Junc 15 8138.8 0 0 8210.54 31.08Junc 16 8137.44 0.35 0.35 8210.54 31.67Junc 17 8130 0 0 8210.54 34.9Junc 18 8131 0 0 8210.54 34.46Junc 19 8139 0 0 8210.54 31Junc 20 8128.61 0.35 0.35 8210.54 35.5Junc 21 8123 0 0 8210.54 37.93Junc 22 8119 0 0 8210.54 39.66Junc 23 8113 0 0 8210.54 42.26Junc 24 8104.3 0 0 8210.53 46.03Junc 25 8105 0 0 8210.53 45.73Junc 27 8107 0 0 8210.53 44.86Junc 28 8114 0 0 8210.51 41.82Junc 29 8122 0 0 8210.51 38.35Junc 30 8126 0 0 8210.5 36.61Junc 31 8126 0 0 8210.49 36.61Junc 32 8121.8 0 0 8210.48 38.42Junc 33 8113 0 0 8210.46 42.23Junc 34 8103 0 0 8210.45 46.56Junc 35 8090.89 0.35 0.35 8210.44 51.8Junc 36 8069.4 0 0 8210.53 61.15Junc 37 8062 0 0 8210.52 64.35Junc 38 8059.2 0.35 0.35 8210.5 65.56Junc 39 8086.5 0 0 8209.43 53.27Junc 40 8076 0 0 8208.48 57.4Junc 41 8057 0 0 8207.81 65.35Junc 42 8046 0 0 8207.79 70.1Junc 43 8039.08 0 0 8207.76 73.09Junc 44 8035 0 0 8207.75 74.85Junc 45 8025.22 0.35 0.35 8207.72 79.08Junc 46 8054 0 0 8207.81 66.64Junc 47 8044 0 0 8207.8 70.97

Zion's Peak DistributionNetwork Table ‐ Nodes at 0:00 Hrs

Junc 48 8038 0 0 8207.79 73.57Junc 49 8034.4 0 0 8207.79 75.13Junc 50 8034.51 0.35 0.35 8207.79 75.08Junc 51 8057.6 0 0 8207.67 65.03Junc 52 8044.6 0 0 8206.97 70.36Junc 54 8033 0 0 8206.88 75.34Junc 55 8036.5 0 0 8206.91 73.84Junc 56 8029.4 0 0 8206.85 76.89Junc 57 8022 0 0 8206.78 80.06Junc 58 8018 0 0 8206.78 81.8Junc 59 8016.58 0.35 0.35 8206.77 82.41Junc 60 8015 0 0 8206.75 83.08Junc 61 8016 0 0 8206.7 82.63Junc 62 8016 0 0 8206.68 82.62Junc 63 8017.15 0.35 0.35 8206.68 82.12Junc 64 8017 0 0 8206.67 82.18Junc 65 8024 0 0 8206.66 79.15Junc 66 8024.5 0 0 8206.66 78.93Junc 67 8017 0 0 8206.63 82.17Junc 68 8030.67 0.35 0.35 8206.62 76.24Junc 69 8042.71 0.35 0.35 8207.02 71.2Junc 70 8050.5 0 0 8207.03 67.82Junc 71 8049 0 0 8207.8 68.81Junc 72 8062.03 0 0 8207.81 63.17Junc 73 8106 0 0 8210.53 45.29Resvr 1 7906.83 #N/A ‐13.02 7906.83 0Tank 53 8206.83 #N/A 9.17 8210.58 1.62

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