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Addressing global climate change in the context of sustainable development Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and Economy, Tsinghua University

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Page 1: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Addressing global climate change in the context of sustainable 

development

Zhang XiliangInstitute of Energy, Environment, and

Economy, Tsinghua University

Page 2: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Contents

Challenges from climate change faced by China.

International collaborative schemes for climate 

change

China’s strategic responses for climate change

Page 3: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Challenges from climate change faced by China

Page 4: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

The negative impacts of climate change on China’s vulnerable environment has been increasing and adaptation to climate change become a reality as well as an urgent task

Instability of agriculture production growth.Frequency and intensity of extreme weather disaster increase.Fluctuation of precipitation increased, andimbalance of water supply and demand enhanced.Operation risks of a key and large projects increased.Negative impacts on ecosystem, public health, vulnerable coastal area increased.

Page 5: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

The volume of CO2 emission is huge and the growth has been fast in China, posing challenges for mitigation.

China’s share of CO2

emission in the world 

was 1.3% in 1950. And

the accumulative CO2

emission of China was 

9.3% of the world total 

during 1950 ‐2002.CO2排放趋势比较

China’s share of CO2 emission in the world was 17.8% in 2004, and China could be the largest emitter before 2010.

Page 6: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

CO2 emission per capita in China was 60% of the world average in 2000, and 87% in 2004. China’s accumulative CO2 emission per capita since the industrial revolution is one half of world average, and one‐seventh of OECD.

中国西欧

美国

日本

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人均CO2排

放(t-C/人)

Accumulative CO2 emission per capita (1950-2002)

CO2 emission per capita(1970-2050)

The volume of CO2 emission is huge and the growth has been fast in China, posing challenges for mitigation (Continued)

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世界 经合组织 中国

单位:吨

Page 7: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

China’s CO2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO2 emission reduction.

China’s CO2 intensity was 3.4 times of world average in 2000, and 5.3 times of OECD.

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1. 52

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美国 日本 英国 德国 中国 全球

美国加拿大日本俄罗斯英国法国德国印度中国巴西全球

CO2 emission per unit GDP

• CO2 intensity decreased by 

66% from 1980 to 2000, and the 

annual decrease rate was 5.3% .

• CO2 intensity will decrease  by 

20% from 2005 to 2010 with a 

annual decrease rate of 4.36%.

Page 8: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Energy intensity was 3.6 times of OECD in 2000.

Low efficiency of energy conversion and utilizationLarge share of industry in industry structure

Low value added of products

0%30%60%90%120%150%180%

粗钢

电解铝

合成氨(大

型) 水

工业锅炉

电站锅炉

供电煤耗

交通油耗标定

交通油耗实际

中国国外先进

Energy consumption of energy intensive products

China’s CO2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO2 emission reduction.

CO2 emission per unit 

energy consumption is 

36% higher than that of 

OECD.

Page 9: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Marked progress would be made in future CO2 emission mitigation, but global target of GHG concentration will raise challenges for China’s modernization road.

China’s CO2 intensity would be lowered by 40% during 2005‐2020 with an annual decrease rate of about 4%, being a rare case in the world.

Energy intensity vs. GDP per capita

中国

西欧

OECD国家美国

日本

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1. 2

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

0. 270. 410. 61

3. 3

2. 22

1. 16 1. 180. 95

0

1

2

3

4

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

GDP能

源强度(kgce/$)

China’s energy intensity trend

Page 10: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

International GHG mitigation development could 

become the biggest constraint for China’s 

energy consumption and economic growth. 

There will not an environment for achieving 

modernization with high energy and resource 

consumption as developed countries did. China 

has to find a new modernization road which has 

not been seen before.

Marked progress would be made in future CO2 emission mitigation, but the global target of GHG concentration will raise challenges for China’s modernization road.

Page 11: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Addressing climate change will be accompanied with stinging competition for technologies, being a significant driver of energy technology innovation in China.

Low‐carbon technology would create new economic growth sectors.

Energy technology innovation capacity will become a key element of core national competitiveness.

Page 12: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

International collaboration schemes for climate change

Page 13: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Global climate change initiatives should be directed by UNFCCC, and the principles of UNFCCC should be complied with.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

吨碳

/ 人

全球附件1国家非附件1国家

CO2 emission per capita in Annex I countries and Non-Annex I countries (1860-1990)

• Common and differentiated responsibility

• Sustainable development

Page 14: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

The setting of GHG concentration target should be in line with well addressing the triangle relationships of adaptation, mitigation, and development.

Differentiated interests lead to differentiated focuses.

Active adaptation can reduce the negetiveimpacts of climate change.

Economic and social development are conducive to increasing capacity of adaptation and mitigation. 

“Equitable development “ is the core principle

Page 15: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

1.5

3.0

10000 30000

CO2emission per capita (t-C)

Per capita GDP($)

Reasonable growth in energy consumption of developing countries could not be overstepped during their industrialization and modernization. 

The sharing of obligation for GHG mitigation should respect the different energy consumption patterns among countries in different economic development stage.

Page 16: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Developed countries should fulfill their obligations under UNFCCC to provide funds for and transfer technologies to developing countries as well as helping these countries to build their capacity 

Promote technology transfer under UNFCCC

Improve CDM

Page 17: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

China’s strategic responses to climate change

Page 18: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Integrating with sustainable development strategy and planning, promote the development and implement of national climate change policies.

Capacity building for climate change adaptation and mitigation

Laws, polices, and institutional arrangements for climate change.

Page 19: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Implementing countermeasures and stepping up technology innovation. 

Energy saving and energy efficiency

Encourage renewable energies and nuclear power

Restructuring industries, changing economic growth mode and social consumption pattern.

Strengthening forest protection, forestation, and rational use of land to increase carbon sink. Strengthening  the construction of infrastructure of agriculture, forest, water resource and 

ecosystem protection 

Try to master and  large scale deployment of  nuclear, wind, biomass generating technologies and CO2capture and storage technologies in 10 to 20 years.

Page 20: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Taking the opportunity of promulgation and implement of China National Climate Change Programme to accelerate consensus building and coordinate climate change actions.

Implementing obligations under UNFCCC and announcing the 

policy to the worldAn integrated and effective countermeasures for climate 

change

to 2010

CO2 intensity down by 20% from 2005

Share of renewable energies reaches 10%

Forest coverage rate reaches 20%

Page 21: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

Actively participating in international collaboration in climate change and try to play a positive and constructive role.

Bilateral and multilateral technology cooperation and dialog 

Participating in and promoting international climate change scheme development

Give the world an image of a responsible  country in global environment affairs 

Page 22: Zhang Xiliang Institute of Energy, Environment, and ... · China’s CO 2 intensity of GDP is high, but has decreased rapidly. There are spaces for CO 2 emission reduction. China’s

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