zero accident techniques
TRANSCRIPT
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INSTITUTE
ZERO ACCIDENT TECHNIQUES
Clemson University
Roger W. Liska David Goodloe Rana Sen
Source Document 86 January 1993
+)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))), * CII Application Notes: ** ** 1. Character(s) preceded & followed by these symbols (. -) or (+ ,) ** are super- or subscripted, respectively. ** EXAMPLES: 42m.3- = 42 cubic meters ** CO+2, = carbon dioxide ** ** 2. All degree symbols have been replaced with the word deg. ** ** 3. All plus or minus symbols have been replaced with the symbol +/-. ** ** 4. All table note letters and numbers have been enclosed in square ** brackets in both the table and below the table. ** ** 5. Whenever possible, mathematical symbols have been replaced with ** their proper name and enclosed in square brackets. *.))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))-
ZERO ACCIDENT TECHNIQUES
by Roger W. Liska David Goodloe Rana Sen
A Report to The Construction Industry Institute The University of Texas at Austin
Under the Guidance of the Zero Accident Task Force
from Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina
January, 1993
© 1993 Construction Industry Institute™. The University of Texas at Austin. CII members may reproduce and distribute this work internally in any medium at no cost to internal recipients. CII members are permitted to revise and adapt this work for the internal use provided an informational copy is furnished to CII. Available to non-members by purchase; however, no copies may be made or distributed and no modifications made without prior written permission from CII. Contact CII at http://construction-institute.org/catalog.htm to purchase copies. Volume discounts may be available. All CII members, current students, and faculty at a college or university are eligible to purchase CII products at member prices. Faculty and students at a college or university may reproduce and distribute this work without modification for educational use. Printed in the United States of America.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ............................................... i
Chapter I Introduction ..................................... 1 Purpose of Research ............................... 4
Chapter II Research Methodology ............................. 6 Phase One ......................................... 6 Phase Two ......................................... 9 Phase Three ....................................... 15 Phase Four ........................................ 17
Chapter III Review of Related Literature ..................... 22 Causes of Accidents ............................... 22 Accident Prevention ............................... 25 Attributes of Project Safety ...................... 27
Chapter IV Research Findings ................................ 45 Introduction ...................................... 45 General Findings .................................. 46 Objective Number One: Identify Techniques Which Contribute to a Safe Project .............. 49 Objective Number Two: Develop Cause and Effect Relationships Among Techniques, Results, and Costs ........................................... 83
Chapter V Conclusions and Recommendations .................. 85 Conclusions ....................................... 85 Recommendations ................................... 92
Bibliography .................................................... 104
Appendix A ...................................................... 110 Construction Safety Questionnaire for Owner Members Construction Safety Questionnaire for Contractor Members
Appendix B ...................................................... 122 Owner Manager Interview Questions Contractor Manager Interview Questions Contractor Supervisor Interview Questions Contractor Worker Interview Questions
Owner Manager Time for Safety Contractor Manager Time for Safety Contractor Supervisor Time for Safety Contractor Worker Time for Safety
Owner Manager Ranking of Safety Attributes Contractor Manager Ranking of Safety Attributes Contractor Supervisor Ranking of Safety Attributes Contractor Worker Ranking of Safety Attributes
Owner Manager Evaluation of Contractor Safety Program Contractor Manager / Supervisor Evaluation of Safety Program
Appendix C ...................................................... 205 Agenda
Appendix D ...................................................... 206 Instructions to Conduct Interviews Research Interviewer Reminder Lists
Appendix E ...................................................... 212 Safety Attribute Checklist
Appendix F ...................................................... 231 Interview Logs
Appendix G ...................................................... 233 Closeout Checklist Appendix H ...................................................... 236 Comprehensive Listing of Safety Techniques Appendix I ...................................................... 263 Typical Responses: Three most effective safety techniques used on a project.
Appendix J ...................................................... 270 Three Most Effective Safety Techniques: Manager Responses Supervisor Responses Worker Responses
Appendix K ...................................................... 273 Time Spent on Safety Attributes by Project Construction Manager Construction Upper Supervision Construction Lower Supervision Construction Workers Owner Managers
Appendix L ...................................................... 288 Time Spent on Safety Attributes by Project Model Construction Crew
Appendix M ...................................................... 291 Time Spent on Safety Average Time for Interview Groups
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This source document describes the results of the research conductedto identify those techniques which have clearly proven to be successful inachieving "safety excellence" with the goal of eliminating all accidents. A second objective was to develop relative cause and effect relationshipsamong techniques, results and costs. The research resulted in identifying eight safety-related techniqueswhich, if implemented in a quality manner within a total safety program,will result in excellent project safety performance. Furthermore, of theeight techniques, five of them: Pre-Project/Pre-Task Planning, SafetyOrientation/Training, Safety Incentives, Alcohol and Substance AbuseProgram, and Accident and Near Miss Investigation have the greatest impact,in the order shown, on and attaining a zero or near zero accident project. Chapter I of this document provides reasons why the constructionindustry needs to become more aware of the need to develop and implementeffective safety programs comprised of those techniques which have provento result in excellent safety project performance. The National SafetyCouncil statistics have shown the construction industry experiences 20percent of all traumatic occupational fatalities and 12 percent of thetotal number of disabling injuries. Furthermore, workers' compensationinsurance costs in the United States have doubled between 1980 and 1987 and
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are expected to increase 5 to 30 percent, depending on the state.
Safety performance and its improvement on construction sites hasreceived a great deal of attention since the implementation of theOccupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). Previous research has shownthat the development and implementation of safety programs comprised ofeffective techniques reduces accidents, and thus, safety-related direct andindirect costs. Chapter II describes the research methodology for this study. Theresearch began with the identification of four (base) construction projectswhere "safety excellence" had been achieved for the purpose of identifyingsafety-related techniques (attributes) which had contributed to theirpositive safety performance. Positive safety performance was defined ashaving no lost workday cases for one or more strings of one million hoursfor projects over one million work hours or no lost workday cases forprojects under one million work hours. In addition, the owner and/orcontractor of each of the four projects had to be a CII member. Once the base projects were identified, general information aboutthem, including safety performance, was obtained using specially designedforms. In addition, an extensive literature search was conducted to obtaininformation on known techniques which contribute to safe projects. The next activity was to develop interview protocol and surveyinstruments which were used on the base projects. The levels of projectpersonnel that were interviewed were owner managers,
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contractor managers, supervisors (upper and lower), and craft workers. Foreach level, a series of four survey forms were developed. These forms wereused in the interview process to identify what safety-related techniqueswere present on the project, the degree of awareness of each, and theapproximate amount of time spent on the applicable ones by thoseinterviewed.
After completing the interviews on the first project, the survey formswere refined. The revised forms were used on the subsequent projects. Inaddition, because of the large amount of data obtained from the interviewprocess for any one project, it was decided to develop an attributechecklist, the purpose of which was to summarize all the information in auseable format. To validate the findings from the base projects, it was decided toselect an additional 30 projects on which to conduct the same interviewprocess. The criterion used in the selection process was that the projectsshould have had 200,000 hours worked and the contractor and/or owner mustbe a CII member. Each company that nominated one or more projects wereasked to appoint a person to conduct the interviews and send that person toa one day training session. After the needed number of projects wereidentified, two training sessions were held for the project interviewers. These individuals were provided the needed survey forms and otherinformation required to effectively conduct the interviews in a timelymanner. As the results of the various project interviews were being receivedand reviewed, four decisions were made that would impact
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the balance of the research to ensure its timely and successful completion. First, it was decided the results obtained from two of the four surveyforms would not be used since the responses were based solely on theperception of the personnel interviewed and this fact may or may not resultin accurately identifying those safety-related techniques which wereactually present. The results from these forms, however, are reflected inthe findings of this study. The remaining two survey forms consisted ofthe one used to conduct the major portion of the interview for the purposeof identifying the safety-related techniques and the form used to obtainthe approximate amount of time spent on safety activities.
The second decision was to examine more closely the responses to thequestion, "What are the three most effective safety techniques being usedon this project?" The next decision was to establish a "model"construction project crew for the purpose of being able to more effectivelyanalyze the time-related data. The model crew would consist of 1 manager,2 upper level and 7 lower level supervisors and 90 workers. Finally, the attribute checklist was revised to make it more useableand rename it the "Comprehensive List of Safety Techniques for ConstructionProjects." This list consists of 127 techniques and another 43 sub-techniques for a total of 170 items which are known to contribute to a safeproject. Chapter III presents a review of construction safety literature withthe objective of obtaining a comprehensive list of safety attributes. Thechapter begins with an overview of the
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causes of accidents and the prevention of them through the development andimplementation of an effective safety program.
To better understand the effects a safety program has on improvingproject safety performance, one must first identify the various attributesof which it is comprised. As part of the literature review for thisresearch project, it was decided to identify those safety attributes whichhad already been determined to be ones which contribute to safe projectsbased on previous research. The following three resources were examined: Construction Industry Institute Safety Task Force 85-13 safety guidelinesfor subcontractors, Associated General Contractors of America safetyguidelines, and Associated Builders and Contractors Safety Training andEducation Process (STEP). The balance of the chapter presents an in depth review of each of thethree above noted resources. Based on these, the researchers developed acomprehensive list of safety attributes to serve as the basis of thedevelopment of the survey forms. This list included the followingattributes: management commitment to safety, safety policies andprocedures, safety responsibility and accountability, awareness of safetystatistics, safety budget, safety goals and objectives, safety meetings,pre-job planning for safety, new employee safety orientation, safety rules,safety inspections, safety training other than orientation, accidentinvestigation, audits, alcohol and substance abuse program, and safetyrecord keeping. Chapter IV presents the findings from the research. Of the
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initial 4 base projects and 30 additional projects selected, data from atotal of 27 projects (which includes the base projects) was obtained. However, since 2 of the projects had not accumulated 200,000 work hours atthe time of the data collection, they were not included in the finalanalysis since they did not meet the selection criteria. The projectsranged in size from approximately 200,000 to 6,800,000 work hours. Therewas one commercial, two heavy civil, and the balance were industrialprojects. In addition, 8 were union, 13 non-union, and 4 merit shopprojects.
The 25 projects had varying levels of safety performance as measuredby the lost workday incidence rates and the recordable incidence rates. The lost workday incidence rates ranged from 0.00 to 4.37 with the averagebeing 0.26. The recordable incidence rates ranged from 0.80 to 41.33 withthe average being 3.93. These compare to the 1990 construction industryaverages of 6.70 and 14.2, respectively. The first research objective as mentioned in the beginning of theExecutive Summary was attained by developing three separate prioritizedsafety technique lists from the results of the three data basis: 170 itemtechnique list, three most effective safety techniques question, and timespent on safety information. Using the three lists, a final prioritizedlist was developed based on how many of the lists on which each techniqueappeared and relative priority on each list. To develop the first prioritized list based on the 170 safetytechniques and sub-techniques, the distinction between lost workday
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incidence rates for the 25 projects was made by dividing the projects intothe following categories:
Zero zero lost workday incidence rate
Rated lost workday incidence rate greater than zero and less than or equal to one
Mark lost workday incidence rate greater than one
Exemplary Zero and Rated project incidence rates combined
Of the 25 projects, 8 were classified as zero, 9 as rated, and 8 as mark. Combining the zero and rated there were 17 exemplary projects. The next task was to calculate the level of existence of eachtechnique and sub-technique on each project. This was accomplished bycalculating the percent of affirmative responses to all the questions onthe interview survey form. The responses of contractor managers,supervisors and workers were combined in making the calculation. Responsesfrom owner managers were not used since there were varying levels ofinvolvement by them on the projects. Each technique and sub-technique corresponds to one or more of thequestions on the interview survey form. Furthermore, the number ofquestions corresponding to each technique or sub-technique may differ bypersonnel level. The final percentage of those interviewed whoacknowledged the existence of the specific technique or sub-technique wasobtained by calculating the mean of the percentages for the affirmativeresponses to the question(s) related to each technique or sub-technique. Once the percentages were compiled by project, the next task
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was to develop a similar list but by the project's lost workday incidencerate classifications. To determine the level of significance of any onetechnique or sub-technique to safety performance as measured by the lostworkday incidence rate, a "Significance Factor" was derived. It is equalto the difference in the percentages between those of the exemplaryprojects and those of the mark projects. The Significance Factor is arelative percentage to be used only to discriminate among all techniquesand sub-techniques as to their relative impact on safety performance.
Once all the Significance Factors were calculated, the next step wasto identify those techniques and sub-techniques which had a SignificanceFactor of 14 or more. A list of 37 resulted from this task. This list wasthan refined and a final prioritized list of 11 techniques was derived tobe used as one of the three to reach the conclusions in this study. The second prioritized list to be developed was based on the responsesto the question, "What are the three most effective safety techniques beingused on this project." Over 1000 responses to the question were obtained. Many of them were similar and many different. So as to be able to moreeffectively analyze the responses, it was decided to place them in groupsbased on commonality of the response. Each group was related to a specificsafety technique. Most of these techniques were also included in the listof 170 identified in the first part of the findings.
The next step was to develop a prioritized list of the techniques bylost workday incidence project classifications. This
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was accomplished by first calculating the percent of those interviewed oneach project who identified one of the techniques as contributing to theoverall project safety. These percentages were then combined by projectclassification to arrive at the final ones. Finally, the differences inpercentages between the exemplary and mark projects by technique weredetermined. The greater the difference, in a positive sense, the greaterthe positive impact the technique had on safety performance. The list wasrefined and a final one developed to serve as the second in the series ofthree to arrive at the final conclusion of this research.
The third prioritized list was based on the results obtained from thetime-related survey form and the model construction crew scenario. Thetimes obtained were first summarized for each personnel level interviewedand the average number of hours per year per person by project werecalculated. The next step was to determine the average number of hours peryear spent on safety by the model construction crew for each project. Theresults for each project were then mathematically combined into the fourlost workday incidence project classifications by technique. Finally, thedifferences in the times of the exemplary and mark projects werecalculated. It, again should be noted, these differences are only anindication of the relative importance of the techniques to safetyperformance. From the list of time differences a prioritized list of safetytechniques was developed. Some of the similar items were combined and afinal prioritized list resulted which served as the third
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list in arriving at the final prioritized list of techniques which resultin safety excellence.
Relative to the second research objective stated at the beginning ofthis Executive Summary, the level of effort required to attain the firstobjective combined with the limited available resources resulted in no workbeing performed on it. Chapter V presents the conclusions and recommendations from theresearch. The final prioritized list of safety techniques was derived fromthe three previously developed ones based on the number of lists eachtechnique appears and in what position on each list. In other words, thegreater the number of lists a technique appears on and the closer to thetop of any one list it is, the higher the priority it will have on thefinal list. Using the previously stated rational, an initial list was developed.It was noted, however, that some of the techniques in the list were uniqueand some overlap or have common elements. It was decided to place thosewhich were common as sub-techniques under one major heading so as to resultin a final prioritized list of eight techniques: safety pre-project/pre-task planning, safety training/orientation, safety incentives, alcohol andsubstance abuse program, accident and near miss investigation, recordkeeping and follow up, safety meetings, personal protective equipment. Upon closer examination of the list of eight techniques, it was foundthe last three were common or required elements of construction safetyprograms and, therefore, not considered to be so unique in terms of thecurrent state-of-the-art of safety
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programs. As a result of this, the final prioritized list of zero accidentsafety techniques consisted of the first five from the list of eight: pre-project/pre-task planning, safety training/orientation, safety incentives,alcohol and substance abuse program, and accident and near missinvestigation. The recommendations begin by identifying three prerequisites to thesuccessful implementation of safety techniques: management commitment,owner involvement, empowerment of all employees. Those considerationsobtained from the research that were critical to the successfulimplementation of the various identified safety techniques are presentedand discussed in some detail. Finally, recommendations for future researchon construction safety techniques are presented.
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Chapter I Introduction
The construction industry in the United States accounts forapproximately 10% of the GNP with an annual dollar volume of about $450billion (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991). Five percent of the nation'sworkforce is employed in the construction industry (Hislop, 1991) and yetthat 5 percent experiences a disproportionate 20 percent of all traumaticoccupational fatalities and 12 percent of the total number of disablinginjuries (National Safety Council, 1991). This corresponds to 6 to 10facilities on construction sites every working day throughout the UnitedStates (Hislop, 1991). Tables 1.1 and 1.2 (National Safety Council, 1991)further illustrates the scope of the problem.
Studies indicate that between 1980 and 1987, workers' compensationinsurance costs in the United States doubled (Business Roundtable, 1991). The upward trend continued in 1988, 1989, and 1990, and in 1991 it isprojected that the workers' compensation insurance premiums will increasefrom 5 to 30 percent, depending on the state. Construction contractors,depending on their Experience Modification Rates, are paying 10 to 20percent of their direct labor cost for workers' compensation premiums andthis amount usually exceeds their profit margin. The same study alsoindicates that it is not uncommon for contractors with poor safetyperformance to pay twice the premium costs as compared to those who
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have good safety records. The study further states that in 1979, $300billion worth of construction was performed of which industrial, utility,and commercial sectors accounted for $137 billion. Accident costs were asignificant 6.5 percent of the $137 billion or $8.9 billion. At the sametime the cost of workers' compensation insurance was $2.74 billion.
By 1989, the industrial, utility, and commercial segment of theconstruction industry accounted for $245 billion of a $445 billion dollarindustry. The accident costs, driven by increases in medical costs,litigation, and ballooning insurance costs, rose to 17.1 billion dollarsper year, and the annual cost of workers' compensation insurance to theindustry reached $5.26 billion. Coupled with these direct costs areindirect costs which must also be considered. Estimates of the ratiobetween indirect and direct costs vary from about 1 to 1 to 20 to 1. Theratio varies greatly with the extent of the accident and is not necessarilylinked to the severity of the injury (Hinze, 1991).
Safety performance and its improvement on construction sites hasreceived a great deal of attention since the implementation of theOccupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) (Laufer & Ledbetter, 1986). Research has shown that the development and implementation of effectivesafety programs reduces accidents (Smith, Roth, 1991). Project safety isan issue which is supported by everyone in concept. Unfortunately, when itcomes to spending time and money on safety, many people do not feel it isvital to the success of their projects. This stems from the failure ofmany to recognize
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that the effective implementation of project safety techniques can reducejob accidents and directly or indirectly reduce project costs (Hinze andRaboud, 1988).
Those contractors who would benefit most from an effective safetyprogram are those having annual business volumes of less than $25 million. A study performed by Fetridge (1991) noted that these size contractorsexperience the majority of accidents. Furthermore, most of these smallercontractors do not have effective safety programs, and in many cases noneat all (Hinze, Harrison, 1981).
There are four factors - financial pressure, regulatory andlegislative pressure, media and goodwill - that motivate management todevelop and implement an effective safety program (Geyer, 1991). Whileregulatory pressures inspire some to launch effective safety programs, mostcompanies respond by the promise of the financial rewards. It is essentialthat contractors and owners devote the needed resources for the developmentand implementation of techniques with the goal of attaining a zero accidentproject.
Purpose of Research
In view of the consistently poor safety performance of theconstruction industry, research is needed to identify those safetytechniques which have clearly proven to be successful in achievingexcellence in project safety. To meet this need, the Construction IndustryInstitute formed the Zero Accident Task Force. The task force identifiedthe following specific objectives for the research
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with the purpose of convincing management (owners and contractors) of thevalue of an effective safety program on the total cost and human impact ofaccidents:
1. Identify those techniques which contribute to a safe project.
2. Develop cause and effect relationships among techniques, results, and costs.
The research will provide a proven body of knowledge which should revealthat the Zero Accident level of safety performance is achievable and how toachieve this level through the implementation of those proven techniquesthat make a difference.
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Chapter II Research Methodology
To accomplish the objectives of this study, the research was dividedinto a number of phases, each consisting of a series of tasks. The balanceof this chapter describes each phase in detail.
Phase One
The Zero Accident Task Force (ZATF) research began with theidentification of four construction projects where "safety excellence" hadbeen achieved for the purpose of identifying safety-related techniqueswhich attributed to the positive safety performance. The criteria used tomake the selections were as follows:
1. The project owner and/or contractor is a member to CII.
2. For projects over 1 million work hours, the duration should be 12 or more months with one or more strings of 1 million hours worked without a lost workday case.
3. For projects under 1 million work-hours, the minimum work-hours worked is 200,000 and no lost workday cases.
4. The projects should be active when the research visits are conducted.
It should be noted that there are many terms utilized by theconstruction industry and others for lost workday cases. Some of the morecommon ones are lost workday cases with days away from work, lost timeinjuries, lost time cases, and lost workday injuries. For the purpose ofthis study lost workday cases will be
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used along with lost workday incidence rate. In addition the termsrecordable cases and recordable incidence rate will also be used in thenarration and in the figures.
For this study, the initial four projects will be referred to as "baseprojects." Table 2.1 provides some descriptive information for eachincluding the lost workday rates as provided by project management at thetime the research was conducted.
In terms of contractual responsibilities, the four base projects weredivided into two categories as noted below:
1. projects that were being managed by a construction manager and construction work being performed by prime contractors, and
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2. projects where project management and construction work were being performed by a general contractor with additional work being performed by subcontractors.
For the purpose of the balance of this document the word "contractor" willbe used when referring to the general contractor or construction managerand sub or prime contractors.
Also during this phase two questionnaires (Construction SafetyQuestionnaire for Owner Member and Construction Safety Questionnaire forContractor Member) were developed respectively for the owners and generalcontractors or construction managers of the four base projects. Thepurpose of these questionnaires (appendix A) was to obtain initialinformation, including safety-related, for the base projects. Therequested data included the following:
1. company demographics, 2. employee profiles, 3. company policies and procedures, 4. safety programs and manuals, 5. training program descriptions and materials, 6. safety history, and 7. sub or prime contractor information, etc.
An extensive literature search was also initiated during this phase toobtain information on known techniques which contribute to safe projects. The key topics researched were: attributes of construction safety,construction safety programs, and the management of construction safety. The results of the literature search can be found in Chapter III of thisdocument.
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Phase Two The initial task during this phase was to mail to Construction SafetyQuestionnaire for Owner Member and Construction Safety Questionnaire forContractor Member developed in phase one to the contractor representativesof the four base projects. Once they were completed and returned theinformation was compiled and assimilated for future use in the study.
The literature search was completed during this phase and resulted ina list of safety-related attributes which would form the basis of all theresearch survey forms. The reader is referred to Chapter III for the list.
The next task was to develop the interview protocol and surveyinstruments. First, decisions had to be made regarding whom to interviewduring the site visits relative to the contractors' and owner'sorganizations. For those projects which had a general - subcontractorcontractual relationship, it was decided that personnel at the manager,supervisor (upper and lower), and craftworker (referred to as worker forthe purpose of this research) levels from the general contractor's and twosubcontractor's organizations would be interviewed. For those projectswith a construction manager (CM) - prime contractor contractualrelationship, the same levels of personnel would be interviewed, ifavailable, in the CM and two prime contractors organizations.
In addition, the onsite manager(s) from the owner's organization wouldbe interviewed. In order to obtain
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comprehensive data, a sizeable cross-section of personnel had to beinterviewed. However, in view of time constraints in conducting theinterviews and administering the other survey forms, an optimal number fromeach personnel level was identified as shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2. Wherever there was more than one person from any level, the individualswere to be selected on a random basis that were available when needed. Tomaintain confidentiality, it was decided to code the various survey forms.
It was also decided that wherever possible all interviews on eachproject were to be conducted within a two to three day period. However, itwas also recognized that the interviewers should have enough flexibility toaccommodate the routine and needs of the project personnel. Finally, theinterviews were to be conducted in a location free from interruptions andexcessive noise.
Next, survey forms were developed by the research team based on inputand review from the members of the Zero Accident Task Force. Care wastaken not to ask for information already received from the initial ownermember and contractor member safety questionnaires. There were four seriesof survey forms developed.
Form Series Number One: The first series of forms were to be used inthe actual face-to-face oral interview for the purpose of identifying thesafety techniques which existed on the project. Four formats of theinterview form were developed. One for each of the three levels ofcontractor personnel and one for the owner personnel. To identify themevery one of the forms had the words, "Interview Questions" as part of itstitle along with who the form
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Owner Organization - Construction-Related Personnel On Site
- Highest level manager overseeing the construction - Designated safety person overseeing construction - Two lower-tier managers
General Contractor
- Highest level manager on site - Designated safety person on site - Two upper level supervisors - Two lower level supervisors - Five craft workers
Two Subcontractors - For Each Subcontractor
- Highest level manager on site - Designated safety person on site - One upper level supervisor - One lower level supervisor - Two craft workers
Figure 2.1 - Categories and Numbers of Personnel to be Interviewed For General - Subcontractor Projects
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Owner Organization - Construction-Related Personnel On Site
- Highest level manager overseeing construction - Designated safety person overseeing construction - Two lower-tier managers
Construction Manager
- Highest level manager on site - Designated safety person on site - One other upper-level manager on site - Two superintendents on site
Two Prime Contractors - For Each Prime Contractor
- Highest level manager on site - Designated safety person on site - Two upper-level supervisors - Two lower-level supervisors - Five craft workers
Figure 2.2 - Categories and Numbers of Persons to be Interviewed For CM - Prime Projects
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was to be used with (i.e. owner manager, contractor manager, contractorsupervisor, and contractor worker).
The questions contained in all the forms were based on the safetyattributes that were identified in the literature search that can be foundat the end of Chapter III of this document. Most of the questions elicitedclosed-ended responses. Some open-ended questions were included to notonly obtain clearer explanations of certain safety attributes but also toget specific personal opinions of the respondents regarding project safetyperformance. The length of the interview questionnaire varied by personnellevel with the manager's being the longest and worker the shortest. Thevariation in the number of questions followed from the fact thatsupervisors and workers were not expected to be as knowledgeable of all theconstruction safety techniques because of their respective position on theproject.
Form Series Number Two: The purpose of the second series of surveyforms were to obtain the perceived relative importance of those interviewedof the safety attributes which were identified from the literature search. There were four different formats of the form developed, one for eachpersonnel level interviewed in the owner's and contractor's organizationsimilar to those involved in the personal interviews. Each form had thewords, "Ranking of Safety Attributes" in its title along with who the formwas to be administered to (i.e. owner manager, contractor manager, etc.). Each of these four forms were identical, even though they did not need tobe. The attributes were placed in a random order in the list. Theinterviewee was asked to place the list in priority order by placing a onein front of the attribute they felt was most
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important to a safe project, the number two in front of the second mostimportant and so forth until every attribute was identified by its ownnumber.
Form Series Number Three: The third series of survey forms were toobtain the estimated time spent on the various safety attributes for whichtime could be assigned. One form for each of the three contractorpersonnel levels and one for the owner level was developed. This series offorms had the words, "Time for Safety" in all formats along with the levelof personnel the specific format was to be administered to. For eachattribute the interviewee was to estimate the amount of time he or shespent within a specific time frame (day, week, month, year, or project) andthe quantity placed on the form.
Form Series Number Four: The last series of survey forms were toobtain an evaluation of the safety program that was in place on theproject. One format was developed for the owner manager and one to be usedfor the contractor manager and supervisor level personnel. Because of thelimited overall awareness of the worker of all the aspects of the safetyprogram, it was decided not to develop a format for this personnel level. As for the other forms, the title of the form had some common words("Evaluation of Contractor Safety Program") and the level of personnel itwas to be administered to so as to differentiate it from other forms.
Since one of the purposes of the base project interviews was to pilottest the various survey forms, it was anticipated they would be revised forthe future interviews conducted for this research
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and therefore are not included in this document. However, the reader canfind the revised forms in appendix B.
Phase Three
In this phase a number of crucial tasks were performed beginning withestablishing the dates for the various project visits and providingtraining to the two graduate assistants on interviewing techniques.
The first visit began with a meeting with the relevant projectpersonnel at the job site to review the interview process and provide themwith a broad perspective of the research study. In addition, a specificperson on the project was designated as the research teams's contact andthe one responsible for arranging to obtain the people who would beinterviewed as designated by the team within the various personnel levels.
Although the research team consisted of three people, the projectdirector and two graduate students, on the first site visit the projectdirector conducted all the interviews the first two days while thegraduate assistants observed and conducted a few of the interviews whilebeing observed by the project director as a part of the interview trainingprocess. By the end of the second day the graduate assistants were readyto conduct their own interviews. It was then possible to overlap thevarious interviews and thus save considerable time. At the end of eachday, the research team met to review, compile, and organize the interviewdata of that day. In addition, planning was done for the following
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day's activities to eliminate any problems encountered the previous day.
The typical interview occurred as follows:
1. Introductions took place and the interviewee was provided an overview of the research project and the importance of their role in it. He/she was also informed the interview would take about an hour and that it would consist of both oral and written components. Finally, the interviewee was asked to be as candid as possible since their responses would be kept confidential.
2. The interview began with the oral part. Using the appropriate "Interview Questions" form each question was asked and response noted by the interviewer. If the response was unclear, the interviewee was asked the question again or asked to explain their response.
3. The next part of the oral interview focused on the "Time for Safety" survey form. Using the appropriate form, the interviewer asked for the amount of time the interviewee spent on each safety activity (attribute). At times clarification had to be provided to the interviewee in terms of what a specific attribute included.
4. The next part of the interview consisted of having the interviewee complete the "Ranking of Safety Attributes" and "Evaluation of Safety Program" survey forms. The worker level personnel
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were not asked to complete the "Evaluation of Safety Program" form. The interviewer reviewed the instructions on both forms to clear up any confusion. The interviewee was not observed when the forms were being completed. When the completed forms were returned, they were closely checked to see that they were completed correctly. If not, the interviewee was informed of their mistake and asked to complete the form again.
5. All survey forms were completed at the time of the interview for the worker and supervisor personnel level. Because of the demands on their time, some of the managerial level personnel took the last two forms and completed them at a later time and returned them to the research team before they left the project site.
After completing the interviews on the first site, all the data wascompiled and assimilated. A meeting was then held with the ZATF for thepurpose of reviewing the data. As a result of this meeting the surveyforms were refined. These revised forms were used on the subsequent baseprojects.
Phase Four
During this phase, site visits were made to the balance of the baseprojects using the revised survey forms but following the same interviewtechnique as described above. The data collected was
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then compiled and final tabulations completed. Missing data was obtainedby following up with the designated project representatives through phonecalls and letters. The Paradox database and Quattro Pro spreadsheetsoftware packages were used to compile and tabulate the data. Anothermeeting was held with the ZATF where the findings from the four baseprojects were reviewed. Because of the large amount of data, it wasdecided to develop an attribute checklist which would be completedutilizing all the information obtained from all the interviews for any oneproject.
To validate the findings from the base projects and obtain additionalattribute-related data, the ZATF decided to select an additional 30projects on which to conduct the same interview process. The criterionused in the selection process was that the projects should have had 200,000hours worked and the contractor and/or owner must be a CII member. It wasalso decided by the ZATF that each company that nominated one or moreprojects would also be asked to appoint a person to conduct the interviewsand send that person to a one day training session. Letters were sent outto all CII members requesting them to nominate projects. Based on theresponses, the ZATF selected the additional 30 projects.
Company representatives from the selected projects were then invitedto attend one of the two training sessions conducted by the research team. Besides providing training in the interview process, the research teamshared their experiences from the base projects. Each projectrepresentative was provided with the following items:
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1. agenda for the training session (appendix C);
2. overview of the ZATF research project;
3. document entitled, "Instructions to Conduct Interviews" (appendix D);
4. one copy each of all the survey forms (appendix A and B) including the Safety Attribute Checklist (appendix E). This same information was also provided on a Word Perfect 5.1 formatted disk;
5. Interview Log forms (appendix F) which could be used to schedule interviews and keep track of the codes used for the various survey forms;
6. document entitled, "Closeout Checklist" (appendix G) which was to be used by the interviewee to verify that he/she had included all the data required for the research.
The representatives were instructed to return the completed surveyforms and other requested information by a specific date.
The data returned from the first eight of the thirty projects wascompiled and presented at a meeting of the ZATF. To begin to focus onmeeting the research objectives, it was decided to develop a list ofproject safety techniques based on the construction safety attributesidentified from the results of the research conducted to date.
At the same meeting it was also decided to examine more closely theresponses to the question on the oral interview form, "What are the threemost effective safety techniques being used on this project?"
In addition, the information being obtained from the time-relatedsurvey needed to be examined in the context of a model
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construction project crew mix. For the purposes of the research the modelcrew would consist of 1 manager, 2 upper level and 7 lower levelsupervisors and 90 workers.
After the majority of the data was received from the other projects,the ZATF had another meeting to review summaries of the information. Adecision was made at this meeting not to use the results from the "Rankingof Safety Attributes" and "Evaluation of Contractor Safety Program" surveyforms since the responses were based on the perception of the personnelinterviewed. And this fact may or may not result in accurately identifyingthose safety-related techniques which were actually present on the projectsite.
However, it was noted that acquiring this type of information would beuseful to the management of any project to provide them with informationabout the importance of safety to their project personnel and the level ofawareness of the personnel of the various components of the project safetyprogram.
The ZATF also decided, based on the information gathered to date, torevise the attribute checklist to make it more useable and rename it the"Comprehensive List of Safety Techniques for Construction Projects." Thislist consists of 127 techniques and another 43 sub-techniques for a totalof 170 items. The purpose of the sub-techniques is to identify one or moreaspects of certain techniques that were found through the research topositively impact safety performance. For instance one of the techniquesthe research found to have a positive impact on safety performance was"Handbook of Project Safety Rules". Further investigation also resulted inidentifying a sub-technique of "Separate Book for Project Safety Rules andProcedures" to positively impact safety.
Therefore, the ZATF decided to use the results of the
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following data in its research findings:
1. One hundred and seventy safety techniques and sub- techniques which were found to exist on project sites with excellent safety records.
2. The responses to the question, "What are the three most effective safety techniques being used on this project?"
3. Average hours per year spent on specific time-related safety techniques by a model construction crew.
Finally, because of comments received from the project representativesinvolved in the research and the useability as a standard of the identifiedsafety techniques, the ZATF decided to develop a self-assessment process asone of the products of the research. This process, which mirrors that usedin this research, including many of the survey forms, could be used by anyowner or contractor to determine whether or not those techniques which havebeen determined to result in a project with an excellent safety recordexist on their project(s).
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Chapter III Review of Related Literature
Safety can be viewed in the most basic terms as the prevention ofaccidents (Heinrich, 1941). Within the industrial private sector,construction has the highest incidents rates which measure frequency ofaccidents. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (1992) published the rates forthe industries of construction, agriculture, mining and manufacturingwithin the United States as shown in Table 3.1. The incidence rates arefor 100 full-time workers and include all sub-classifications. Theconstruction classification, for example, included general buildingcontractors, heavy construction and special contractors. The data showshigher rates in construction than the other three industries. Anadditional insight into this information comes from Fetridge (1991) whowrites that seventy-five percent of all construction completed in theUnited States is by privately held companies, most with less than $25million in annual work. While no direct evidence exists to say that thecompanies performing this level of work have seventy-five percent of theaccidents, the above numbers do suggest that more attention be given toimproving the safety of these companies.
Causes of Accidents
Before one can embark on effectively and efficiently improving safetyof the project site by developing and implementing safety-
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Table 3.1 Occupational Injury and Incidence Rates by Industry YearIndustry 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Construction Total Cases 14.7 14.6 14.3 14.2 13.0 Lost Workday Cases 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.1 Lost Workdays 135.8 142.2 143.3 147.9 148.1
Agriculture Total Cases 11.2 10.9 10.9 11.6 10.8 Lost Workday Cases 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.9 5.4 Lost Workdays 94.1 101.8 100.9 112.2 108.3
Mining Total Cases 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.3 7.4 Lost Workday Cases 4.9 5.1 4.8 5.0 4.5 Lost Workdays 144.0 152.1 137.2 119.5 129.6
Manufacturing Total Cases 11.9 13.1 13.1 13.2 12.7 Lost Workday Cases 5.3 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 Lost Workdays 95.5 107.4 113.0 120.7 121.5
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related techniques, one must first understand how accidents are caused. Heinrich (1959) performed pioneering research on the conditions andcircumstances that caused industrial accidents and developed an accidentcause-analysis theory, better known as the "domino theory". The accidentsequence in this approach is represented as a series of dominos, andfocuses on the unsafe act or condition (see Figure 3.1). If the sequenceis interrupted by removing the domino representing the unsafe act orcondition, the consequent accident will not happen.
Social --> Fault of --> Unsafe --> Accident --> InjuryEnvironment Person Act or or Loss Condition
Figure 3.1 Heinrich's Domino Theory (Heinrich, 1959)
Heinrich's theory was highly criticized by some safety experts becauseit emphasized the immediate cause(s) of accidents. Modern day expertsbelieve Heinrich's model neglects an important aspect of accident causationand prevention: management practice (Stanton and Willenbrock, 1990). Looking at unsafe acts and conditions means looking at only symptoms andnot causes. To effect permanent improvement the root causes must be dealtwith and these causes often relate to the management system (Peterson,1978).
The modified Domino is illustrated in Figure 3.2 (Widner, 1973). Inthis representation, the "Basic Causes" domino refers to factors such as alack of motivation to work safely and other
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factors such as uncorrected hazards - factors over which management has agreat deal of control. Each of the dominos in this sequence serves as anopportunity for intervening action but the greatest potential for accidentprevention is the first domino. When the Domino Theory is presented inthis manner, management control is seen as the most important factor in theaccident sequence (Stanton and Willenbrock, 1990).
Lack of --> Basic --> Immediate --> Undesired --> InjuryControl Cause(s) Cause(s) Event or Loss
Figure 3.2 Domino Theory Updated (Widner, 1973)
Accident Prevention
Accident prevention construction sites can be accomplished byimplementing an effective safety program (Smith, Roth, 1991). Hinze andHarrison (1981) write that even though an effective safety program is thetraditional method for improving safety performance, small firms havesafety programs which are informal and unwritten. Research on utilitycontractors (Hinze, Abudl-Baki, 1981) showed that 55 percent of small firms(less than $500,000 annual volume) had a written safety program compared to84 percent of large firms (greater than $15,000,000 annual volume). Use ofsafety programs in small construction companies may not be prevalent;however, safety program implementation is the preferred method of accidentprevention.
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Some of the principle reasons for having an effective safety programare:
1. moral and legal obligations to provide a safe place to work free from recognized hazards,
2. economic reasons of insurance premiums and the hidden, or indirect costs of accidents,
3. awareness by clients and contractors of the impact of safety performance on overall project costs, and
4. adverse effects on contractor's reputation and an unfavorable image for the client (ABC, 1990).
Geyer (1991) sites a study by the Center for Risk Management and Insurancewhich indicates that comprehensive safety programs enhance overall workperformance.
Other studies indicate that safety should be managed like any othercompany function. Management should direct the safety effort byestablishing achievable goals and by planning, organizing, and controllingto achieve them (Peterson, 1971). An analysis of fatalities showed that 90percent of construction deaths were preventable and in 70 percent of casespositive action by management could have saved lives (Manning, 1990). Studies also indicate that the hazard control process depends on amanagement information system that generates timely information aboutsafety problems and identifies weak areas (Stanton and Willenbrock, 1990). Managers who use such a system feel they obtain the following benefits(Reynolds, 1988):
1. Managers are able to explore more options and bring more relevant data to bear on the problem, thus resulting in more effective and efficient decisions.
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2. Managers are able to make more factual and convincing recommendations.
3. Managers are able to reach decisions and implement recommendations sooner.
Attributes of Project Safety
Alexander Cohen (1977) reported the factors or items within successfulsafety programs. The report reviewed the findings of eight separateresearch projects conducted between 1967 and 1977 on the safety programsfor manufacturing industries. The major components found were managementcommitment, hazard control, safety training, safety motivation, employeesupport, inspection and communications, accident investigations and recordkeeping, composition of the workforce, safety committee and safety rules. Only the core ideas that improve safety program effectiveness wereavailable and not the actual organization of the safety programs.
To better understand the effects a safety program has on improvingsafety performance, one must first identify the various attributes of whichit is comprised. Webster"s New Collegiate Dictionary defines "attribute"as an inherent characteristic. As part of the literature review for thisresearch project, it was decided to identify those safety attributes whichhad already been determined to be ones which contribute to safe projectsbased on previous research. The following three resources were examined:Construction Industry Institute Safety Task Force 85-13 safety guidelinesfor subcontractors, Associated General Contractors of
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America safety guidelines, and Associated Builders and Contractors SafetyTraining and Education Process (STEP). Each of these major resourcesincludes a list of major attributes. Under each major attribute isinformation which describes each one in detail. Each detailed description,in essence, will provide the user with many sub-attributes. Noted beloware the major attributes associated with each resource.
CII Safety Task Force Guidelines
Task Force 85-13 was organized by CII to conduct research onsubcontractor safety as influenced by general contractors on large andmedium and small size projects. The construction safety attributes asidentified by the CII Task Force are noted in the following paragraphs(Construction Industry Institute Safety Taskforce, 1991).
A formal written safety program. A written safety program need not beextensive, but should at least include the following items:
1. A management policy statement setting the broad guidelines within which the program will operate and giving validity to the program. It also indicates management commitment.
2. A listing of safety goals and objectives of the company and a method of measuring effectiveness.
3. Outline of responsibilities for managers, supervisors, safety representatives, and the craftworkers.
4. Written procedures for safety activities which should
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include a comprehensive list of all safe work permits required.
5. Procedures for compliance with hazard communication standards.
Safety handbook for employees. The handbook should contain themanagement's safety policy statement and the safety responsibilities ofsupervisors and craftworkers. Important safety procedures may also beincluded. The first page may be perforated and used as a receipt showingthat the employee received and signed for the handbook.
Orientation of new employees. Each employee should be given a safetyorientation prior to beginning work on the project. The orientation shouldaddress the following:
1. clarification of the safety responsibilities for contractor, subcontractor employees and all construction site personnel including visitors,
2. clarification of safety expectations of the employees,
3. explanation of the safety rules of the company and also of the owner/client rules, if any,
4. location of first aid facilities and how they are to be utilized,
5. procedures for reporting accidents and injuries,
6. information about tool box meetings and emphasizing that attendance is mandatory,
7. use of personal protective equipment, which is mandatory when specified for a particular work assignment, and
8. procedures for reporting unsafe acts or conditions to the immediate supervisors so that corrective actions could be taken.
Enforcement procedures for safety rules. These procedures
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should be in writing and should be enforced equally among all projectpersonnel. There should be a written notice when a safety violation occursat the project site. Disciplinary records should be kept on file until thejob is completed and then placed in the employee's personnel file.
Tool box/safety meetings. On some safety subjects, tool box meetingsare the primary source of safety training for employees. They shouldconform to the following guidelines:
1. The meetings should be conducted weekly and should last for at least 15 to 20 minutes.
2. The subject material to be discussed should be typed, reproduced and distributed to each supervisor conducting the tool box meetings.
3. The meeting should be held at a predetermined time and location and active participation of all workers should be encouraged.
4. The project manager, superintendent and/or safety representative(s) should regularly attend these meetings to audit and visually display their support for safety.
Safety inspections and audits. Job safety inspections are visiblesigns to employees that safety is working and that management is committedto safety. This process needs to have well defined objectives anddesignated participants as follows:
1. Job managers should make a safety audit of the work area at least once each week using an inspection guide.
2. All safety personnel should make daily inspections of the work area.
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3. Job supervisors should make regular inspections of their work area for the specific purpose of correcting unsafe acts or hazardous conditions.
4. When an outside agent, such as an OSHA inspector or insurance company representative are conducting official safety inspections, he/she should be accompanied by the project manager/superintendent and/or safety representative(s).
5. Safety inspections should make use of detailed checklists and/or standard forms.
Accident investigation procedures. Accident investigation andreporting are crucial for effective safety performance. Corrective actionshould be taken as soon as possible after the investigation is complete. Near misses or incidents that do not result in personal injury or propertydamage should also be investigated. Reports of the investigation should bedistributed and findings communicated to all employees so that the sameunsafe conditions and/or acts could be prevented in the future.
Work permits. Permits are major means of communication and areessential for orderly and safe work. The different types of permits are asfollows:
1. safe work permits for work of any type in designated operating areas, other than flame or spark producing work,
2. hot work permit for flame or spark generation in certain areas,
3. excavation permit for excavating, drilling, etc.,
4. confined space entry permit for entry into areas or enclosures with limited access or
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egress, poor ventilation and which may contain or produce a hazardous atmosphere,
5. crane permits for work to be done in near proximity to overhead lines,
6. lock out/tag out permits such as for work to be performed on some electrical equipment or confined space entry,
7. smoking permit for smoking in designated areas, and
8. permit to lift workers in a cage for crane-supported work platform(s).
Use of personal protective equipment. The construction company isresponsible for providing the appropriate personal protective equipment forhazardous conditions that are encountered. The company should also trainemployees in the proper use and maintenance of personal protectiveequipment.
Hazard communication standards. The construction company must have awritten hazard communication program with responsible persons identifiedfor the administration of it. Material Safety Data Sheets must be madeavailable to all employees and must be kept on site at easily accessibleand known locations. All containers must be labeled showing the hazardwarning.
Record keeping. Records are required to support the safety activitiesof the construction company for both control and audit purposes. Recordsto be maintained should include the following:
1. log of first aid cases, 2. accident investigation reports, 3. OSHA 200 logs, 4. minutes of safety toolbox meetings,
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5. records of safety inspections, 6. training records of all personnel, and 7. equipment inspection records.
First aid/medical services. The project should have adequate medicaland first aid services available on site. Treatment of injuries andpackaging of injured parties for transport should be of the highestconcern.
Substance abuse program. This program should address the following:
1. management policy statement regarding illegal substances, 2. employee notification procedure, 3. definition of company and project premises, 4. procedure for searches and inspections, 5. pre-hire screening procedure, including consent forms, 6. description of how the policy will be enforced and how violators will be treated, 7. description of supervisory responsibilities, indicating what the supervisor must and must not do in the program, 8. employee assistance program, 9. post-accident drug screening procedure, 10. testing for cause and at random, and 11. list of substances for which testing is generally conducted.
Project emergency plan. The project emergency plan should identifythe different types of emergencies. The plan should specify procedures tofollow in the case of an emergency.
Contractor safety coordinator. One employee of the company
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should be designated as the project safety coordinator. This person wouldhave the responsibility for coordinating the safety activities on theproject for his/her company. Depending on the project size this person'sresponsibilities could be full time. The safety coordinator should be ableto take prompt corrective action and should have the authority of stoppingwork if needed.
Associated General Contractors of America Guidelines
The following information describes the construction safety attributesas established by the Associated General Contractors of America in theirguide for generating a basic company safety program (Associated GeneralContractors of America, 1990).
Management commitment. When top management acknowledges thesignificance of construction site safety, priorities will be establishedwhich will filter down through middle management to all employees. Thefollowing aspects need to be considered:
1. A construction company should have a written safety policy. It portrays corporate commitment.
2. Management needs to make specific assignments to all employees. It would be useful to put these assignments in writing. The safety assignments must also be understood by all employees.
Safety planning. When a company plans for construction it should makesafety an integral part of the planning process. Specific safety rulesshould be established for safe work practices. Safety planning should alsoinclude emergency procedures to minimize the impact of accidents if theyoccur.
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Internal communication. Communication is essential for good safetyperformance. Safety policies and procedures should be produced in writtenform and disseminated to all employees. Communication through themanagement personnel would also lend credence to safety commitment.
Training. Safety training is of great help in improving projectsafety performance. It is necessary to have training for specific tasks aswell as general training in accident avoidance and prevention. Weekly toolbox talks are an effective training method. Written records should be keptof the topics covered in those meetings, including the times, dates andlocations of the "talks" and employee attendance. Safety related aspectsshould be addressed every time a supervisor provides task instructions tocraftworkers.
New employee orientation. A new employee is defined as any person newto the company, or to a particular job site, or to a specific crew, or toa particular task or process. The supervisor or designated person shoulddistribute safety materials to new employees and make necessaryclarifications regarding safety policies and procedures. The new employeesshould be required to sign a verification of the orientation provided. Theitems to be covered in the safety orientation include:
1. description of task(s) to be performed,
2. explanation of proper use of required personal protective equipment,
3. identification of hazards, off limit areas and pertinent safety regulations, and
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4. follow-up procedures to make sure that safety policies and rules are understood.
On-site inspections. Regular safety inspections should be an assignedduty of in-house safety personnel. Supervisors should be required toobserve, identify, and correct safety hazards. Sometimes the insurancecarrier may also conduct inspections.
Accident investigations. Every accident should be investigated, evenincidents without injuries. Supervisors should be required to investigateall accidents. Standard forms should be used to report results of allinvestigations. Any accident report should contain the following:
1. information about employee(s) involved in the accident, including name(s), address(es), social security number(s), etc.,
2. job site information such as address, weather conditions, etc.,
3. description of how the accident occurred, who was injured, and where,
4. names of eyewitnesses and their statements,
5. list of safety rules that were in effect and were not followed,
6. probable primary and secondary causes of the accident,
7. corrective actions to prevent further recurrence of similar incidents.
Disciplinary procedures. Safety performance would not improve withoutenforcement of safety rules through established disciplinary procedures. Violations should be dealt with a firm,
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fair, and consistent manner. An enforcement system should includewarnings, layoffs, and dismissal for those who do not comply. Fieldsupervisors should be authorized to enforce safety policies as it pertainsto the crews.
Incentive programs. This is an effective way to show managementcommitment to safety. Incentives can be in the form of informalrecognition or more elaborate awards such as recognition lunches andmonetary awards. If safety performance is made part of the evaluationprocess for promotions and bonuses, then all employees will make safety apart of their work priority.
Record keeping. Accurate record keeping is important for futurereferences and making improvements in safety performance. The OccupationalSafety and Health Act requires each employer to maintain a log ofrecordable, occupational injuries and illnesses. This log must be madeavailable for review during OSHA inspections and should also be posted forpublic viewing. Records should also be kept of employee training, safetymaterials received and monitoring test results. All employees have theright to access to their medical records along with monitoring and testresults.
Hazard communication. Government regulations require constructioncompanies to have a specific written hazard communication program, developa hazardous chemical list, collect material safety data sheets, labelchemical containers and train employees.
Drug and alcohol program. Construction companies should implement adrug and alcohol control program on project sites to prevent accidentsresulting from employees working under the
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influence of drugs and/or alcohol. Federal contracts over $25,000 requireprime contractors to implement a Drug-Free Workplace Policy. Any suchprogram developed by a company should also be reviewed by legal counsel.
Working with regulatory agencies. Various regulatory agencies arecharged with enforcing workplace safety and health laws. Constructioncompanies should be aware of their responsibilities in regard to dealingwith compliance officers and inspectors on project sites.
Associated Builders and Contractors Guidelines
The Associated Builders and Contractors has developed a Safety Trainingand Education Process (STEP) where they have addressed eighteen keyattributes of construction safety. Each of the attributes have certaindescriptors which help in clarifying them. (Associated Builders andContractors, 1991).
Management commitment. Management commitment is manifested in manyways and especially through participation in the company safety program. Further actions by management to make its commitment visible include:
1. setting objectives for safety performance, 2. requiring feedback on the safety program, 3. budgeting and providing necessary funds for safety, and 4. making safety a part of company-wide performance appraisals.
Management policy statement on safety. This policy statement shouldbe in writing and should be known to all employees. It should be part ofthe safety manual of the company. The policy
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statement emphasizes management approach and should set the limits for thesafety program. It would have special significance if it is signed by theChief Executive Officer of the company.
Responsibility for safety defined. The safety responsibilities shouldbe defined for all personnel levels in the company and should be inwriting. The safety manual should provide a list of all theresponsibilities for the various levels of personnel. Operatingsupervisors should be assigned the key safety responsibilities.
Experience Modification Rate or Loss Ratio. Experience ModificationRate (EMR) is a standard measure of the safety performance of anyconstruction company. The Loss Ratio (LR) is equal to the WorkersCompensation benefits and expenses paid in a year (total incurred losses)divided by the Workers Compensation premiums paid for during the year. Acompany's safety performance is commendable if its EMR/LR has decreasedover each of the past three years and the current year's EMR is below 0.85or LR is 40 percent or less. Management should also receive reports and beaware of the costs of accidents and the impact of the EMR/LR on thecompany.
Safety budget. For effective safety performance an annual safetybudget should be established based on planned programs. Estimates shouldbe made on percentage of savings contributed by the safety program. Theoperating personnel should be made aware of the safety budget.
Safety program goal setting. Goals and objectives should be set to beachieved through effective implementation of the safety program andstrategies should be developed to accomplish the goals.
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To make further improvements, feedback is required from those responsiblefor achieving results. Both long term and short term goals should beestablished. Audits need to be conducted to measure safety performance onthe project.
Management-supervisory meetings. It is important that weekly meetingsare held by management with supervisors where safety-related matters are onthe agenda. Management should provide the supervisors with an overview ofthe safety activities for the week and review the safety performance of theweek before. Serious accidents also need to be reviewed and correctiveactions should be discussed to prevent such occurrence in the future.
Pre-planning for job site safety. Safety performance cannot beimproved without pre-planning and it should be made an essentialrequirement. Checklists should be used by supervisors to assure that allexposures are considered during pre-planning. Necessary equipment shouldbe provided and precautions taken prior to the start of any job to preventany problems, rather than dealing with them when they have beenencountered. Job site supervisors should also be trained in planning forsafety.
New employee orientation. Formal orientation should be provided toall new or transferred employees. Records should be maintained of all suchorientations showing the date, the names of those attending, and the itemscovered. The orientation should include information on safety rules, majorhazards of the job to be performed, and personal protective equipment to beused. The management's concern for safe job performance should bestressed.
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Employees should be required to sign an acknowledgement of understanding.
Safety rules. Safety rules should be published and all employeesshould be made aware of all rules. The rules should be concise and easy tounderstand and should be reviewed and updated on a regular basis. Therules should be enforced equally among all employees.
Safety toolbox meetings. Safety toolbox meetings should be heldweekly by supervisors. Records should be kept on attendance and topicspresented. Employee participation should be encouraged. Occasionalmanagement attendance is necessary.
Inspections. Weekly job site inspections should be conducted bysupervisors. They should be trained to make these inspections. Checklistsshould be used to make sure that critical items haven't been missed. Reports should be submitted on the results of the inspections with findingsclassified based on seriousness. Target dates should be established forcorrective action with follow-up.
Training supervision. Companies should have in-house trainingfacilities or arrange for effective outside training sources to providetraining to supervisors. The following areas should be stressed duringtraining:
1. conducting meetings, 2. supervisory safety duties, 3. accident investigations, 4. job analysis, 5. job safety planning, and 6. how-to-train craftworkers.
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Accident investigation. The company needs to investigate allaccidents including near misses. The immediate supervisor should be vestedwith this responsibility. All supervisors need to be trained in thetechniques of accident investigation. Reports should be compiled on allaccidents that exceed a set cost and management should review all "serious"accidents. Consequently, the basic causes of the accidents need to bedetermined. The information learned should be shared with personnel on allother job sites. A follow-up system should be in place to assure thatcorrective actions are taken.
Use of personal protective equipment (PPE). The company shouldanalyze the need for PPE and then should train the employees in its use andmaintenance. The company needs to make sure that only approved PPE is usedand provide the employees with all PPE. The employees should be aware ofthe discipline consequences of not using PPE. Annual audits need to beconducted of the program.
Performance audit. Performance standards need to be set to measureperformance. To improve safety performance, audits are to be made at leastsemiannually to determine if safety work is effective. The performancerating should become a part of the overall rating for all supervisors. Theresults of the rating should be communicated to the supervisors and thestrong points as well as the shortcomings need to be discussedindividually.
Substance abuse policy. The substance abuse policy should containstrict rules regarding drug and alcohol use. The company needs to conductdrug testing during pre-hire and post accident
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stages and also for cause. Complete records of testing and counseling needto be kept. The company should have an employee assistance program.
Record keeping. The company should maintain records of at least thefollowing items:
1. inspections, 2. training, 3. indoctrinations, 4. accident investigations, 5. first aid treatment, 6. OSHA log - Form 200, 7. hazard communication program, and 8. employee absences.
Conclusion
Based on the information gathered from the literature search presentedin this chapter, the researchers developed a comprehensive list of safetyattributes which are common to most safety programs. This list was thebasis for the development of the interview survey forms and the subsequentsafety attribute checklist. The list is as follows:
1. Management commitment to safety 2. Safety policies and procedures 3. Safety responsibility and accountability 4. Awareness of safety statistics 5. Safety budget 6. Safety goals and objectives 7. Safety meetings 8. Pre-job planning for safety
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9. New employee safety orientation 10. Safety rules 11. Safety inspections 12. Safety training other than orientation 13. Accident investigation 14. Audits 15. Substance and alcohol abuse 16. Safety record keeping
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Chapter IV Research Findings
Introduction
The results in this chapter will be presented as they relate to theoverall project and then to the two specific objectives established for theresearch which are:
1. Identify those techniques which contribute to a safe project.
2. Develop cause and effect relationships among techniques, results, and costs.
The reader will first find the general findings followed by thespecific findings and any related discussion for each objective. It shouldbe noted, however, that the two research objectives are related in thatboth include those safety techniques which contribute to a safe project. The reader should note that the results from the below mentioned surveyforms are reflected in the findings of this report but are not contained inthis document since they were not directly used to arrive at theconclusions and recommendations contained in Chapter V: ConstructionSafety Questionnaires for Owner and Contractor Members, InterviewQuestionnaires for the various levels of personnel surveyed, Ranking ofSafety Attributes, Evaluation of Contractor Safety Program, and SafetyAttribute Checklists.
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General Findings
Of the initial 4 base projects and 30 additional projects selected bythe ZATF, data from a total of 27 projects (including the base projects)was obtained. However, since 2 of the projects (No. 5 and No. 26) had notaccumulated 200,000 work hours at the time of the data collection, theywere judged to be unacceptable as per the selection criteria established bythe ZATF. Therefore, research findings presented in this chapter do notinclude data from these two projects. All other data shown is as of June1, 1992. A specific date had to be established because most of the datachanges over time.
In terms of the number and categories of individuals who wereinterviewed on the various projects, the ideal situation as presented inFigures 2.1 and 2.2 were not realized in some cases due to scheduleconflicts, persons being assigned to other projects, and similar reasons. In these cases the interviewers selected other people who were in aposition similar to that of the person(s) originally selected. Figure 4.1is a summary showing the total number of individuals in the variouspersonnel categories who were administered the different survey forms.
Figure 4.2 presents a summary of the projects involved in the studyalong with specific information including type, size, workhours completeand safety statistics. The 25 projects had varying levels of safetyperformance as measured by the lost workday incidence rates and therecordable incidence rates. The projects had an average lost workdayincidence rate of 0.26 and an
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average recordable incidence rate of 3.93. The construction industrynational averages for 1990 are 6.7 and 14.2 respectively as shown in Table3.1. It was hoped by the ZATF that some of the projects provided by CIImembers would have had safety records worse than the national OSHAstatistics. It is understandable, however, that organizations would notdesire to have any of their projects having poor safety records included inany type of research project.
Even though all of the projects had lost workday and recordableincidence rates well below the national average distinctions did existbetween those projects having exemplary safety records and those havingabove average ones as will be seen later in this chapter. Lost workdayincidence rates ranged from 0.00 to 4.37 and recordable incidence ratesranged from 0.80 to 41.33.
Objective No. One: Identify Those Techniques Which Contribute to a Safe Project
This section of the chapter will present the findings from variousresearch tasks by subsection. The findings contained in the varioussubsections are based on data obtained from the "Interview Questions" and"Time for Safety" survey forms. These findings will be used to reachconclusions and recommendations presented in Chapter V.
Safety Technique List
To begin the task of developing a prioritized list of proven safetytechniques which result in excellent safety performance, a
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distinction was made between lost workday incidence rates for the 25projects. In other words, the projects were divided into categories basedon their lost workday incidence rates. The following classifications areused:
Zero Zero lost workday incidence rate
Rated Lost workday incidence rate greater than zero and less than or equal to one
Mark Lost workday incidence rate greater than one
Exemplary Lost workday incidence rates of Zero and Rated classified projects combined
Figure 4.3 shows that eight (8) projects had lost workday incidencerates of 0, nine (9) projects had lost workday incidence rates greater thanzero but less than or equal to one, and eight (8) projects had lost workdayincidence rates greater than one. This figure also indicates the breakdownof number of projects in various workhours complete and laborclassifications.
Figure 4.4 is a summary of the project data sorted by decreasingsafety performance as measured by lost workday incidence rates. Inaddition, at the bottom of the figure, the reader will find for the fourmajor project classifications the following information:
1. Average lost workday and recordable incidence rates 2. Total workhours 3. Total number of contractor personnel interviewed by level
As mentioned in Chapter II, the ZATF derived a comprehensive listingof 127 safety techniques and 43 sub-techniques for construction projectsfrom responses to the "Interview Questions"
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FIGURE 4.3
CLASSIFICATIONS BY PROJECT NUMBER June 1, 1992
Lost Time Incident Rate Classifications
Classification Quantity Project Number ZERO 8 2, 11, 13, 14, 19, 22, 24, 27 RATED 9 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 25 MARK 8 6, 9, 10, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23 EXEMPLARY 17 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27
"Workhours Complete" Classifications
Classification Quantity Project Number 180K to 400K 5 9, 18, 20, 26, 27 400K to 800K 5 6, 10, 17, 19, 21 800K to 1200K 4 8, 11, 13, 24 1200K to 2000K 4 1, 14, 15, 25 More than 2000K 2 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 16, 23
Labor Classifications
Classification Quantity Project Number UNION 8 6, 7, 11, 13, 15, 19, 21, 23 NON-UNION 13 1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27 MERIT 4 3, 12, 22, 25
Notes:
1. 27 projects provided data for this research. Projects no. 5 and no. 26 were not used in the data analysis because 2000,000 workhours had not been completed.
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survey forms. Refer to Figure 4.6 for the techniques and sub-techniques. Each technique and sub-technique corresponds to one or more of thequestions contained in the "Interview Questions" survey forms. Theresponses of contractor managers, supervisors and workers are takencollectively to indicate the level of existence of a technique or sub-technique on a project. Responses from owner managers were not used sincethere were varying levels of involvement by them in the projects. Itshould also be noted that the contractor personnel surveyed were not onlyfrom large construction companies but also smaller ones such assubcontractor organizations.
The measure used (0 to 100) represents the percentage of thoseinterviewed who acknowledged the existence of the specific technique orsub-technique by answering affirmatively to all those questions whichrelate to the specific one. The higher the number (percentage) thestronger the indication (or significance) the technique or sub-techniqueexisted. It should be noted that there are not an equal number ofquestions related to each technique and sub-technique. Furthermore, thenumber of questions corresponding to each technique or sub-technique maydiffer by personnel level.
The following example illustrates how the percentage of existence fora specific project safety technique or sub-technique was calculated. Oneof the techniques is "Having a safety committee." The correspondingquestion in the manager interview questionnaire is "Does your company havea project safety committee?" For the supervisors and workers the followingquestion
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is asked, "Are you aware of the existence of any project safety committee?" The computer program considers only the closed ended questions. Theresponse to each closed ended question could be "yes", or "no", or "don'tknow", or "not applicable" depending on the type of question asked. Forthis example, the response could be either "yes" or "no". Suppose for aspecific project six managers, eight supervisors, and ten workers wereinterviewed. For the above noted question, all the managers replied "yes"as did six supervisors and five workers. The balance of the supervisorsand workers responded with a "no". The total number of respondents is,therefore, equal to 24, of which 17 replied with a "yes". The degree ofexistence is equal to (17/24) x 100 = 70.83 percent.
The final percentage calculated for any one technique or sub-techniqueis nothing more than the mean of the responses to the question(s) relatedto each one. Weighted averages were not used even though the number ofindividuals interviewed in any one level wasn't the same. The reason forthis is the researchers were attempting to determine the level of awarenessof the existence of any one technique or sub-technique as the measure ofsignificance and not the degree of awareness by personnel level.
Figure 4.5 presents one page of the comprehensive listing of safetytechniques and sub-techniques for all the construction research projects. Note that the projects are sorted by decreasing project safety performance. For each project the number of contractor personnel interviewed by level ispresented along with a total. Also the total hours worked, lost workdayincidence rate and recordable incidence rate are noted. Following thisinformation are the percentages indicating the degree of existence
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of each safety technique and sub-technique. As the reader can see forProject No. 14, 84.62 percent of those interviewed indicated that funds areallocated for safety on their project (Technique 01.03.00). On the otherhand, for Project No. 27, only 40 percent indicated that the ownerparticipates in project safety committee meetings (Sub-Technique 01.08.02). The entire listing for all the projects can be found in appendix H.
Once all the information was compiled by project, the next task was todevelop a similar list but by the project's lost workday incidence rateclassifications. Figure 4.6 is the comprehensive list of safety techniquesand sub-techniques for the construction projects grouped by their safetyperformance classifications: zero, rated, exemplary, and mark. Also notedin this figure is information on the number of contractor respondents,hours worked, and safety statistics for each classification. The numbersin each column are the means of the percentages for the correspondingtechnique and sub-techniques for all projects falling within the specificclassification. For example, for Technique 01.02.00, Project Safety Goalsand Objectives Developed, 92.4 percent of those responding positively tothose questions corresponding to this technique on all the "ZeroClassification" projects acknowledged this occurred. While 84.2 percent ofthose responding positively to the same questions on "Mark Classification"projects indicated this technique existed or occurred.
The reader should keep in mind that the numbers which occur under the"Exemplary" column are averages of the zero and rated
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classified projects and not averages of the respective numbers in the"Zero" and "Rated" columns in Figure 4.6.
To determine the level of significance of any one technique or sub-technique to safety performance as measured by the lost workday incidencerate, a "Significance Factor" was derived. It is equal to the differencein the percentages between those of the exemplary projects and those of themark projects. For example for Sub-technique 01.05.01, Regular Meetings ofthe Corporate Safety Committee, the Significance Factor would be 90.2 -81.8 = 8.4. This number gives the reader some idea of how strong theexistence of this sub-technique is in attributing to excellent safetyperformance. It should be noted here that excellent safety performance isdefined as that which is occurring on projects which have a lost workdayincidence rate of 1 or less.
The Significance Factor is a relative percentage and should only beused to discriminate among all techniques and sub-techniques as to theirrelative impact on safety performance. The reader will note that many ofthe Significance Factors are in the negative range which means they existedmore on mark projects than exemplary ones and in turn indicate therespective techniques and sub-techniques do not impact safety performancein a positive sense.
The user of this information must keep in mind how these numbers werederived. Issues such as being provided inaccurate information during theinterviews, lack of awareness by the interviewee of the existence of thetechnique or sub-technique, and
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personal opinions and prejudice can effect the final percentages along withwhether they are positive or negative. In addition, just the existence ofany one technique, in itself, does not mean it has a positive effect onsafety performance. If the technique or sub-technique is not carried outin a quality manner it can have little to no effect on safety performance. An example of this would be safety meetings. If they are not adequatelyplanned, conducted, and followed up on, they can leave a negative safety-related message to the participants.
Using the list in Figure 4.6, those techniques and sub-techniqueswhich had a Significance Factor of 14 or more were considered by theresearch team and ZATF to have the most positive impact on project safetyperformance. The reader should note that those sub-techniques which werepersonnel-related and had a Significance Factor greater than 14 were leftoff the list. For example, Sub-technique 11.05.01, Milestone IncentivesReceived by Workers, which had a significance factor of 15.2 was notincluded in the list. There were a total of eight of these types of sub-techniques and all of them are related to safety incentives. These sub-techniques were not included because the results of the literature searchand project interviews indicated that for safety incentive programs to havethe greatest positive impact, participation of all levels of contractorpersonnel is a must. However, the reader can quickly summarize from Figure4.6 that spot incentives are most effective when given to the workers asare milestone incentives. In the case of end of project and cents per
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hour incentives, all levels of contractor personnel should be included.
Thirty-seven techniques and sub-techniques (with the exception of theeight personnel-related ones) met the criteria of having a SignificanceFactor greater than 14. The final list is shown in Figure 4.7. The readershould note, however, that all techniques and sub-techniques contained inFigure 4.6, if carried out in a quality manner, will result in improvedproject safety performance.
As the reader can clearly see, there are many items contained in thelist of 37 techniques and sub-techniques which are common such as thoserelating to drug and alcohol screening and those relating to incentives. Therefore, the list can be shortened and placed in a priority order so asto be more useable, along with the other findings from this research, todetermine those attributes which have a positive effect on safetyperformance.
To shorten the list those techniques which were common were placedtogether under a main heading. The main headings selected generally weresafety techniques themselves or stages of a construction project. Figure4.8 shows the results of this reclassification process. The reader shouldnote that under any main heading the techniques have been placed in theorder they appeared in Figure 4.7. Also, the significance factor has beenplaced next to each technique.
In order to arrive at a final prioritized list of the major techniquesshown in Figure 4.8, the significance factors for the various techniquesunder each major heading were summed. The next
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Figure 4.8 - Reclassification of Safety Techniques
Note: Beside each technique is shown its significance factor
Alcohol/Substance Abuse Program - Total of Significance Factors = 209.3
- Done (screening) at random - 46.8 - Substance/alcohol abuse policy administered to all employees on project - 30.1 - Post-accident screening - 29.3 - Screening done for alcohol - 28.0 - Lower tier contractors required to have substance/alcohol abuse program - 22.8 - Screening done for cause - 20.3 - Screening done for drugs - 17.1 - Substance/alcohol abuse program developed for project - 14.9
Safety Incentives - Total of Significance Factors = 172.2
- End of project awarded by construction co. - 54.7 - Cents per hour awarded by construction co. - 35.4 - Spot incentives awarded by construction co. - 26.6 - Milestone incentives awarded by construction co. - 19.7 - Other incentives - 18.1 - Written incentive program includes project safety - 17.7
Pre-project Planning - Total of Significance Factors = 159.6
- Lower tier contractors required to conduct safety audits - 31.7 - Inspection for contraband - 36.7 - Contractors on the job prequalified based on safety records - 23.3 - Project emergency plan generated - 19.6 - Knowledge of worker's compensation premium - 16.9 - Knowledge of lower tier contractor's EMR - 15.7 - Construction company has corporate safety committee - 15.7
Employee Hiring - Total of Significance Factors = 122.9
- Pre-placement physical screening done - 34.4 - Pre-hire screening done to match job requirements - 33.4 - Past safety performance used to select supervisors - 24.3 - Past safety performance used to select managers - 15.5 - Complete physical screening done off site - 15.3
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Figure 4.8 - continued
Safety Training/Orientation - Total of Significance Factors = 108.9
- Owner involved in new employee safety orientation - 26.0 - Video taped presentation made during safety orientation - 25.6 - Face to face presentation made during safety orientation - 25.6 - supervisors receive formal safety training on the project - 16.0 - Workers receive formal safety training on the project - 15.7
Record Keeping and Followup - Total of Significance Factors = 74.1
- Review of OSHA records of lower tier contractors - 25.7 - Exposure hours reported to home office - 24.9 - Records kept of danger tag/locks - 23.5
Accident and Near Miss Investigation - Total of Significance Factors = 72.7
- Near misses reported to home office - 43.0 - Project accident review team established for all accidents and near misses - 15.5 - Investigation of near misses done - 14.2
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step was to compare the various totals and place the list in priority orderas shown below along with the totals of the respective significancefactors.
1. Alcohol/Substance Abuse Program - 209.3 2. Incentives - 172.2 3. Pre-project Planning - 159.6 4. Employee Hiring - 122.9 5. Safety Training/Orientation - 108.9 6. Record Keeping and Followup - 74.1 7. Accident and Near Miss Investigation - 72.7
For the heading, Employee Hiring, the technique Pre-placement PhysicalScreening Done, was not included in the totals because of possibleramifications as a result of the new American with Disabilities Act.
The seven items above will also be presented in Figure 5.1 in ChapterV.
Three Most Effective Project Safety Techniques
The next phase of the research findings focused on the responses toone of the questions contained in the oral interview survey form: What arethe three most effective safety techniques on this project? As would beexpected there were over 1000 responses to this question. Many of themwere different and many similar. So as to be able to more effectivelyanalyze the responses, it was decided to place them in groups based oncommonality of the response. The final grouping can be found in
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appendix I. For purposes of analysis, the group heading or technique willbe used to present the findings.
Figure 4.9 is a summary of the responses from the various levels ofcontractor employees and a composite for each safety technique expressed inboth number of responses and percent of total. The list has been placed inorder of largest response to smallest. Therefore, those techniques nearthe top of the list contribute the most to positive safety performanceaccording to those persons interviewed.
Figure 4.10 provides the same kind of information as the previousfigure but presents it for all contractor employees, owner employees and acomposite. Using this figure the reader is able to differentiate theopinion of the owner representatives from those of the contractors.
Figure 4.11 presents the percentage responses to each technique by theExemplary and Mark Project Classifications for only the contractorpersonnel. It also provides the differences in the percentages between theexemplary and mark projects by technique. The greater the difference, ina positive sense, between the exemplary and mark projects, the greater thepositive impact the technique has on safety performance. The reader canfind the breakdown of this information by contractor personnel level inAppendix J.
Based on the information contained in the last column of Figure 4.11,another list comprised of those safety techniques the
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majority of which have a positive percentage and thus positively impactsafety performance can be developed and is shown below:
1. Fall Protection 2. Pre-project/pre-task planning 3. Safety person/personnel 4. Safety training 5. Personal protective equipment 6. Safety incentives 7. Attitude 8. Coordination 9. Fire protection 10. Orientation 11. Accountability/responsibility 12. Safety goals 13. Discipline 14. Substance/alcohol abuse program
The reader should note the last two items above either have a 0 or avery small (< -1.0%) composite rating in Figure 4.10. Substance andalcohol abuse program was added because the researchers felt that arounding error in the mathematical calculations could have placed it in thenegative range. Furthermore, it is a technique which the findings from theprevious discussed phase of the research showed is very important to theproject safety performance.
Items No. 1 and No. 5 are closely related in that fall protection isa form of personal protective equipment. Therefore, the two will becombined.
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Items 7, 8, and 13 are attributes or techniques which affect safeperformance but cannot be classified as specific safety techniques. They,in fact, are a part, in one way or another, of all the other techniques. Therefore, they will be removed from the list.
It was found during the interview process that most of the respondentsthought orientation was a form of training. Therefore, these two will becombined and referred to as safety training/orientation. As a result ofthese changes, the above noted list will now be revised and shown below. It will also appear in Figure 5.1.
1. Pre-project/task planning 2. Safety person/personnel 3. Safety training/orientation 4. Personal protection equipment/fall protection 5. Safety incentives 6. Fire protection 7. Accountability/Responsibility 8. Safety goals 9. Alcohol/substance abuse program
Time for Safety
The findings for time spent on various safety activities are based onthe results obtained from the administration of the "Time for Safety"survey forms used in the oral interview process and the model constructioncrew comprised of 1 manager, 2 upper level and 7 lower level supervisorsand 90 workers. The model construction crew was derived as a way ofestablishing a standard for the purpose of making time-related comparisonsamong projects and to
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develop a final prioritized list, by time spent, of the various safetyactivities or techniques.
The times obtained from the survey forms were first summarized foreach personnel level for both the contractor's and owner's organizations byproject and the average number of hours per year per person by projectcalculated as shown in appendix K. The average is nothing more than a meanby personnel level per project. The interview personnel group,Construction Supervisors, was divided into two subgroups. Uppersupervision includes superintendents and general foremen. Lowersupervision includes foremen and craft foremen. This was done so as toobtain accurate times to be incorporated into the model construction crew.
Using the average time per year per person for each personnel level byproject, the next step was to determine the average number of hours peryear spent on safety by the model construction crew for each project. Thisinformation is shown in appendix L.
The next activity was to combine the average times for the modelconstruction crews for the various projects into the four different projectclassifications (zero, rated, exemplary, and mark) and calculate an averagetime in hour per year for the model construction crew for eachclassification by technique as shown in Figure 4.12. It should be notedthat the times shown in Figure 4.12 do not include the data from ProjectsNos. 14 and 20 because they represented the highest and lowest values inthe averaging process.
The reader will also note that the final column in Figure 4.12 showsthe differences in times of the exemplary and mark projects. Thesedifferences are an indication of the relative importance of
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the techniques to positive safety performance. Those resulting in apositive percentage placed in a priority listing are noted below:
1. Pre-job planning for safety 2. Safety meetings 3. Safety training participation 4. Periodic project safety orientations 5. Accident/near miss investigations 6. Safety policies and procedures 7. Safety goals and objectives 8. Safety records 9. Safety budget
For the same reason as given in the previous section of this chapter,it was decided to combine safety training participation with periodicproject safety orientations. The revised list would then be as follows:
1. Pre-job planning for safety 2. Safety meetings 3. Safety training/orientation 4. Accident/near miss investigation 5. Safety policies and procedures 6. Safety goals and objectives 7. Safety records 8. Safety budget
Finally it must be noted that the specific times presented in any ofthe figures in this section are based purely on the information given tothe interviewer and thus are only rough estimates. Therefore, the timesthemselves should not be used in any types of calculations to develop totalproject safety costs.
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The times do, however, provide an indication of the relative importance ofthe various attributes or techniques to safety performance. Some othertime-related summaries based on the research are contained in appendix Mfor the information of the reader only.
Objective Two: Develop Cause and Effect Relationships Among Techniques, Results, and Costs
The second specific objective of the research was to determine ifthose techniques found to have a positive effect on safety performance insome way were related and their individual and composite effect on safetyfrom a standpoint of both costs and results (reduced accidents). Becauseof the scope of work required to attain the first objective, resources werenot available to perform any work on this objective. However, a few pointsneed to be made concerning this objective based on the results of theresearch.
From the discussion presented in an earlier section in this chapter,170 techniques and sub-techniques were identified that have a positiveeffect on safety performance. As the reader can quickly conclude whenlooking at the list, many of the techniques and sub-techniques are relatedand can be combined into similar groups such as Incentive Program. It wasalso shown in the previous sections of this chapter that other techniquessurfaced as important from the time-related data and the answers to thequestion," What are the three most effective safety techniques on thisproject." With so many different techniques (even after combining similarones) and with a limited amount of resources to
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support the entire research project, it was not possible to begin on thesecond part to study cause and effect relationships among techniques.
In terms of results, the research findings for the first objective hasshown that there are specific techniques which, if implemented in a qualitymanner, will result in improved safety performance and thus reduced lostworkday incidence rates. This issue will be further discussed in the nextchapter.
The issue of costs as related to only time spent on safety wasconsidered during the research process, but only from a standpoint ofestimates and not actual. Because of this, the findings from the time-related research can only be used to establish relative importances of thevarious cost-related techniques as was previously discussed in the Time forSafety section of this chapter. Therefore, the information should not beused to make any cost-related decisions such as determining the cost of thesafety techniques to include in a project estimate.
Furthermore, the researchers found that most of the companies did notkeep detailed records of safety-related costs. The only way to obtaincredible cost information of each technique or a combination of them isthrough a formal cost accounting system. Companies would first have toeither design such a system or revise their existing one so it includes allsafety-related activities. Then the costs associated with personnel time,equipment and material would have to be captured, combined and analyzedsimilar to a cost control program for a project.
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Chapter V Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter will first present the conclusions from the findingsdiscussed in Chapter IV. Besides developing and presenting a finalprioritized list of safety techniques which exist on projects withexcellent safety performance, this section of the chapter will also presentsome information on what are the more important considerations or aspectsof each technique. The second part of this chapter will includerecommendations not only pertaining to the objective of this research butalso for future studies on construction safety.
Conclusions
The prioritized list of safety techniques which result in excellentsafety performance will be developed from the three lists presented inChapter IV. These lists have been combined and presented in Figure 5.1. Since the three lists were derived based on different criteria, thereis no statistical way to assign values to each technique and develop amathematical relationship among the techniques or lists of techniques withthe objective of developing a final list. However, just the fact that anyone safety technique appears in more than one list, in itself, can be usedas the basis of establishing a final list in a priority order.
Because some techniques will only appear on one list, some on twolists, and a few on all three lists, a family of priorities
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Figure 5.1 - Comparison of Three Technique Lists
Techniques From: Priority Technique Technique Time List Question Survey
1 Alcohol/Substance Pre-Project/Task Pre-Job Safety Abuse Program Safety Planning Planning
2 Safety Safety Person/ Safety Meetings Incentives Personnel
3 Pre-project Safety Training Safety Training Safety Planning
4 Employee Hiring Personal Protect. Accident/Near Equipment Miss Invest.
5 Safety Training/ Safety Safety Policies/ Orientation Incentives Procedures
6 Recordkeeping & Fire Protection Safety Goals & Followup Objectives
7 Accident/Near Miss Accountability/ Safety Records Investigation Responsibility
8 - Safety Goals Safety Budget
9 - Alcohol/Substance - Abuse Program
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will be established based on how many times any one technique appears. Within any one family classification, an attempt will be made to prioritizethe techniques based on what positions they appear in their respectivelist(s). The family priority classification would be more reliable thanthe individual technique classification within any one family.
The first priority family classification will consist of thetechniques which appear on all three lists. By examining Figure 5.1, Pre-Planning and Safety Training/Orientation meet this requirement. Pre-planning whether it is project, job, or task, is first in the last twolists and third in the first one. Therefore, it will be given the highestpriority within its family. The technique, Safety Training is not rated ashigh as Pre-Planning in any of the lists. Therefore, it will become thesecond highest priority in the family classification.
The second priority family classification will consist of thetechniques which appear on two of the lists. These are Alcohol/SubstanceAbuse Program, Safety Incentives, Accident/Near Miss Investigation, Recordkeeping and Followup and Safety Goals. The first highest technique in thisfamily will be Safety Incentives. It appears on two lists in the number 2and 5 positions. Close behind is Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program. This technique also appears on two lists, but in the number 1 and 9positions. The only reason it is being placed in the second position isbecause when one considers both lists, Safety Incentives has a higheroverall position than Alcohol and Substance
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Abuse Program.
The technique, Accident/Near Miss Investigation also appears on twolists in the number 4 and 7 positions. For the same reason as noted abovefor the first and second techniques, this one will be the third techniquein the family. The next technique which appears on two lists is RecordKeeping and Followup. This one occupies the number 6 and 7 positions. This will therefore become the fourth technique in the family. Finally,Safety Goals appears in the number 6 and 8 positions. Therefore it can belisted in the fifth position in the second family classification.
All the other techniques only appear on one list. Therefore they areall included in the third family classification. To place them in prioritywithin their family one would list them in the order they fall on theirrespective list and combine the three lists in a final prioritized list asnoted below:
1. Safety Person/Personnel & Safety Meetings 2. Personal Protection Equipment 3. Employee Hiring and Safety Policies and Procedures 4. Fire Protection 5. Accountability/Responsibility 6. Safety Budget
The reason some of the techniques appear together is because they have thesame positions on their respective list.
Combining this development effort would lead to the list shown inFigure 5.2.
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Figure 5.2 - Safety Technique Families
Family Number Techniques
1 Safety Pre-project/Pre-Task Planning Safety Training/Orientation
2 Safety Incentives Alcohol & Substance Abuse Program Accident/Near Miss Investigation Record Keeping & Followup Safety Goals
3 Safety Policies/Procedures and Safety Meetings Personal Protective Equipment Hiring Employees and Safety Person/Personnel Fire Protection Program Accountability/Responsibility Safety Budget
A close examination of Figure 5.2 results in the fact that some of thetechniques are uniquely identifiable as different from the others and someoverlap. For instance, Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program can stand aloneas can Safety Training/Orientation. On the other hand, Safety Pre-Planningincludes most, if not all, of the other techniques. For example SafetyGoals are usually established as part of the planning activity. Therefore,it follows that those techniques which usually are accomplished during thepre-project planning stage should be included under the technique Pre-planning.
Another factor to consider is that some of the techniques are requiredby law such as under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and others areperformed solely on a volunteer basis. As for
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most laws, the stated requirements are minimums one must adhere to. Butthat doesn't mean one can't place more effort into the task. For instance,OSHA requires safety training. But it doesn't state all the specifictypes, who should specifically be trained by personnel level, and the exactduration of each training session. Therefore when placing techniques thatare required by law in a priority order one must be careful to recognizethat even if it is not number one it is still required as part of allsafety programs. The same holds for safety techniques that aren't on thelist. The only thing the priority ranking shows is a relative relationshipwith the other techniques as to their overall impact on positive safetyperformance.
Based on the above discussion the following is the final prioritizedlist including all those safety techniques noted in Figure 5.2:
Prioritized List of Safety Techniques That Result in Safety Excellence
1. Safety Pre-Project/Pre-Task Planning - Safety Goals - Safety Person/Personnel - Hiring Employees - Safety Policies and Procedures - Fire Protection Program - Accountability/Responsibility - Safety Budget
2. Safety Training/Orientation
3. Safety Incentives
4. Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program
5. Accident and Near Miss Investigation
6. Record Keeping and Followup
7. Safety Meetings
8. Personal Protective Equipment
Upon closer examination of the list of eight techniques, items 6through 8 are common (and in most cases OSHA required) elements of safetyprograms and if carried out in a quality manner will have a positive impacton project performance. Because of their commonality, the researchersdecided to refine the above list to include only the top five techniques. Furthermore, since so many different items fall under Safety Pre-Project/Pre-Task Planning, it was further decided to not limit the list ofsub-techniques shown. However, owner and contractor management shouldensure the sub-techniques contained in the above list are included in theplanning process.
In conclusion, the techniques noted below are those that make thedifference between an excellent project safety program, one which can anddoes achieve near zero accidents, and those projects that are not as good.
Zero Accident Safety Techniques
1. Pre-Project/Pre-Task Planning 2. Safety Training/Orientation 3. Safety Incentives 4. Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program 5. Accident and Near Miss Investigation
The priorities given are based on the research conducted for thisproject and can be used with confidence to select those
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techniques which have proven to have the greatest impact on safetyperformance. The reader should note that even though most of the projectsutilized for the research are considered large, personnel from both largeand small contractors were interviewed. From this fact, one can quicklycome to the conclusion that the results of this study not only pertain tolarge projects and contractors but also to medium and small size ones. Andas pointed out in Chapter III, the smaller contractor will benefit the mostin implementing the techniques.
Recommendations
The research has identified over one hundred techniques and sub-techniques which positively impact safety performance. As was discussedearlier, some of these techniques are unique and others overlap. Aneffective comprehensive safety program should include all of them plus allthose required by law in order to realize zero accident projects andreduced direct and indirect safety-related costs thus resulting in a higherprofit margin and a more effective competitive position in the constructionmarket place. This section of the chapter will present somerecommendations pertaining to the eight major safety techniques presentedin the Prioritized List of Safety Techniques noted above along with threeimportant prerequisites to the successful implementation of them.
Prerequisites to Successful Implementation of the Safety Techniques
Management Commitment
The development and successful implementation of the eight majortechniques, and any others for that matter, must begin with
management commitment. Management commitment is not just saying that thetechniques will occur. Commitment means identifying and devoting theneeded resources to each technique so they are carried out in a qualitymanner. Furthermore, management must actively participate in eachtechnique to the degree possible. Doing this serves as a model for otheremployees and says that safety is critically important on this project. Finally, management must keep the issue of the importance of working safelyvisible to all employees at all times. This can be accomplished by talkingabout safety at all project-related meetings, requiring safety training,posting safety notices and posters on bulletin boards, and implementingemployee incentive programs for safe performance.
Owner Involvement
The second prerequisite that the research showed attributed toexcellent safety performance is the involvement of the owner in not onlypre-project planning including financially supporting the contractor'ssafety program but also in the day-to-day project safety activities. Tothe extent possible, the owner, through their project representative(s),should participate with the contractor in all the project safety activitiesincluding but not limited to new employee orientation, safety meetings,audits and accident investigations, training, incentive and other safety-related programs.
Empowering All Employees
The third prerequisite to safe project performance is empowering everyemployee to be able to stop work if he or she
observes an unsafe condition or behavior. This of course needs to occur ina formalized manner. Every company needs to establish its own procedureson how this will be carried out. For example, the employee, after stoppingthe work, should report his or her actions to the immediate supervisor soappropriate corrections can be made. And finally, the empowering processmust be managed so tasks aren't being stopped for no reason but to bringattention to the employee stopping the work.
Consideration in Implementing the Major Safety Techniques
The successful implementation of any program, activity, or techniquecan require a varying degree of time and other resources depending upon thecomplexity of the technique. For example, the planning for, conducting,and following up on a tool box talk does not require as much time andenergy as does developing, conducting, monitoring, and evaluating analcohol and substance abuse program. It will be the responsibility ofthose who will develop and manage the technique to first learn about itfrom others who have had successful experiences with it, develop it to fitthe specific company and/or project(s), effectively and efficiently monitorit, and on a regular basis assess the results and make any needed changes. There has been a lot of previous information published which describes theaspects of most safety techniques, which together makeup the safetyprogram. Some of these have been presented in Chapter III of thisdocument.
Therefore, the purpose of this section of the chapter is not to providea detailed description on how to go about implementing all
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the safety techniques, but to provide the reader with the most importantaspects of those techniques which have been found to result in excellentsafety performance. These aspects need to be a part of their respectivetechnique to result in it having the most positive effect on projectsafety.
Safety Pre-Planning
There are two parts to this technique: pre-project and pre-task.
Pre-Project Planning
During this stage of the project the foundation is laid for theproject safety program. All the ingredients of the safety program will beidentified and resources dedicated to seeing that the program is carriedout in an effective and efficient manner. It is critical that all partiesto the project be involved, to the extent possible, in the planning phase. The following are critical items which the research showed need to be partof the safety planning process:
- Contractor Prequalification: the owner should have a program to select the general contractor (or construction manager) and the general contractor (or construction manager) should have one to select sub- and other lower tier contractors (or primes and lower tier contractors). These might be one in the same program for the entire project or some of the requirements will be the same. Use past safety statistics and EMR as part of the requirements.
- Establish safety goals such as zero lost time accidents. - Allocate needed funding for safety. - Establish safety policies and procedures which include all the safety techniques being implemented. - Establish safety rules which would include all legal requirements such as those under OSHA, EPA, and others which pertain to the project and especially for personal protective equipment including Fall Protection. - Develop the following programs: Safety Incentive, Alcohol and Substance Abuse and Employee Assistance, Safety Training (including New Employee Orientation), Fire Protection Plan, Project Emergency Plan, Accident/Near Miss Investigation, Safety Audit/Followup. - Establish a record keeping/followup system which includes safety statistics, workers' compensation related data, certification of personnel, safety training, danger tags/locks, hours of exposure to contaminates, and safety inspections and audits. - Identify full time project safety person and support personnel. - Contractor to develop a corporate safety committee. - Establish an employee screening/hiring process which includes checking and hiring based on past safety performance especially for managers and supervisors. Also complete physical examinations should be required before placing the employee on the project.
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- Provide written safety responsibilities for managers, supervisors and workers. - Establish a formal accountability system which includes discipline. - Establish a controlled project entrance/exit and inspect for contraband. - Develop and provide a project safety manual and employee safety handbook. - Conduct a hazard analysis of the project site.
Pre-Task Planning
Pre-task planning refers to the activity of identifying work placehazards before beginning to perform work for the day or in a new workenvironment during the day. The crew supervisor (foreman) should, as partof making the daily work assignments, discuss with the crew members thevarious potential safety hazards that might be encountered and how torecognize, avoid, or prevent them from causing accidents.
It is important when conducting pre-task planning that the necessarytime is taken to identify possible hazards. The amount of time will dependon the work environment, the potential hazards involved, and crewconsiderations such as size, craft makeup and type of work being performed. As part of pre-task planning, the crew may need to conduct a jobsiteinspection to ensure they have identified all the potential hazards. Ifthis is the case, time must be devoted to this activity.
Besides devoting the necessary time to pre-task planning, the foremanmust involve the crew members in the activity. It is a known fact thatinvolving people in the solution of a problem will
first have them take ownership of it and secondly, motivate them to solveit. Everyone of the crew members have a stake in the safety of theirfellow workers and, of course, themselves. And because of this, each crewmember has some level of awareness of the safety hazards of the work theyare performing, the tools and equipment they are using, and the environmentin which the work is being performed. Unfortunately, any one crew membermay not be aware of all the possible hazards, whereas others are. For thisreason it is critical that everyone of the crew members are asked toparticipate in any pre-task hazard analysis.
When conducting a pre-task hazard analysis, some of the items whichneed to be discussed relate to:
1. Location of work activity. 2. Type of work to be performed. 3. Number of workers in available space. 4. Types of tools needed and their safe use. 5. Types of heavy equipment needed and their safe use. 6. Use of special equipment such as scaffolding, lifts, etc. 7. Types of personal protective equipment required. 8. Skills and knowledge of crew members to perform work. 9. Working with hazardous materials. 10. Working in hazardous environments. 11. Required preliminary activities such as lockout/tagout. 12. Recognition of the need for safe behavior. 13. Other items peculiar to site and/or type of work.
Finally, keep in mind, that when relocating to a new work site, thepre-task hazard analysis described above should be repeated.
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Safety Orientation/Training
Safety training can be divided into two parts: orientation and formalsafety training during the project.
Orientation
There should be a new employee orientation program. It should be aproject policy that all new employees and others coming onto the projectfor the first time (i.e. vendor representatives, visitors, etc.) berequired to participate in the orientation session. The sessions should beconducted jointly between the contractor and owner (or at the minimum theowner should participate to some extent). The session should not onlyincorporate the use of video tape but should also involve some face-to-facetraining.
There should also be other orientations, especially before placingworkers in environments which have hazards unlike those in their daily workassignments. One example would be when the construction workers have toperform work within the owner's operations.
Formal Project Training
A formal project safety training program should be developed. Thistraining program is not on-the-job training in that it takes place afternormal working hours either on or off the project site. This training canbe combined with other formal types such as craft training or stand aloneas its own program such as one on Hazard Communication. It is criticalthat not only workers receive
training but also all levels of supervision. Managerial level personnelshould also receive formal training in appropriate topics.
Safety Incentives
There should be a formal safety incentive program. Either have aseparate program or include safe performance as part of a morecomprehensive project incentive program such as one that included time,quality and safety.
All project employees should be able to participate in the programincluding supervisors and managers. Incentives should be awarded duringand at the completion of the project. The following types of incentivesshould be awarded:
1. Cents per hour of safe performance 2. Financial spot 3. Financial and nonfinancial milestone 4. End of project bonus
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Program
A formal alcohol and substance abuse policy should be developed forthe project. The policy should be applicable to all project site employeesno matter whom their employer. In addition each contractor should have aformal alcohol and substance abuse program, including providing employeeassistance.
The policy should state that screening be done for both alcohol anddrugs. The screening should be done at hiring (before being placed on thejob), for cause (post-accident), and randomly.
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As part of the design of the program, the developer(s) need to becomefamiliar with the legal considerations which vary by state.
Accident and Near-Miss Investigation
As noted during the planning stage, an accident and near missinvestigation process should be established and become part of the formalsafety policies and procedures for the project (i.e. apply to allcontractors). The research indicated the following are critical componentsof the program:
1. Establish a project accident review team for all accidents and near misses. 2. Investigate all near misses (not just accidents). 3. Report all near misses to the contractor's home office (not just accidents).
Record Keeping and Follow-up
A formal safety record keeping program should exist on the project andfor every contractor. The program should include:
1. Records kept of danger tags/locks, certification of personnel, training and safety inspections/audits, and hours of exposure to hazardous environments.
2. Copies of the records should be sent to the contractor's home office.
3. All safety records of lower tier contractors should be reviewed on a regular basis.
Safety Meetings Safety meetings should be conducted on a regular basis and involve allproject personnel. There should be tool box talks at least once a weekinvolving all workers and, at the minimum field
supervisors. It would also be beneficial for other levels of thecontractor's personnel to be involved and even owner representatives. Inaddition, there should be safety meetings for project supervisors andmanagers held by the individual companies and for the project as a whole. Owner representatives should be involved with some of these meetings,especially those with the contractor managers. It is up to each companyand/or project management to determine how often the meetings should beheld and the subject matter of them. These meetings should be well planned(have an agenda), be conducted in an effective and efficient manner, andfollowup action (such as taking corrective action on an unsafe condition)occur in a timely manner.
Safety should be an item of discussion at all meetings especially atweekly project progress review ones. One way of demonstrating theimportance of safety is to place it as the first item on all meetingagendas.
Personal Protection Equipment
This technique is one required by law. All workers must be providedwith or be required to have and wear the appropriate protective equipmentfor the job being performed and environment in which they are working. Theresearch indicated that fall protection was especially critical. A 100%fall protection requirement is an effective means of protecting employeesfrom the number one cause of fatalities in construction. However, allpersonal protective equipment is necessary for positive safety performance.
It is important that the contractor stay abreast of the improvementsbeing made in the equipment and utilize the most
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effective type(s) possible for any hazard and/or environment. It is notgood enough to try to get by with requiring the minimum in personalprotective equipment.
Future Research Recommendations
There are two areas in which future research could take place pertaining to safety techniques which would benefit both the owner andcontractor. The first would be a more detailed study of any one and/or acombination of the techniques to determine cause and effect relationships. The other study would determine the actual costs of developing andimplementing one or more of the techniques and attempt to determine thefinancial benefit.
Both of these projects would have to be project oriented and beginwhen the planning starts for the project and continue throughout a majorportion of it so as to obtain a sufficient amount of data to arrive atstatistically significant conclusions.
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APPENDIX A CII ZERO ACCIDENT TASK FORCE CONSTRUCTION SAFETY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OWNER MEMBERS
Company Name _________________________________________________________
Street Address _______________________________________________________
P.O. Box _______________________ City ________________________________
State ___________________________ Zip ________________________________
Contact Name _________________________________________________________
Telephone Number _____________________________________________________
Fax Number ___________________________________________________________1. Please provide information that best describes your firm's type of contractor work:
Commercial _____% Heavy Industrial _____% Specialty _____% General Construction _____% Other _____%
Open Shop _____% Union Shop _____% Merit Shop _____% (Both Union & Open) _____%
Engineering Only _____% Construction Only _____% Engineering/Construction _____% Engineering/Construction _____% Management Lump Sum _____% Cost-plus Fee _____% Other _____%
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:The following questions pertain to the owner's involvement with theirconstruction and maintenance contractors. For some of the questions it maybe that there is a mixed response. An example would be if some contractorsare required to have a safety program and some aren't. In these cases,respond to the question using percentages. Be sure the percentage for anycategory sums to 100. If the information is not available, leave responsesblank.
2. If you keep such records, provide the average Workers' Compensation Experience Modification Rate of the constructors you hired for the years indicated.
______ ______ ______ __________ 1990 1989 1988 Don't Know
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3. If you know, what are the average OSHA incidence rates for the contractors you hired to execute your work for the years indicated.
1990 1989 1988 Don't Know
Recordable Rate ______ ______ ______ __________ Lost Workday Rate ______ ______ ______ __________
4. Using information from all the contractors' OSHA 200 forms, please provide average injury/illness data for the last three years (for the contractor's field employees only). Construction Work 1990 1989 1988 No. of manhours worked ____ ____ ____ No. of restricted workday cases(column 2-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases involving lost workdays(column 3-Osha 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases defined as recordable but w/o lost workdays(column 6-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of fatalities ____ ____ ____
Total OSHA Recordable Rate ____ ____ ____ Total OSHA Lost Workday Rate ____ ____ ____
Maintenance Work No. of manhours worked ____ ____ ____ No. of restricted workday cases(column 2-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases involving lost workdays(column 3-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases defined as recordable but w/o lost workdays(column 6-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of fatalities ____ ____ ____
Total OSHA Recordable Rate ____ ____ ____ Total OSHA Lost Workday Rate ____ ____ ____
5. On what percent of your contractor performed construction and maintenance projects do you have safety performance guidelines for them? ___________%
Does your contractor selection guidelines include the following criteria and if so, what are the upper limits, and what were they for this project? Yes Upper Limit This ProjectExperience Modification Rate (EMR) _____ ___________ ____________Total Recordable Rate (TRR) _____ ___________ ____________Total Lost Workday Rate (TLWR) _____ ___________ ____________
6. Do you have a published Contractor Safety and Health Guideline or Policy?
Yes _____% NO _____%
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7. Do you require the contractors you hire to have a written safety program?
Yes _____% NO _____%
If yes, are there specific requirements as to what the program must contain?
Yes _____ NO _____ If yes, please list _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________8. Do you have in place a "safe work" or " hazardous work" permit system at all your site and/or facilities?
Yes _____% NO _____%
9. Do you have a safety orientation program for construction contractor employees entering all your facilities to perform work?
Yes _____% NO _____%
If so, which of the methods listed below do you use?
_____ Stand-up Presentation or Discussion _____ Video Tape _____ Combination of Video and Discussion _____ General Orientation _____ Unit or Facility-Specific Orientation _____ Other (please list) ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________10. Do you, as an owner, perform routine, formal safety inspections/audits at all your contractor sites?
Yes _____% NO _____% At this site? _____
Frequency: (check all that apply) _____ Daily _____ Weekly _____ Monthly _____ All of the above _____ Other (please List) ___________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________11. Do you require all your contractors to have a formal accident investigation and reporting procedure?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? ______
If yes, do you participate on the accident investigation program of all your contractors?
Yes _____% NO _____% At this Project? ______ 112
Typically, what is the title of the highest level person in your company who would receive an Accident Investigation report on a construction contract employee? _________________________________ For this project? _______________________________________________
What level of incidents do you require investigation and reporting at all your sites? For this project? (Check all that apply)
_______ Near misses _______ _______ First-aid Cases _______ _______ Recordable Cases _______ _______ Lost Workday Cases _______
12. Do you include safety specific guidelines and requirements in all your contract documents?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _________
If yes, please list _____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________13. Do you discuss construction safety management with all contractors during bid and pre-award meetings?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
14. Do you require all the subcontractors of all the general contractors you hire to meet the same safety criteria as the general?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
Do you require historical safety performance information of all subcontractors be included with the general contractors bid proposals?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
If yes, what type of specific information?_______________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________15. Do you require all your contractors to submit a monthly safety performance report?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
16. Do you require all your contractors to have an on-site safety representative assigned to the job?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______17. Do you, as an owner, provide an on-site safety professional on all your projects?
Always ____ Sometimes ____ Never ____ For this project? ______
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If sometimes, what governs your decision to use a professional? (check all that apply)
_____ Size of Job _____ High Hazard Job or Operation _____ Special Cases Only _____ Decision based on Complexity and Identified Risks of Project
18. Do you provide or participate in the safety awareness training of all your contractor's employees?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
19. Do you require all the contractors you hire to have a substance abuse policy that provides some level of testing in a predominate number of facilities / projects or jobs?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
If yes, does it include: (check all that apply)
_____ Pre-hire Testing _____ Random _____ Testing for Cause
_____ Open Shop Site _____ Merit Shop Site _____ Union Sites
20. Do you financially support all your contractors' safety efforts at your sites?
Yes _____% NO _____% For this Project? _______
RWL:pbd2-26-91
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CII ZERO ACCIDENT TASK FORCE CONSTRUCTION SAFETY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CONTRACTOR MEMBERS
Company Name _________________________________________________________
Street Address _______________________________________________________
P.O. Box ___________________________ City ____________________________
State _______________________________ Zip ____________________________
Contact Name _________________________________________________________
Telephone Number _____________________________________________________
Fax Number ___________________________________________________________
1. Please provide information that best describe your firm's type of work:
Commercial _____% Heavy Industrial _____% Specialty _____% General Construction _____% Other _____% Total 100%
Open Shop _____% Union Shop _____% Merit Shop (both Union & Open) _____% Total 100%
Engineering Only _____% Construction Only _____% Engineering/Construction _____% Engineering/Construction Management _____% Lump Sum _____% Cost-plus Fee _____% Other _____% Total 100%
2. Are you 100% self-insured? Yes _____ No _____
3. If not 100% self-insured, are you self insured up to a certain level?
Yes _____ No _____
If yes, what is the level? __________________
4. List your firm's Workers' Compensation Experience Modification Rates for the following years:
______ ______ ______ 1989 1988 1987 115
5. Please indicate the type of workers' compensation Experience Rating System your firm uses.
Interstate _______________ Intrastate _______________ Monopolistic State Fund _______________
Total _______________ This Project _______________
Current number of field employees: _______________ Average number of employees in firm: 1990 _______________ 1989 _______________ 1988 _______________6. Using information from your OSHA 200 form, please provide injury/illness data for the last three years for your firm - field employees only. Construction Work 1990 1989 1988 No. of manhours worked ____ ____ ____ No. of restricted workday cases(column 2-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases involving lost workdays(column 3-Osha 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases defined as recordable but w/o lost workdays(column 6-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of fatalities ____ ____ ____
Total OSHA Recordable Rate ____ ____ ____ Total OSHA Lost Workday Rate ____ ____ ____
Maintenance Work No. of manhours worked ____ ____ ____ No. of restricted workday cases(column 2-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases involving lost workdays(column 3-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of cases defined as recordable but w/o lost workdays(column 6-OSHA 200) ____ ____ ____ No. of fatalities ____ ____ ____
Total OSHA Recordable Rate ____ ____ ____ Total OSHA Lost Workday Rate ____ ____ ____
7. Are you acting as a CM on this project? Yes ___ NO ___ If you are acting as a CM for the project, are you responsible for job site safety?
Yes ____ NO _____
If yes, to what extent?__________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 116
8. Do you have a written company safety program or operational safety plan?
Yes No A. For your own employees? ____ ____ B. For your subcontractors? ____ ____
If No on B, do you require subcontractors to have their own safety program that you review prior to awarding work to them?
Yes ____ NO _____
9. Do you have a structured classroom safety training program for newly hired or promoted first line supervisors?
Yes ____ NO _____
10. Do you have formal structured pre-work assignment Safety Orientation program for new hires?
Yes ____ NO _____
If yes, does it include instruction on the following:
Yes No Company Safety Policy ____ ____ Company Safety Rules, Procedures ____ ____ Incorporating Clients Safety Rules and Regulations ____ ____ Safety Meeting Attendance ____ ____ Work Hazard Reporting ____ ____ Injury Reporting ____ ____ Personal Protective Equipment ____ ____ Housekeeping ____ ____ Fire Protection ____ ____ Driving Safety ____ ____ First Aid ____ ____ Electrician Safety ____ ____ Rigging Safety ____ ____ MSDS/Hazard Communication ____ ____ Other (Identify) _____________ ____ ____
11. Do you conduct formal field safety inspection or audits on jobs in progress?
Yes ____ NO _____
If yes, indicate who conducts the inspections/audits and the frequency on this project? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
12. Does your insurance carrier inspect the project?
Yes ____ NO _____
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13. Do you require Organized safety meetings:
Yes Frequency NO
A. For Supervisors? ____ _________ ____ B. For your own employees? ____ _________ ____ C. For Subcontractors employees? ____ _________ ____
14. Do you have formal company investigation and reporting procedures for accidents involving your employees? Yes No A. Near misses _____ _____ B. Recordable Cases _____ _____ C. Lost Workday Cases _____ _____ D. First-aid Cases _____ _____
Are the accident reports circulated to top company management? _____ _____
What is the title of the highest level person in your company that would receive accident reports? _______________________________
15. Do you require subcontractors to conduct investigation and report results to you on accidents involving their employees?
Yes ____ NO _____
16. In what format are accident records and accident summaries kept?
No. Monthly Quarterly Annually A. Accident summary for entire company? ____ ________ _________ ________
B. Accidents Totaled by projects? ____ ________ _________ ________ C. Accidents totals by superintendent? ____ ________ _________ ________ D. Accident subtotaled by foreman? ____ ________ _________ ________
17. Do you keep records on the costs of each accident? How often are these cost reported?
No. Monthly Quarterly Annually A. Costs totaled? ____ ________ _________ ________ B. Costs totaled by projects? ____ ________ _________ ________ C. Subtotaled by Superintendent? ____ ________ _________ ________ D. Subtotaled by Foreman? ____ ________ __________ ________
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18. Do you have an alcohol and substance abuse program that requires some level of testing?
Yes ____ NO _____
Check all that apply: All Jobs Some Jobs
Prehire testing ________ _________ Random testing ________ _________ For Cause testing ________ _________ Open-shop Sites ________ _________ Merit Sites ________ _________ Union Sites ________ _________
Who is included in the testing? _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
Are subcontractors included in the testing?
Yes ____ NO _____
If yes, what types of drugs are screened for?
List major ones: _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
Other (indicate) ________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
19. Is it company policy to have personnel on all job sites who are certified to administer first aid treatment? Certification Type? Red Cross _____ Fire Dept. _____ Other _____
20. Is safety a criteria in performance (including promotion and pay raises) evaluation of: (check all that apply)
Craftsmen _____ Foremen _____ Supervisors _____ Superintendents _____ Site Managers _____
21. Do you track individual safety records of the following personnel? Yes No Foremen _____ _____ Supervisors _____ _____ Superintendents _____ _____ Site Managers _____ _____ 119
22. Who has responsibility for safety on your project job sites?
Safety Supervisor _____ Personnel Department _____ RCM/Superintendent _____ Foremen _____ Other (list) _____
23. Do you track injury rates/Workers Compensation Claims?
Yes ____ NO _____
Using the following abbreviations, indicate how you report/track them. Injuries - I, Claims - C, Dollars - $, Lost Prevention Activities - LP
By department? Yes_____; Monthly _____ Quarterly _____ Annually _____
By Project? Yes_____; Monthly _____ Quarterly _____ Annually _____
By Supervisor? Yes_____; Monthly _____ Quarterly _____ Annually _____
By Employee? Yes_____; Monthly _____ Quarterly _____ Annually _____
24. What steps do you take to ensure compliance with these rules? Pre-Job - _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
During Job - ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
When incidents occur - __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
25. Do you have any organized, written safety recognition or other motivational programs for safety?
Yes ____ NO _____
Explain _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
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26. Do you have a safety incentive program?
Yes ____ NO _____
If yes, describe its components: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
27. For this project, provide the following:
Client: _________________________________________________________
Engineer:________________________________________________________
Contractor: ____________________________________________________
Location:________________________________________________________
Date of Start of Field Construction: ____________________________
Mechanical Completion: __________________________________________
Project Description: ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________
Contract Type ______________________________________________
Grassroots/Revamp/Maintenance: _____________________________
Direct Hire _____% Subcontract ______%
Project Cost: (Total Incurred Cost) _____________________________
Project Manhours Cumulative: ____________________________________
Project Manhours Completed to Date (Provide both hour and calendar date): __________________________________________________________
Project Safety Record:
A. Fatalities _______________________ B. Lost time Case ___________________ Incidence Rate: _________ (with lost days) C. Restricted Workday Cases _________ Incidence Rate: _________ D. Medical Only Cases _______________ Incidence Rate: _________ E. OSHA Recordable Cases ____________ F. Number of W. C. Claims ___________ G. Workers Compensation Total Incurred Losses (TIL) _______________ H. Workers Compensation Premium (PR) ___________________________ I. Workers Compensation Loss Ratio (TIL/PR) ______________________
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APPENDIX B OWNER MANAGER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Revised 12-7-91
1. Overview
1.0 What is your current job position? __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 How long have you been on this job site? ___________
3.0 Did you receive any safety training or orientation for this project? Yes No
4.0 What percent of your time, on average, do you spend on contractor safety activities versus your other responsibilities? __________%
5.0 Do you view yourself as being reactive or proactive in your contractor's safety program? Reactive Proactive
6.0 Are you familiar with the Business Roundtable A3 Report, Improving Construction Safety Performance? Yes No
7.0 Does schedule ever influence how much safety is done on this project? Yes No DK
8.0 Did safety planning create an environment that positively influenced cost, quality, and schedule? Yes No DK
8.1 Was this planning a joint effort with your company and the contractor? Yes No DK NA
9.0 Of all pre-planning activities (scheduling, quality, material laydown, etc.) what percent of the time is spent on safety related matters. __________%
10.0 Have you ever shut down a job on this project due to safety reasons? Yes No
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2. Management Commitment
1.0 Do you feel that your company management from the CEO down is committed to safety? Yes No
1.1 If so, what evidence exists to support that feeling? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Does your company produce newsletters, videos, etc. to help facilitate a safe project? Yes No Dk
3. Safety-Related Policies and Procedures
1.0 Does your company have written policies and procedures for contractor safety on this project? (GET A COPY OF THE WRITTEN POLICIES) Yes No DK
2.0 Are the policies and procedures a part of the contract documents? Yes No Dk
4. Responsibility, Accountability, and Discipline for Job-Site Safety
1.0 How does your company hold the contractor accountable for jobsite safety? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
1.1 Is this documented? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your company require the contractor to designate a person to coordinate safety on the site? Yes No DK
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3.0 Are your company employees held responsible in any way for contractor job- site safety? Yes No DK
4.0 Does your company provide designated company personnel to handle safety-related matters? Yes No DK
5.0 Are safety rules enforced the same for both company and contractor employees? Yes No DK
6.0 Does your company hold an individual accountable for the safe actions and behavior of their employees? Yes No DK
5. EMR and Other Safety-Related Statistics
Do you know the following information about your contractor on this project:
1.0 OSHA recordable incident rate? Yes No
2.0 OSHA lost work day incident rate? Yes No
3.0 Your contractor's EMRs? Yes No
3.1 What is the EMR? __________ NA
4.0 The other contractors' EMRs? Yes No
5.0 Most frequent injuries requiring first aid? Yes No
6. Safety Budget
1.0 Does your company provide a budget for safety on this project? Yes No Dk
2.0 Do you or someone else in your company monitor and/or capture costs related to safety (i.e. cost of safety program, safety meetings, etc.)? Yes No
3.0 Does anyone in your company review the contractor's estimate to ensure it includes money for safety? Yes No DK
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4.0 Does your company financially support the contractor's safety-related efforts? Yes No DK
7. Safety Program Goal Setting
1.0 Does your company get involved in establishing safety-related goals for the project? Yes No Dk
2.0 Does your company require a formal site safety program from the contractor? Yes No DK
8. Safety Meetings
1.0 Does your company participate in safety- related meetings with the contractor's personnel (supervisors, craftspersons, others)? Yes No DK
1.1 If so, which ones? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
9. Pre-planning for Job Site Safety
1.0 Does your company get involved in pre- construction safety-related activities? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company require the use of permit systems for hazardous activities? Yes No DK
3.0 Does your company control access to the site? Yes No DK
4.0 Does your company provide any safety- related incentives? Yes No DK
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4.1 If so, describe. None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
10. New Employee Orientation
1.0 Is your company involved in new employee orientation activities of the contractor? Yes No DK
11. Safety Rules
1.0 Does your company have safety rules which the contractor is required to follow? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company ensure the contractor is following the rules? Yes No DK
3.0 Who in your company has the authority to make changes to safety rules? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
12. Safety Inspections
1.0 Does your company require regular jobsite inspections? Yes No DK
1.1 Is your company regularly involved in these inspections? Yes No DK NA
1.2 Who from your company is involved in these regular inspections? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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2.0 Are standard reports made for future planning and corrective actions? Yes No DK
2.1 Does management review the completed forms? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Does your company review the results of the contractor's in-house inspections? Yes No DK
13. Safety Training
1.0 Is your company involved in safety training for construction personnel? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company require the contractor to conduct safety training? Yes No DK
14. Accident Investigation
1.0 When an accident occurs on the construction site does your company get involved? Yes No DK
1.1 Is this documented in a policy statement? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your company track near misses? Yes No DK
3.0 Does your company require the contractor to report safety incidents and follow up investigations? Yes No DK
4.0 Does your company become involved in the follow up activities? Yes No DK
5.0 Is the information learned from past accidents used on future projects? Yes No DK5.1 Is this information made available to other contractors used by your company? Yes No DK NA
15. Safety Performance Audits
1.0 Does your company conduct regular jobsite safety audits? Yes No DK
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1.1 Who within your company conducts job site audits? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Does your company require contractors to perform their own audits? Yes No DK
2.1 If so, does your company review these audits? Yes No DK NA
16. Substance and Alcohol Abuse
1.0 Does your company have a substance and alcohol abuse policy which the contractor must adopt? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company require the contractor to have a substance and alcohol abuse policy? Yes No DK
2.1 Does your company provide input to their policy? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Is your company involved in carrying out the day-to-day substance and alcohol abuse policy of the contractor? Yes No DK
4.0 Does your company conduct and/or require inspections for contraband? Yes No DK
17. Record Keeping
1.0 Does your company require the contractor to maintain any safety records? Yes No DK
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1.1 If so, what records are required? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
1.2 Are these records reviewed by management? Yes No DK NA
1.3 Are actions taken if the records are not completed? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your company get involved in the contractor's responsibility to maintain OSHA safety records? Yes No DK
18. Contractor Pre-qualification
1.0 Does your company have any pre-qualifying safety-related conditions for contractors? Yes No DK
1.1 Are these conditions a part of inclusion on a bidders list? Yes No DK NA
1.2 Are these conditions a part of the contract documents? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your company have a policy for qualification of lower tier contractors? Yes No DK
19. Safety Performance Evaluation
1.0 Is the project's safety performance and/or your personal safety performance included as part of your performance evaluation? Yes No DK2.0 Does your company evaluate the safety performance of your contractors? Yes No DK
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3.0 How could safety performance be improved for both contractors and their contractors on this project? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
4.0 Does your company reward safety suggestions and improvements of contractor personnel? Yes No DK
20. Other
1.0 What are the three most effective safety techniques used on this project? None
1. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.0 Do you feel that good communications exists on this project? Yes No
3.0 Do you feel that good project coordination exists on this project? Yes No
4.0 Do you feel that good employee motivation exists on this project? Yes No
5.0 Is there anything else that has not been asked that you feel contributed to safety on this project? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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CONTRACTOR MANAGER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Revised 12-7-91
1. Overview
1.0 What is your current job position? __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 How long have you been on this jobsite? ___________
3.0 Did you receive any safety training or orientation for this project? Yes No
4.0 What percent of your time, on an average, do you spend on safety activities versus your other activities? __________%
5.0 Does schedule ever have priority over how much safety is done on this project? Yes No DK
6.0 Did safety planning create an environment that positively influenced cost, quality, and schedule? Yes No DK
6.1 Was this planning a joint effort with your company and the Owner? Yes No DK NA
7.0 Of all pre-planning activities (scheduling, quality, material laydown, etc.) what percent of the time is spent on safety related matters. __________%
8.0 Have you ever shut down a job on this project due to safety reasons? Yes No
2. Management Commitment
1.0 Do you feel that your company from the CEO on down is committed to safety? Yes No
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1.1 If so, what evidence exists to support that feeling? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Is there a member of top management assigned the overall responsibility for company safety? Yes No DK
3.0 Is there a full time safety director on this project? Yes No DK
4.0 Is there a full time designated person for safety on this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Does the Owner actively participate in your company's safety program? Yes No DK
5.1 Is the participation reactive or pro- active? Reactive Pro-active NA
6.0 Is safety performance discussed in project progress review meetings? Yes No DK
7.0 Does your company have a corporate safety committee? Yes No DK
7.1 Does the corporate safety committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
8.0 Does your company have a corporate fire prevention committee? Yes No DK
8.1 Does the corporate fire prevention committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
9.0 Does your company have a project safety committee? Yes No DK
9.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No DK NA
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9.2 Does the project safety committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
9.3 Does the Owner participate? Yes No DK NA
9.4 Do other contractors participate? Yes No DK NA
10.0 Does your company have a project fire prevention committee? Yes No DK
10.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No DK NA
10.2 Does this project fire prevention committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
10.3 Does the Owner participate? Yes No DK NA
10.4 Do other contractors participate? Yes No DK NA
11.0 Does your company have a safety and fire protection agreement with the Owner? Yes No DK
12.0 Does your company recognize safety suggestions of employees? Yes No DK
13.0 Does your company recognize safety suggestions of other contractors? Yes No DK
Are the following items used on the jobsite to communicate safety information:
14.0 bulletin boards? Yes No DK14.1 posters? Yes No DK14.2 newsletters? Yes No DK
3. Safety-Related Policies and Procedures
1.0 Does your company have a corporate safety policies and procedures manual? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company have a project specific policies and procedures safety manual? (GET A COPY OF THE MANUAL) Yes No DK
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2.1 Do the policies and procedures include definitions of responsibility and accountability? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Are disciplinary actions a part of your safety policies and procedures? Yes No DK
3.1 If so, are different levels of discipline used? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Does your company have policies and procedures for pre-placement physicals for employees? Yes No DK
4.1 Is this a complete physical by a doctor or a partial physical by medical personnel? Complete Partial NA
4.2 Is this physical done onsite or offsite? Onsite Offsite NA
5.0 During hiring, do you or someone else in your company check to see if the person can do the job for which the person is being hired? Yes No DK
Is safety criteria used to select:
6.0 Managers? Yes No DK6.1 Supervisors? Yes No DK
7.0 Does your company have a probationary period for new employees? Yes No DK
8.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for personal protective equipment use and enforcement for this project? Yes No DK
9.0 Does your company have a medical surveillance policy for truck drivers, crane operators, painters, insulators, etc. (i.e. 'fit for duty')? Yes No DK
10.0 Does your company have a policy for working in confined spaces? Yes No DK
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11.0 Does your company have a danger tag and lock out policy and procedures? Yes No DK
12.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for hazardous material handling and communication (MSDS)? Yes No DK
13.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures to monitor the OSHA compliance records of other contractors? Yes No DK
4. Responsibility, Accountability, and Discipline for Job-Site Safety
Are the following personnel held accountable for safety on this project:
1.0 Managers? Yes No DK1.1 Supervisors? Yes No DK1.2 Craftworkers? Yes No DK
Are the safety responsibilities written for the following personnel on this project: (GET A COPY OF THE RESPONSIBILITIES)
2.0 Managers? Yes No DK2.1 Supervisors? Yes No DK2.2 Craftworkers? Yes No DK
3.0 Are warnings issued for safety violations? Yes No DK
3.1 Are they written, verbal or both? Written Verbal Both NA Who of the following issue these warnings:
3.2 First line supervision (foreman)? Yes No DK NA3.3 Second line supervision (supervisor)? Yes No DK NA3.4 Third line supervision (superintendent)? Yes No DK NA3.5 Safety director (department)? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Are the other contractors hired by your company required to comply with project safety rules? Yes No DK
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5.0 Are other contractors hired by your company held accountable for their safety? Yes No DK
6.0 Does your company require each subcontractor to designate a person to coordinate safety on the job site? Yes No DK
7.0 Are other contractors hired by your company held accountable for the safety of their lower tier contractors? Yes No DK
5. EMR and Other Safety-Related Statistics
1.0 Are project losses due to accidents that are covered by Worker's Compensation measured against premiums paid? Yes No DK
Do you know the following information about the project:
2.0 OSHA recordable incident rate? Yes No
3.0 OSHA lost work day incident rate? Yes No
4.0 Do you know your company's EMR? Yes No
4.1 What is the EMR? __________ NA
5.0 Other contractors' EMRs? Yes No
6.0 The most frequent injuries requiring first aid? Yes No
6. Safety Budget
1.0 Does your company use a budget to allocate resources and management time for safety? Yes No DK
1.1 What percentage of the project's budget is for safety? __________% NA
2.0 Does your company track any costs related to implementing and administering your safety program during the project? Yes No DK
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3.0 Is the budget of other contractors hired by your company reviewed to ensure funds are included for safety? Yes No DK
4.0 Is the Owner involved in your safety budget? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company track the costs of accidents? Yes No DK
6.0 Do you or someone else report the costs of accidents to top management? Yes No
Do you know the average costs of the following:
7.0 accidents with injury? Yes No7.1 accidents without injury? Yes No
8.0 Does your company track the costs of other safety related activities other than accidents or near misses? Yes No DK
8.1 If so, which ones? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
7. Safety Program Goal Setting
1.0 Does your company have safety related goals for this project? Yes No DK
2.0 Did the Owner provide any input to establish the safety goals for this project? Yes No DK
3.0 What are the safety goals for this project? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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4.0 Are safety performance goals communicated to employees? Yes No DK
5.0 Does the Owner require a site safety program? Yes No DK
8. Safety-Related Meetings
For all safety related meetings:
1.0 Is an agenda made? Yes No DK1.1 Are minutes taken? Yes No DK1.2 Are the minutes distributed? Yes No DK
2.0 Are tool box or gang box meetings held? Yes No DK
2.1 Are these meetings held weekly? Yes No DK NA
2.2 Is an agenda made for the meetings? Yes No DK NA
2.3 Is attendance taken? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Does anyone in you company attend the safety meetings of the other contractors it hires? Yes No DK
4.0 Are other contractors required to participate regularly in your safety meetings? Yes No DK
5.0 Are safety meetings held regularly on this project for supervisors only? Yes No DK
9. Pre-planning for Job-Site Safety
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedure for conducting a hazards analysis? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for job site emergencies? Yes No DK
3.0 Did your company develop the project emergency plan? Yes No DK
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3.1 Was the project emergency plan coordinated to meet state and local requirements? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Are medical facilities available on the jobsite? Yes No DK
4.1 Are the onsite medical facilities provided by your company, the Owner, or both? Company Owner Both NA
4.2 Are the onsite medical facilities contracted? Yes No DK NA
5.0 Are designated medical facilities available offsite? Yes No DK
5.1 Are these offsite facilities contracted? Yes No DK NA
6.0 Are the telephone numbers and contacts for emergency needs posted on the jobsite? Yes No DK
7.0 Are procedures defined for the control and disposal of hazardous materials? Yes No DK
8.0 Does your company have a certification plan for different work activities? Yes No DK
8.1 Are records maintained and scheduling done for recertification? Yes No DK NA
9.0 Who provides the equipment and personnel for fire and rescue? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
10.0 Are injured employees escorted to the medical facilities by your company personnel? Yes No DK
11.0 Does your company conduct a post-injury follow up? Yes No DK
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12.0 Does your company have a work permit system? Yes No DK
13.0 Is there a formal written incentive program that includes safety for this project? Yes No DK (GET A COPY OF THE INCENTIVE PROGRAM)
14.0 Does your company provide the incentives? Yes No DK
14.1 Were safety incentive awards of money given? Yes No DK NA
14.2 Were other safety incentive awards given? Yes No DK NA
14.3 If so, what were they? __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
15.0 Are spot incentive awards given? Yes No DK
Which of the following personnel receive the spot awards:
15.1 Managers? Yes No DK NA15.2 Supervisors? Yes No DK NA15.3 Craftworkers? Yes No DK NA
16.0 Are milestone incentive awards given? Yes No DK
Which of the following personnel receive the milestone awards:16.1 Managers? Yes No DK NA16.2 Supervisors? Yes No DK NA16.3 Craftworkers? Yes No DK NA
17.0 Are end of project incentive awards given? Yes No DK
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Which of the following personnel receive the end of project awards:
17.1 Managers? Yes No DK NA17.2 Supervisors? Yes No DK NA17.3 Craftworkers? Yes No DK NA
18.0 Are cents per hour worked safely incentive awards given? Yes No DK
Which of the following personnel receive the cents per hour worked safely awards:
18.1 Managers? Yes No DK NA18.2 Supervisors? Yes No DK NA18.3 Craftworkers? Yes No DK NA
10. New Employee Orientation
1.0 Are new employees given an orientation? Yes No DK1.1 Is the orientation face-to-face, video taped or both? Face-to-face Video Both NA
1.2 Is the Owner involved in the orientation? Yes No DK NA
1.3 Who is responsible for the orientation? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Are handouts and documents such as safety handbooks given to employees? Yes No DK
2.1 Are employees required to sign an acknowledgement of receipt and understanding? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Does the orientation include information about disciplinary policies? Yes No DK
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4.0 Does the orientation include information about injury reporting and insurance claim requirements? Yes No DK
5.0 Does the orientation include information about safety meetings (e.g. tool box meetings, safety review meetings) Yes No DK
6.0 Does the orientation include information about jobsite fire prevention? Yes No DK
7.0 Does your company have different orientation programs for different levels of personnel? Yes No DK
8.0 Does the safety orientation occur before the employee goes to the work area? Yes No DK
9.0 Do other orientations occur during the project? Yes No
9.1 If so, what are they? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
11. Safety Rules
1.0 Does this project have a set of project safety rules which all contractors must follow? Yes No DK
1.1 Did your company develop the project safety rules? Yes No DK NA
1.2 Are the rules provided in an employee handbook? Yes No DK NA (GET A COPY OF THE HANDBOOK)
1.3 Is the handbook different than the safety manual of policies and procedures? Yes No DK NA
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2.0 Is the Owner required to comply with the safety rules of the project? Yes No DK
3.0 Does your company require other contractors it hires to follow the project safety rules? Yes No DK
12. Safety Inspections
1.0 Prior to the start of this project was a hazard analysis conducted? Yes No DK
1.1 Were you involved in this hazard analysis? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Prior to the start of specific jobs are inspections made for hazards? Yes No DK
Who of the following are involved in the inspections for hazards:
2.1 Foremen? Yes No DK NA2.2 Supervisors? Yes No DK NA2.3 Superintendents? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Are regular safety inspections of the jobsite made during the project? Yes No DK
3.1 Who does these inspections? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
These inspections are made how frequently:3.2 Daily? Yes No DK NA3.3 Weekly? Yes No DK NA3.4 Monthly? Yes No DK NA3.5 As Needed? Yes No DK NA
3.6 Are standard forms used for the inspections? Yes No DK NA
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4.0 Does your company conduct regular safety inspections of the contractors it hires? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company require other contractors you hire on this project to perform their own regular safety inspections? Yes No DK
5.1 Is your company involved in those inspections? Yes No DK NA
13. Safety Training
1.0 Have you received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
1.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
1.2 List the types of training you have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Have your supervisors received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
2.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
2.2 List the types of training your supervisors have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
3.0 Have your craftworkers received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
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3.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
3.2 List the types of training your craftworkers have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
4.0 Have other contractors you hired received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
4.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
4.2 List the types of training other contractors you hired have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
14. Accident Investigations
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for this project to investigate accidents and near misses? Yes No DK
1.1 Are documented witness statements a part of the procedure? Yes No DK NA Are investigations made of:
2.0 accidents with injury? Yes No DK2.1 accidents without injury? Yes No DK2.2 near misses? Yes No DK2.3 first aid cases? Yes No DK2.4 exposure hours? Yes No DK2.5 property damage? Yes No DK
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3.0 Have you ever been involved in an accident investigation? Yes No
Are any of the following responsible for reviewing investigation reports:
4.0 line management? Yes No DK4.1 top site management? Yes No DK4.2 safety department? Yes No DK
5.0 After accidents and near misses are the training records of supervisors and employees reviewed for verification? Yes No DK
6.0 After accidents and near misses are supervisors and employees talked with? Yes No DK
7.0 Is a project accident review team established to review all accidents and near-misses? Yes No DK
7.1 Do other contractors you hire participate in the project accident review team? Yes No DK NA
7.2 Are the accident findings communicated to employees and other contractors you hire? Yes No DK NA
Are any of the following items required to be reported to the home office:
8.0 accidents with injury? Yes No DK8.1 accidents without injury? Yes No DK8.2 near misses? Yes No DK8.3 first aid cases? Yes No DK8.4 exposure hours? Yes No DK8.5 property damage? Yes No DK9.0 Does your company have a light duty policy? Yes No DK
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Do you require other contractors you hire to report:
10.0 accidents with injury? Yes No10.1 accidents without injury? Yes No10.2 near misses? Yes No10.3 first aid cases? Yes No10.4 exposure hours? Yes No10.5 property damage? Yes No
15. Safety Performance Audits
1.0 Does your company conduct regular jobsite safety audits on this project? Yes No DK
2.0 Are other contractors you hire included in your company's safety audits? Yes No DK
3.0 Are other contractors you hire required to perform their own safety audits? Yes No DK
Are regular audits conducted on this project by:
4.0 Owner representatives? Yes No DK4.1 a project management team? Yes No DK4.2 a corporate management team? Yes No DK4.3 insurance company representatives? Yes No DK4.4 consultants? Yes No DK
5.0 Have you ever been on an audit team? Yes No
16. Substance and Alcohol Abuse
1.0 Does the Owner have a substance abuse policy which your company and the other contractors you hire must adopt? (GET A COPY OF THE POLICY) Yes No DK
1.1 If so, is it to be adopted in total or in part? Total In-Part NA
2.0 Does your company administer the substance abuse policy for employees on this project? Yes No DK
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3.0 Is substance abuse screening done for all employees? Yes No DK
3.1 Is screening for alcohol done? Yes No DK NA
3.2 Is screening for drugs done? Yes No DK NA
Is screening done for the following situations:
3.3 during pre-hire? Yes No NA3.4 for cause? Yes No NA3.5 randomly? Yes No NA3.6 post-accident? Yes No NA3.7 If an employee tests positive, what is the policy of the company? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
4.0 Does your company have an employee assistance program for this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company conduct inspections for contraband? Yes No DK
6.0 Does your company require the contractors it hires to have a substance and alcohol abuse policy? Yes No DK
6.1 Does your company provide input to their policy? Yes No DK NA
6.2 Does your company ensure that the contractors it hires adhere to their own policy? Yes No DK NA
17. Record Keeping
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for keeping written records? Yes No DK
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1.1 Are they distributed to the appropriate personnel? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Are records kept of safety training? Yes No DK
3.0 Does your company review OSHA records of other contractors it hires? Yes No DK
4.0 Are reports written and critiques generated for jobsite emergency drills? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company have a formal record keeping and numbering system for control of danger tags and locks? Yes No DK
18. Contractor Pre-qualification
1.0 Is there a pre-qualification program that includes safety for other contractors hired by your company on this project? Yes No DK (GET A COPY OF THE PROGRAM)
1.1 Is the program reviewed and updated on a regular basis? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Is a pre-qualification safety questionnaire used? (GET A COPY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE) Yes No DK
3.0 Are safety reviews and pre-qualification required for the lower tier contractors of the contractors hired by your company? Yes No DK
4.0 Does the Owner participate in the direct selection of other contractors? Yes No DK
5.0 Is the selection of other contractors for this project made by the A & E or by your company? Contractor A & E6.0 Are safety provisions part of the contract between your company and the Owner? Yes No DK
7.0 Are safety provisions part of the contract between your company and other contractors you hire? Yes No DK
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8.0 Are safety provisions part of the contract between the contractors you hire and their lower tier contractors? Yes No DK
19. Safety Performance Evaluation
1.0 Do you have a written job description? Yes No
1.1 Is safety a part of your job description? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Is your safety performance evaluated on a regular basis? Yes No
2.1 Were the results of your evaluation communicated to you? Yes No NA
2.2 Was this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
3.0 Do supervisors have a written job description? Yes No DK
3.1 Is safety a part of their job description? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Do you evaluate your supervisors safety performance on a regular basis? Yes No DK
4.1 Do you communicate the evaluation results to your supervisors? Yes No NA
4.2 Is this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
5.0 Do craftworkers have a written job description? Yes No DK
5.1 Is safety a part of their job description? Yes No DK NA
6.0 Are craftworkers safety performance evaluated on a regular basis? Yes No DK
6.1 Do you communicate the evaluation results to your employees? Yes No NA
6.2 Is this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
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7.0 Does your company conduct a review of improvements of safety performance on the job site? Yes No DK
8.0 Does your company measure the safety performance of the other contractors it hires? Yes No DK
8.1 If so, how is it done? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
9.0 Is the safety performance of the other contractors you hire reported to the Owner? Yes No DK
Is safety performance reviewed and published for:
10.0 the company? Yes No DK10.1 departments and/or divisions? Yes No DK10.2 site managers? Yes No DK10.3 supervisors? Yes No DK
20. Other
1.0 Has this project had any OSHA or other state and federal safety inspections? Yes No DK
1.1 Has this project had an EPA inspection? Yes No DK
1.2 Were there any employee complaints? Yes No DK
1.3 Was your company cited? Yes No DK
If so, which of the following indicates the degree of seriousness:
1.4 Minimum? Yes No DK1.5 Serious? Yes No DK1.6 Willful? Yes No DK
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2.0 What are the three most effective safety techniques used on this project? None
1. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________
3.0 Do you feel that effective communications exist on this project? Yes No DK
4.0 Do you feel that this project was well coordinated? Yes No DK
5.0 Do you feel that employees were motivated on this project? Yes No DK
6.0 Are there any other safety related activities that include Owner representatives involvement? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
7.0 Is there anything else that has not been asked that you feel contributed to safety on this project? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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CONTRACTOR SUPERVISOR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Revised 12-7-91
1. Overview
1.0 What is your current job position? __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 How long have you been on this job site? ___________
3.0 What percent of your time, on average, do you spend on safety activities versus your other responsibilities? __________%
4.0 Does schedule ever have priority over how much safety is done on this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Of all pre-planning activities (scheduling, quality, material laydown, etc.) what percent of the time is spent on safety related matters. __________%
6.0 Have you ever shut down a job on this project due to safety reasons? Yes No
2. Management Commitment
1.0 Do you feel that your company management from the CEO on down is committed to safety? Yes No DK
1.1 If so, what evidence exists to support that feeling? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Is a full time safety person from your company assigned to this project? Yes No DK
3.0 Does the Owner actively participate in your company's project safety program? Yes No DK
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4.0 Is safety performance discussed in project progress review meetings? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company have a project safety committee? Yes No DK
5.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No NA
5.2 Does the project safety committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
5.3 Does the Owner participate? Yes No DK NA
5.4 Do other contractors participate? Yes No DK NA
6.0 Does your company have a project fire prevention committee? Yes No DK
6.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No NA
6.2 Does the project fire prevention committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
6.3 Does the Owner participate? Yes No DK NA
6.4 Do other contractors participate? Yes No DK NA
7.0 Does your company recognize safety suggestions of employees? Yes No DK
8.0 Does your company recognize safety suggestions of other contractors? Yes No DK
Are the following items used on the jobsite to communicate safety information:
9.0 bulletin boards? Yes No DK9.1 posters? Yes No DK9.2 newsletters? Yes No DK
3. Safety-Related Policies and Procedures
1.0 Does your company have a corporate safety policies and procedures manual? Yes No DK
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2.0 Does your company have a project specific policies and procedures safety manual? Yes No DK NA
2.1 Do the policies and procedures include definitions of responsibility and accountability? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Are disciplinary actions a part of the safety policies and procedures? Yes No DK
3.1 If so, are different levels of discipline used? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Does your company have a pre-employment physical policy for employees? Yes No DK
4.1 Is this a complete physical by a doctor or a partial physical by medical personnel? Complete Partial NA
4.2 Is this physical done onsite or offsite? Onsite Offsite NA
5.0 Was your safety record a consideration in your selection as a supervisor? Yes No DK
6.0 Is personal protective equipment used and enforced on this project? Yes No DK
7.0 Does your company have a policy for working in confined spaces? Yes No DK
8.0 Does your company have a danger tag and lock out policy? Yes No DK9.0 Does your company have a policy and procedure for hazardous material handling and communication (MSDS)? Yes No DK
4. Responsibility, Accountability, and Discipline for Job-Site Safety
1.0 Are you held accountable for safety in your company? Yes No DK
2.0 Are warnings issued for safety violations? Yes No DK
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2.1 Are they written, verbal or both? Written Verbal Both NA
2.2 Do you issue these warnings? Yes No NA
3.0 Are other contractors hired by your company required to comply with project safety rules? Yes No DK
4.0 Are other contractors hired by your company held accountable for their safety? Yes No
5. EMR and Other Safety-Related Statistics
NO QUESTIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
6. Safety Budget
1.0 Are you aware if money for safety is in the project budget? Yes No
2.0 Do you monitor and/or capture any costs related to safety? Yes No
7. Safety Program Goal Setting
1.0 Are you aware of the safety related goals for this project? Yes No
2.0 Are you responsible for communicating the goals? Yes No
8. Safety-Related Meetings
1.0 Are tool box or gang box meetings held? Yes No
1.1 Are these meetings held weekly? Yes No DK NA1.2 Is an agenda made for the meeting? Yes No NA1.3 Is attendance taken? Yes No NA
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2.0 Do you regularly attend safety meetings of other contractors hired by your company? Yes No NA
3.0 Are safety meetings held regularly on this project for supervisors only? Yes No DK
9. Pre-planning for Job-Site Safety
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedure for conducting a hazards analysis? Yes No DK
2.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for jobsite emergencies? Yes No DK
3.0 Are medical facilities available on the jobsite? Yes No DK
4.0 Are designated medical facilities available off the jobsite? Yes No DK
5.0 Are the telephone numbers and contacts for emergency needs posted on the jobsite? Yes No DK
6.0 Are procedures defined for the control and disposal of hazardous materials? Yes No DK
7.0 Are site personnel certified for different work activities? Yes No DK
7.1 Are records maintained and scheduling done for recertification? Yes No DK NA
8.0 Is there a formal written incentive program that includes safety for this project? Yes No DK9.0 What safety incentives were given or awarded? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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9.1 Were these incentives given to individuals crews, or both? Individuals Crews Both NA
9.2 On what basis are these incentives awarded? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
10. New Employee Orientation
1.0 When you joined your company did you receive an orientation? Yes No
1.1 Was the orientation face-to-face, video taped or both? Face-to-face Video Both NA
2.0 Are handouts and documents such as safety handbooks given to employees? Yes No
2.1 Are employees required to sign an acknowledgement of receipt and understanding? Yes No NA
3.0 Did the orientation include information about disciplinary policies? Yes No DK
4.0 Did the orientation include information about injury reporting and insurance claims requirements? Yes No DK
5.0 Did the orientation include information about safety meetings (e.g. toolbox meetings, safety review meetings, etc.)? Yes No DK
6.0 Did the orientation include information about jobsite fire prevention? Yes No DK
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7.0 Does your company have different orientation programs for different levels of personnel? Yes No DK
8.0 Do other orientations occur during the project? Yes No DK
11. Safety Rules
1.0 Does this project have a set of project safety rules which all contractors must follow? Yes No DK
1.1 Are they provided in an employee handbook? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Is the Owner of the project required to comply with the safety rules of the project? Yes No DK
3.0 Does your company require other contractors it hires to follow the project safety rules? Yes No DK NA
12. Safety Inspections
1.0 Prior to the start of the project, was an inspection made of the site for hazards? Yes No DK
1.1 Were you involved in these inspections? Yes No NA
2.0 Prior to the start of specific jobs are inspections made for hazards? Yes No DK
2.1 Are you involved in these inspections? Yes No NA
3.0 Are regular safety inspections of the jobsite made during the project? Yes No DK
3.1 Do you participate in these inspections? Yes No NA
3.2 Are standard forms used for the inspections? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Are you involved in safety inspections of the contractors hired by your company? Yes No NA
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13. Safety Training
1.0 Have you received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
1.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
1.2 List the types of training you have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Have your employees received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
2.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
2.2 List the types of training your employees have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
14. Accident Investigation
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for this project to investigate accidents and near misses? Yes No DK
1.1 Are documented witness statements a part of the procedure? Yes No DK NA
Are investigations made of:
2.0 accidents with injury? Yes No DK2.1 accidents without injury? Yes No DK2.2 near misses? Yes No DK
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3.0 Have you ever been involved in an accident investigation? Yes No
4.0 Are accident findings communicated to employees? Yes No DK
5.0 Does your company have a light duty policy? Yes No DK
6.0 Are the accidents of other contractors hired by your company investigated on this project? Yes No DK
15. Safety Performance Audits
1.0 Does your company conduct jobsite safety audits regularly on this project? Yes No DK
2.0 Are other contractors hired by your company included in your company's safety audits? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Have you ever been on an audit team? Yes No
16. Substance and Alcohol Abuse
1.0 Is there a policy for substance abuse screening for employees on this project? Yes No
1.1 Does it include screening during pre-hire? Yes No NA
1.2 Does it include screening for cause? Yes No NA
1.3 Does it include random screening? Yes No NA
1.4 Does it include post-accident screening? Yes No NA2.0 Does your company have an employee assistance program for this project? Yes No
3.0 Does your company conduct inspections for contraband? Yes No DK
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17. Record Keeping
1.0 Are you aware of the safety record keeping requirements for this project? Yes No DK
1.1 Do you review and/or prepare safety records for this project? Yes No DK NA
18. Contractor Pre-qualification
1.0 Does your company have a pre-qualification program that includes safety for the contractors it hires on this project? Yes No DK NA
19. Safety Performance Evaluation
1.0 Do you have a written job description? Yes No DK
1.1 Is safety a part of your job description? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your supervisor evaluate your safety performance on a regular basis? Yes No
2.1 Were the results of your evaluation communicated to you? Yes No Na
2.2 Was this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
3.0 Do your employees have a written job description? Yes No DK
3.1 Is safety a part of their job description? Yes No DK NA
4.0 Do you evaluate your employees' safety performance on a regular basis? Yes No DK
4.1 Do you communicate the results of your evaluation to your employees? Yes No NA
4.2 Was this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
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5.0 Have you ever recommended safety improvements on the jobsite? Yes No
20. Other
1.0 What are the three most effective safety techniques used on this project? None
1. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.0 Do you feel that effective communications exist on this project? Yes No DK
3.0 Do you feel that this project was well coordinated? Yes No DK
4.0 Do you feel that employees were motivated on this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Is there anything else that has not been asked that you feel contributed to safety on this project? None
____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________
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CONTRACTOR WORKER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Revised 12-7-91
1. Overview
1.0 What is your current job position? __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 How long have you been on this jobsite? ___________
3.0 What percent of your time, on average, do you spend on safety activities versus your other responsibilities? __________%
4.0 Does schedule ever have priority over how much safety is done on this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Of all pre-planning activities (scheduling, quality, material laydown, etc.) what percent of the time is spent on safety related matters. __________%
6.0 Have you ever shut down a job on this project due to safety reasons? Yes No
2. Management Commitment
1.0 Do you feel that your company management from the CEO on down is committed to safety? Yes No
1.1 If so, what evidence exists to support that feeling? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
2.0 Does your company have a project safety committee? Yes No DK
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2.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No DK NA
2.2 Does the project safety committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Does your company have a project fire prevention committee? Yes No DK
3.1 Are you or have you been a member of this committee? Yes No DK NA
3.2 Does the project fire prevention committee meet regularly? Yes No DK NA
Are the following items used on the jobsite to communicate safety information:
4.0 bulletin boards? Yes No DK4.1 posters? Yes No DK4.2 newsletters? Yes No DK
3. Safety-Related Policies and Procedures
1.0 Does your company have a project specific or corporate policies and procedures safety manual? Yes No DK
1.1 Does the manual include definitions of responsibility and accountability? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Are you aware of your company having a disciplinary policy? Yes No
2.1 Are different levels of discipline used? Yes No DK NA
3.0 Is personal protective equipment used and enforced on this project? Yes No
4.0 Are you aware of your company having a policy for working in confined spaces? Yes No
5.0 Are you aware of your company having a danger tag and lock out policy? Yes No
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6.0 Are you aware of your company having a policy and procedures for hazardous material handling and communications (MSDS)? Yes No
4. Responsibility, Accountability, and Discipline for Job-Site Safety
1.0 Are you held accountable for your safety actions? Yes No DK
2.0 Are you issued warnings for safety violations? Yes No
2.1 Are they written, verbal, or both? Written Verbal Both NA
2.2 Does your immediate supervisor issue these warnings? Yes No NA
5. EMR and Other Safety-Related Statistics
NO QUESTIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
6. Safety Budget
1.0 Are you aware if money for safety is in the project budget? Yes No
7. Safety Program Goal Setting
1.0 Are you aware of your company's safety goals for this project? Yes No8. Safety-Related Meetings
1.0 Are tool box or gang box meetings held? Yes No DK
1.1 Are these meetings held weekly? Yes No DK NA
1.2 Is attendance taken? Yes No DK NA
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9. Pre-planning for Job-Site Safety
1.0 Are you aware of your company having a jobsite emergency policy and procedures? Yes No
2.0 Before you start a job do you discuss the recognition, avoidance, and prevention of hazards? Yes No
3.0 Are medical facilities available onsite? Yes No
4.0 Are medical facilities available off the jobsite? Yes No
5.0 Are the telephone numbers and contacts for emergency needs posted on the jobsite? Yes No
6.0 Is there a formal written incentive program that includes safety for this project? Yes No DK
7.0 What safety incentives were given or awarded? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
7.1 Were these incentives given to individuals, crews, or both? Individuals Crews Both NA
7.2 On what basis are these incentives awarded? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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10. New Employee Orientation
1.0 When you joined your company, did you receive any orientation? Yes No
1.1 Was the orientation face-to-face, video taped, or both? Face-to-face Video Both NA
2.0 Were handouts and documents such as safety handbooks given to you? Yes No
2.1 Were you required to sign an acknowledgement of receipt and understanding? Yes No
3.0 Did the orientation make you aware of disciplinary policies? Yes No
4.0 Did the orientation include information about injury reporting and insurance claims requirements? Yes No
5.0 Did the orientation include information about jobsite fire prevention? Yes No
6.0 Did the orientation include information about safety meetings (e.g. toolbox meetings, safety review meetings, etc.)? Yes No
11. Safety Rules
1.0 Are there safety rules for this project which all contractors must follow? Yes No1.1 Are the rules provided in an employee handbook? Yes No DK NA
12. Safety Inspections
1.0 Are safety inspections done regularly by company personnel during the project? Yes No DK
2.0 Have you ever been a member of an inspection team? Yes No
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13. Safety Training
1.0 Have you received any safety training other than orientation while working on this project? Yes No DK
1.1 Was this formal training in a classroom? Yes No DK NA
1.2 List the types of training you have received on this project? None NA __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
14. Accident Investigation
1.0 Does your company have a policy and procedures for this project to investigate accidents and near misses? Yes No DK
1.1 Are documented witness statements a part of the procedures? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Have you ever been involved in an accident investigation? Yes No
3.0 Are accident findings communicated to employees? Yes No DK
4.0 Does your company have a light duty policy? Yes No DK
15. Safety Performance Audits
1.0 Does your company conduct regular jobsite safety audits? Yes No DK
2.0 Have you ever been involved in a safety audit? Yes No
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16. Substance and Alcohol Abuse
1.0 Is there a policy for substance abuse screening for employees on this project? Yes No DK
1.1 Does it include screening during pre-hire? Yes No NA
1.2 Does it include screening for cause? Yes No NA
1.3 Does it include random screening? Yes No NA
1.4 Does it include post-accident screening? Yes No NA
2.0 Does your company have an employee assistance program for this project? Yes No
17. Record Keeping
1.0 Are you aware of the safety records kept for this project? Yes No
1.1 Are you involved in keeping and maintaining any of the records? Yes No NA
18. Contractor Pre-Qualification
NO QUESTIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
19. Safety Performance Evaluation
1.0 Do you have a written job description? Yes No DK
1.1 Is safety a part of your job description? Yes No DK NA
2.0 Does your supervisor evaluate your safety performance on a regular basis? Yes No
2.1 Were the results of your evaluation communicated to you? Yes No NA
2.2 Was this communication verbal or written? Verbal Written NA
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3.0 Have you ever provided recommendations for safety performance improvement on the jobsite? Yes No
20. Other
1.0 What are the three most effective safety techniques used on this project? None
1. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________
2.0 Do you feel that effective communications exist on this project? Yes No DK
3.0 Do you feel that this project was well coordinated? Yes No DK
4.0 Do you feel that employees were motivated on this project? Yes No DK
5.0 Is there anything else that has not been asked that you feel contributed to safety on this project? None __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________
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OWNER MANAGER TIME FOR SAFETY
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
a. For each item, please indicate in the corresponding blank space provided, the approximate number of hours spent by you on doing what is described on this project. If no hours are spent on a particular activity please put a zero on the corresponding blank.
b. Then circle the appropriate choices corresponding to each line item. These choices specify the time period over which the number of hours are spent by you on this project.
1. Development of safety policies and procedures with the contractor.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
2. Involvement with the contractor in planning budget for safety.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
3. Development of safety goals and objectives with the contractor.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
4. Communication of company safety philosophy to contractor and other project personnel. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
5. Attend contractor safety meetings, such as tool box meetings,etc. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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6. Involvement with the contractor in pre-job planning for safety, such as hazards analysis, reviewing the site for hazards, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
7. Attend contractor new employee safety orientation.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
8. Attend periodic contractor safety refresher orientation during employment.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
9. Involvement with the contractor in developing project safety rules.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
10. Involvement with the contractor in safety inspections.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
11. Participation in contractor safety training, such as formal classroom training, emergency drills, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
12. Involvement with the contractor in accident and near miss investigations. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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13. Involvement with the contractor in the case management of injured workers' return to the job site, e.g. offsite visits, insurance claims, doctor conferences, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
14. Keeping and maintaining contractor safety related records.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
15. Involvement with the contractor in conducting safety audits.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
16. Involvement with the contractor in testing for substance and alcohol abuse. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
17. Involvement with the contractor in other safety related activities such as daily exercise periods, etc.
Items Hours Choices
i. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
ii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the projectiv. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
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CONTRACTOR MANAGER TIME FOR SAFETY
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
a. For each item, please indicate in the corresponding blank space provided, the approximate number of hours spent by you on doing what is described on this project. If no hours are spent on a particular activity please put a zero on the corresponding blank.
b. Then circle the appropriate choices corresponding to each line item. These choices specify the time period over which the number of hours are spent by you on this project.
1. Development of safety policies and procedures.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
2. Involvement in planning budget for safety.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
3. Development of safety goals and objectives.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
4. Communication of company safety philosophy to project personnel.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
5. Attend safety meetings, such as tool box meetings, etc. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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6. Involvement in pre-job planning for safety, such as hazards analysis, reviewing the site for hazards, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
7. Attend new employee safety orientation.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
8. Attend periodic safety refresher orientation during employment.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
9. Involvement in developing project safety rules.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
10. Involvement in safety inspections.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
11. Participation in safety training, such as formal classroom training, emergency drills, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
12. Involvement in accident and near miss investigations. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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13. Involvement the case management of injured workers' return to the job site, e.g. offsite visits, insurance claims, doctor conferences, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
14. Keeping and maintaining safety related records.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
15. Involvement in conducting safety audits.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
16. Involvement in testing for substance and alcohol abuse. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
17. Involvement in other safety related activities such as daily exercise periods, etc.
Items Hours Choices
i. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
ii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iv. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
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CONTRACTOR SUPERVISOR TIME FOR SAFETY
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
a. For each item, please indicate in the corresponding blank space provided, the approximate number of hours spent by you on doing what is described on this project. If no hours are spent on a particular activity please put a zero on the corresponding blank.
b. Then circle the appropriate choices corresponding to each line item. These choices specify the time period over which the number of hours are spent by you on this project.
1. Reading and reviewing safety policies and procedures.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
2. Attend safety meetings, such as tool box meetings, etc. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
3. Involvement in pre-job planning for safety, such as hazards analysis, reviewing the site for hazards, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
4. Attend new employee safety orientation.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
5. Attend periodic safety refresher orientation during employment.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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6.Involvement in safety inspections.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
7. Participation in safety training, such as formal classroom training, emergency drills, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
8. Involvement in accident and near miss investigations. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
9. Involvement the case management of injured workers' return to the job site, e.g. offsite visits, insurance claims, doctor conferences, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
10. Keeping and maintaining safety related records.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
11. Involvement in safety audits.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
12. Involvement in testing for substance and alcohol abuse. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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13. Involvement in other safety related activities such as daily exercise periods, etc.
Items Hours Choices
i. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
ii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iv. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
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CONTRACTOR WORKER TIME FOR SAFETY
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
a. For each item, please indicate in the corresponding blank space provided, the approximate number of hours spent by you on doing what is described on this project. If no hours are spent on a particular activity please put a zero on the corresponding blank.
b. Then circle the appropriate choices corresponding to each line item. These choices specify the time period over which the number of hours are spent by you on this project.
1. Attend safety meetings, such as tool box meetings, etc. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
2. Involvement in pre-job planning for safety, such as hazards analysis, reviewing the site for hazards, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
3. Attend new employee safety orientation.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
4. Attend periodic safety refresher orientation during employment.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
5. Involvement in safety inspections.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
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6. Participation in safety training, such as formal classroom training, emergency drills, etc.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
7. Involvement in accident and near miss investigations. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
8. Involvement in safety audits.
Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
9. Involvement in testing for substance and alcohol abuse. Hours: Weekly Monthly Yearly _________ Once during the project
10. Involvement in other safety related activities such as daily exercise periods, etc.
Items Hours Choices
i. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
ii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iii. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
iv. _______________ _________ Weekly Monthly Yearly _______________ Once during the project
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OWNER MANAGER RANKING OF SAFETY ATTRIBUTES
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
1. First read all 16 items listed below.2. Then rank the items on a scale of 1 to 16 with regards to how important you feel they are towards safety on this project.3. Mark the most important item '1',the second most important item '2', the third most important item '3', and so on until you have used all 16 numbers.
______ Management commitment to contractor safety
______ Contractor safety policies and procedures
______ Project safety responsibilities of the owner
______ Awareness of Experience Modification Rate (EMR) and other safety related statistics of the contractor
______ Contractor safety budget
______ Establishment of safety goals and objectives with the contractor
______ Contractor safety meetings
______ Pre-job planning for safety with contractor
______ Contractor new employee safety orientation
______ Contractor safety rules
______ Safety inspections with contractor
______ Safety training for contractor supervision
______ Accident and near miss investigations
______ Contractor safety performance audits
______ Testing for substance and alcohol abuse
______ Record keeping
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CONTRACTOR MANAGER RANKING OF SAFETY ATTRIBUTES
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
1. First read all 16 items listed below.2. Then rank the items on a scale of 1 to 16 with regards to how important you feel they are towards safety on this project.3. Mark the most important item '1', the second most important item '2', the third most important item '3' and so on until you have used all 16 numbers.
______ Management commitment to safety
______ Safety policies and procedures
______ Project safety responsibilities
______ Awareness of Experience Modification Rate (EMR) and other safety related statistics
______ Safety budget
______ Safety goals and objectives
______ Safety meetings
______ Pre-job planning for safety
______ New employee safety orientation
______ Safety rules______ Safety inspections
______ Safety training
______ Accident and near miss investigations
______ Safety performance audits
______ Testing for substance and alcohol abuse
______ Record keeping
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CONTRACTOR SUPERVISOR RANKING OF SAFETY ATTRIBUTES
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
1. First read all 16 items listed below.2. Then rank the items on a scale of 1 to 16 with regards to how important you feel they are towards safety on this project.3. Mark the most important item '1', the second most important item '2', the third most important item '3' and so on until you have used all 16 numbers.
______ Management commitment to safety
______ Safety policies and procedures
______ Project safety responsibilities
______ Awareness of Experience Modification Rate (EMR) and other safety related statistics
______ Safety budget
______ Safety goals and objectives
______ Safety meetings
______ Pre-job planning for safety
______ New employee safety orientation
______ Safety rules______ Safety inspections
______ Safety training
______ Accident and near miss investigations
______ Safety performance audits
______ Testing for substance and alcohol abuse
______ Record keeping
185
CONTRACTOR WORKER RANKING OF SAFETY ATTRIBUTES
To complete this survey form follow the instructions noted below:
1. First read all 16 items listed below.2. Then rank the items on a scale of 1 to 16 with regards to how important you feel they are towards safety on this project.3. Mark the most important item '1', the second most important item '2', the third most important item '3' and so on until you have used all 16 numbers.
______ Management commitment to safety
______ Safety policies and procedures
______ Project safety responsibilities
______ Awareness of Experience Modification Rate (EMR) and other safety related statistics
______ Safety budget
______ Safety goals and objectives
______ Safety meetings
______ Pre-job planning for safety
______ New employee safety orientation
______ Safety rules______ Safety inspections
______ Safety training
______ Accident and near miss investigations
______ Safety performance audits
______ Testing for substance and alcohol abuse
______ Record keeping
186
OWNER MANAGER EVALUATION OF CONTRACTOR SAFETY PROGRAM To complete this survey form, follow the instructions notedbelow:
1. For each major heading first read all the choices listed under it.2. After reading the list of items, go back and circle all the letters opposite the choices which best describe what is happening on this project.3. Then go to the next major heading and repeat the process until you have completed the entire survey form.
I. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT TO SAFETY
a. Management participates in the contractor's safety program. b. Management sets objectives for project safety. c. Feedback on contractor's safety program is required by management. d. Management wants and supports safety but does not actively participate. e. Management provides and budgets funds for contractor safety activities. f. Management provides funds for contractor safety activities when needed. g. Safety is a part of contractor performance appraisals. h. Management has a hands off policy towards contractor safety. i. Management leaves safety to the contractor. j. Do not know if management is committed to safety.
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II. CONTRACTOR SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
a. Written contractor safety policies and procedures exist and are known. b. Contractor safety policies and procedures are known. c. Contractor safety policies and procedures are enforced by the contract documents. d. A copy of the contractor safety policies and procedures is a part of the contract documents. e. The contractor safety policies and procedures emphasizes interaction with the contractor management. f. The contractor safety policies and procedures are signed by the Chief Executive Officer. g. The safety policies and procedures are not known. h. Safety policies and procedures do not exist.
III. PROJECT SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES
a. Contractor responsibilities for safety are clearly defined. b. Assignment of contractor responsibilities for safety are required for all levels of the project. c. Contractor responsibilities for safety are in writing. d. Contractor responsibilities for safety are part of the contract documents. e. A safety coordinator is responsible for project safety. f. Interaction between the safety coordinator and the contractor safety personnel exists. g. Contractor responsibilities for safety are not in writing. h. Responsibilities for safety within the company have not been defined i. Knowledge of the contractor personnel responsible for safety does not exist.
IV. AWARENESS OF EXPERIENCE MODIFICATION RATE (EMR)
a. Prequalification of the contractors is done using EMR. b. The contractor EMR for previous three years is known. c. The contractor EMR for the previous year is known. d. The contractor EMR is unknown.
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V. SAFETY BUDGET
a. A copy of the contractor's safety budget is required as part of contract documents. b. Incentives are provided to augment the contractor's safety budget. c. Knowledge of the contractor's safety budget exists. d. Knowledge of the contractor's safety budget does not exist.
VI. SAFETY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
a. A strategy is developed with the contractor to accomplish the written goals and objectives that are set by the contractor safety program. b. Written goals and objectives for the project are set by the contractor safety program. c. Audits to measure contractor safety performance are done jointly with the contractor. d. The results of the contractor safety program are reviewed with the contractor on a regular basis. e. The results of the contractor safety program are reviewed with the contractor at least once during the project duration. f. Informal goals for the project are set for accomplishment through the contractor safety program. g. No safety goals and objectives are set for the project.
VII. SAFETY RELATED MEETINGS
a. The owner provides input to contractor supervisor meetings and toolbox talks. b. The owner participates in contractor supervisor meetings and toolbox talks. c. Copies of the minutes of contractor supervisor meetings and toolbox talks are provided to the owner. d. A schedule of contractor meetings with supervisors and toolbox talks are provided to the owner. e. No information of contractor meetings regarding safety for employees and supervisors is required by the owner.
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VIII. PRE-JOB PLANNING FOR SAFETY
a. Owner participates with the contractor in pre-project planning as required by the contract documents. b. A copy of the contractor pre-project planning for safety is required by the contract documents. c. A copy of the contractor pre-project planning regarding safety is provided by the contractor. d. Owner provides feedback to the contractor regarding the pre-project planning for safety. e. No pre-project planning is done regarding safety.
IX. SAFETY RULES
a. Written safety rules exist for contractor. b. Safety rules are concise and easy to understand. c. Safety rules are updated on a regular basis. d. Contractor employees are known to be aware of the safety rules. e. Copies of the safety rules are given to the contractor. f. Reports are obtained from the contractor on safety rule violations. g. General safety rules exist but are not updated. h. Safety rules are enforced most of the time. i. Safety rules do not exist.
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X. NEW EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION
a. A formal safety orientation program is in effect for all new contractor employees. b. The safety orientation for contractor employees includes information on safety rules, major hazards of the job to be performed and personal protective equipment to be used. c. A copy of safety rules and policies is made available to owner and contractor employees. d. Feedback and recommendations are given to the contractor about their safety orientation meetings. e. Job safety requirements are stressed. f. Contractor employee safety orientation meetings are attended. g. A record is maintained showing dates and items covered for each person. h. A record is kept that shows the items covered. i. Each employee signs the safety orientation record. j. General records are kept on contractor employees' safety orientation. k. No information is obtained from the contractor regarding their employee safety orientation. l. No safety orientation is given to owner and contractor employees.
XI. USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
a. Use of the appropriate PPE by contractor employees is enforced. b. Use of the appropriate PPE by contractor employees is required. c. Training of contractor employees in the use of PPE is required. d. PPE requirements for all job site activities are known. e. The use of PPE by contractor employees on the job site is observed. f. Knowledge of the contractor's requirements or use of PPE does not exist.
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XII. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
a. Reports of contractor accident investigations are required for all accidents. b. Reports of contractor accident investigations are required for all major accidents. c. Participation takes place with the contractor to develop corrective action plans for accident prevention. d. Infrequent inquiries are made regarding the contractor accident investigations. e. Contractor reporting of accident investigations is not required.
XIII. SAFETY TRAINING
a. Contractor safety training meetings are attended by owner's representatives. b. Knowledge exists of the content of the contractor safety training programs. c. Feedback is provided to the contractor on the content of the safety training programs. d. Awareness exists of the contractor safety training programs. e. Knowledge of the contractor safety training programs does not exist.
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XIV. SAFETY PERFORMANCE AUDITS (VERIFICATION, DOUBLE-CHECK, CONFIRMATION)
a. Audits are made a least semi-annually to determine the contractor safety performance level. b. Annual audits are made to determine the contractor safety performance level. c. Standards exist for measuring performance in all areas. d. Standards exist for measuring performance for more than half the areas. e. A rating is given to each area audited. f. The performance rating is part of the overall evaluation of the contractor. g. The results of the audit are discussed with the contractor. h. Feedback is provided to the contractor on the results of the audits. i. The evaluation of the contractor safety performance is subjective. j. Audits of contractor safety performance are not done.
XV. RECORD KEEPING
a. Copies of contractor records are kept for OSHA Log 200. b. Copies of contractor records are kept for accident investigations. c. Copies of contractor records are kept for safety inspections. d. Copies of contractor records are kept for first aid treatments. e. Copies of contractor records are kept for safety orientation. f. Copies of contractor records are kept for hazard communication program (HAZCOM). g. Copies of contractor records are kept for employee absences. h. Records are not kept on safety related activities.
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XVI. TESTING FOR SUBSTANCE AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
a. The contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy conforms to owner requirements. b. A written contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy is a prequalification requirement. c. A contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy is required and enforced. d. A copy of the contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy is required. e. A contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy is required but not enforced. f. A contractor substance and alcohol abuse policy is not required.
XVII. SAFETY INSPECTIONS
a. Reports of the contractor job site safety inspections are required on a weekly basis. b. Reports of the contractor job site safety inspections are required on a monthly basis. c. Follow-up of the contractor job site safety inspections is done to ensure that corrective action is taken. d. Infrequent inquiries are made regarding the contractor job site safety inspections. e. Reporting of the contractor job site safety inspections is not required.
In the space below, please provide any comments that you may haveabout this survey form.
194
CONTRACTOR MANAGER / SUPERVISOR EVALUATION OF SAFETY PROGRAM
To complete this survey form, follow the instructions notedbelow:
1. Beneath each major heading first read all the choices listed. 2. After reading the list of items, go back and circle all the letters opposite the choices which best describe what is happening on this project.3. Then go to the next major heading and repeat the process until you have completed the entire survey form.
I. MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT TO SAFETY
a. Management participates in the safety program. b. Management wants and supports safety but does not participate. c. Management sets objectives for safety. d. Management requires feedback on the safety program. e. Necessary funds are budgeted and provided by the management. f. Safety is a part of the company-wide performance appraisals. g. Management leaves safety to the safety co-ordinator or supervisory personnel. h. Safety is not part of the budget. i. Management has a hands-off approach towards safety. j. Do not know if management is committed to safety.
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II. SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
a. Written safety policies and procedures exists. b. Safety policies and procedures are signed by the Chief Executive Officer. c. Safety policies and procedures are known to all employees. d. Safety policies and procedures set safety program objectives. e. Safety policies and procedures authorizes loss prevention activities. f. Safety policies and procedures emphasizes a management approach. g. Safety policies and procedures exists but are not known by employees. h. Safety policies and procedures have not been explained to employees but are posted. i. No safety policies and procedures exists. j. Information is unknown.
III. PROJECT SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES
a. Responsibilities for safety are defined for all levels of the company. b. Responsibilities for safety are known by all personnel. c. Responsibilities for safety are in writing and are part of safety manual. d. Supervisors have key safety responsibilities. e. The safety co-ordinator has full responsibility for results of the safety program. f. Supervisors rely on the safety co-ordinator to perform safety activities. g. Responsibilities for safety are defined but are not in writing. h. Responsibilities for safety are not defined within the company. i. Information is unknown.
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IV. AWARENESS OF EXPERIENCE MODIFICATION RATE (EMR)
a. Management is aware of the effect the EMR has on insurance costs. b. Company EMR has decreased each of the past 3 years and the current year is below 0.85. c. Company EMR has decreased each of the past 3 years and the current year is between 1.0 and 0.85. d. Company EMR has decreased 2 of the past 3 years. e. Company EMR is unknown. f. Company EMR has increased each of the past 3 years. g. Information is unknown.
V. SAFETY BUDGET
a. An annual project safety budget is established. b. The safety budget is based on planned programs. c. An annual safety allocation is established but not necessarily based on planned activities. d. The budget items are adjusted based on previous year's expenses. e. Safety budget estimates are made on savings contributed by safety program. f. Money is taken from general funds as needed for safety. g. Operating personnel are aware of safety budget. h. No safety budget exists. i. Information is unknown.
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VI. SAFETY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
a. Safety goals and objectives are set to be achieved through the safety program (based on needs or problems). b. The safety goals and objectives are published. c. A strategy is developed to accomplish the safety goals. d. Feedback from those responsible for achieving results is required. e. Audits are made frequently to measure performance. f. Both long term and short term safety goals are considered. g. Informal safety goals are established. h. The results of safety goals and objectives are discussed at least annually. i. No safety goals and objectives are established. j. Information is unknown.
VII. MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION MEETINGS ON SAFETY
a. Weekly meetings are held by management with supervisors where safety is on the agenda. b. Monthly meetings are held by management with supervisors where safety is on the agenda. c. Management gives an overview of safety activities. d. Supervisors give a status report on job site safety activities. e. Information is given to supervisors on safety. f. Serious accidents are reviewed by supervisors and management. g. Occasional meetings are held by management with supervisors where safety is on the agenda. h. No meetings are held by management with supervisors by management where safety is on the agenda. i. Information is unknown.
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VIII. PRE-JOB PLANNING FOR SAFETY
a. Pre-job planning for safety is required for all jobs. b. Job-site supervisors are trained in planning for safety. c. A check-list is used as a guide by the supervisors to ensure that all hazards are considered. d. Necessary safety equipment is provided prior to the job start-up. e. Necessary safety precautions are taken prior to job start-up. f. Pre-job planning for safety is required for most jobs. g. Safety equipment is provided when needed. h. Safety precautions are used when needed. i. Minimal pre-job planning for safety is done. j. No pre-job planning for safety is done. k. No check-list is used in pre-job planning. l. Training in pre-job safety planning is not required. m. Information is unknown.
IX. NEW EMPLOYEE SAFETY ORIENTATION
a. A formal safety orientation program is in effect for all new or transferred employees. b. A record is maintained showing the date, the person getting orientation and the items covered. c. The orientation includes information on safety rules, major exposures of the job to be performed and personal protective equipment to be used. d. Management concern for safe job performance is stressed. e. Each employee signs the record sheet. f. The orientation is given to employees but no record is maintained of the items covered. g. No safety orientation is given to a new employee. h. Information is unknown.
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X. SAFETY RULES
a. Safety rules are published. b. Safety rules are posted at work sites. c. All employees are made aware of the safety rules. d. The safety rules are concise and easy to understand. e. Safety rules are enforced equally among all employees. f. The safety rules are updated on a regular basis. g. The safety rules are enforced most of the time. h. The safety rules are enforced most of the time by supervisors. i. The safety rules have not been updated within past two years. j. Some general safety rules exist. k. No safety rules exist. l. Information is unknown.
XI. SAFETY TOOL BOX MEETINGS
a. Supervisor holds meetings weekly. b. Supervisor holds meetings monthly. c. Safety co-ordinator or management holds meetings less than once a month. d. Records are kept on attendance and the topics discussed. e. All employees attend the meetings. f. Management attends the meetings occasionally. g. No meetings are held with employees. h. Information is unknown.
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XII. SAFETY INSPECTIONS
a. Weekly job site inspections are made by the site supervisor. b. Monthly job site inspections are made by a company representative. c. Critical items based for each job are identified and are checked. d. A report is submitted on the results of the inspection. e. Items found are classified according to seriousness. f. Target dates are set for corrective action with follow up. g. Supervisors are trained to make safety inspections. h. Informal job site inspections are made occasionally by the supervisor. i. No safety inspection reports are submitted. j. No inspections are made. k. Information is unknown.
XIII. SAFETY TRAINING
a. Supervisors receive training in how to conduct safety meetings. b. Supervisors receive training in supervisory duties. c. Supervisors receive training in accident investigation. d. Supervisors and workers receive training in job analysis. e. Supervisors receive training in job safety planning. f. Supervisors receive training in `how-to-train'. g. Supervisors and workers receive training in inspections. h. Company has in-house facilities for training or has a good out of house training source. i. Some supervisors are sent to training courses outside the company. j. Workers are given training by the company or outside the company. k. The company has no training for supervisors. l. No training for workers is provided. m. Information is unknown.
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XIV. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
a. All accidents including near misses, are investigated by the immediate supervisor. b. Reports are compiled on all accidents that exceed a minimal cost. c. Informal accident investigations are made with no written report. d. All supervisors are trained in the techniques of accident investigation. e. Some supervisors are trained in how to investigate accidents. f. The safety person makes most investigations. g. Management reviews all serious accidents. h. The basic causes of all accidents are determined. i. Information learned from accident investigations is shared with all other job sites. j. Information learned from accident investigations is not shared with other job sites. k. A follow-up system is used to ensure that corrective action is taken. l. Accidents are not investigated to determine the causes. m. Information is unknown.
XV. USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
a. Analysis is done to determine PPE needs. b. Employees are informed about PPE requirements for each job. c. PPE is provided for employees, except shoes. d. Employees are trained in the use and maintenance of PPE. e. Only certified PPE is used. f. Employees are aware of disciplinary consequences for not using PPE. g. Annual reviews are made of the PPE program. h. PPE is provided and its use is encouraged. j. Some training is given in the use and maintenance of PPE. k. Use of PPE is left to the discretion of each employee, and as a result, is rarely used. l. Information is unknown.
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XVI. SAFETY PERFORMANCE AUDITS (VERIFICATION, DOUBLE-CHECK, CONFIRMATION)
a. Audits are made at least semi-annually to determine if the safety program is effective. b. Annual audits are made to determine the level of safety performance. c. The results of the performance audit are discussed with individual supervisors. d. A subjective evaluation is made of safety activities to judge if they are effective. e. Standards exist for measuring performance in all areas. f. Standards exist for measuring performance in more than half of the areas. g. The safety performance rating is a part of the overall rating of supervisors. h. No audit is made of safety performance. i. Information is unknown.
XVII. TESTING FOR SUBSTANCE AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
a. The company policy contains strict rules, regarding substance and alcohol use. b. The company policy discusses substance and alcohol abuse. c. Company does drug testing for pre-hire, post accident and for noticeable causes. d. Supervisors are trained in hazards of substance and alcohol abuse on the job. e. The company keeps complete counseling and testing records. f. The company has an Employee Assistance Program. g. Company has a substance and alcohol abuse policy but makes no effort to enforce it. h. Company has no policy regarding substance and alcohol abuse. i. Information is unknown.
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XVIII. RECORD KEEPING
a. Records are kept on safety inspections. b. Records are kept on safety training. c. Records are kept on safety orientation. d. Records are kept on accident investigations. e. Records are kept on first aid treatments. f. Records are kept on hazard communication program (HAZCOM). g. Records are kept on employee absences. h. OSHA log 200 is maintained according to OSHA requirements. i. No records are kept on safety related activities. j. Information is unknown.
In the space below, please provide any comments that you may haveabout this form.
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APPENDIX C
AGENDA FOR ZERO ACCIDENT TASKFORCE INTERVIEWER TRAINING SESSION
I. Welcome and Introduction - 8:00 AM - 8:15 AM
II. Purpose of Session - 8:15 AM - 8:30 AM
III. Overview and Purpose of Research Project - 8:30 AM - 9:30 AM (including initial findings)
IV. Description of Research Methodology - 9:30 AM - 10:00 AM
V. Role of the Interviewer - 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM
VI. How to Conduct Interviews - 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM
VII. Lunch - 11:30 AM - 12:30 AM
VIII. Followup Activities After Interviews - 12:30 AM - 1:00 PM
IX. Interviewer Material Packet Discussion - 1:00 PM - 2:00 PM
X. Final Instructions and Questions - 2:00 PM - 3:00 PM
XI. Adjourn
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APPENDIX D
INSTRUCTIONS TO CONDUCT INTERVIEWS
The following is an overview of the various steps to be followed inconducting the interviews to gather the needed research data.
Various individuals at various levels within the general or primecontractor's, CM's (if applicable), and owner's companies must beinterviewed in accordance with the attached reminder lists.
Planning the Interviews
There are various forms used in this research. Noted below is a listing ofthem:
1. Construction Safety Questionnaire for Owner Members 2. Construction Safety Questionnaire for Contractor Members 3. Owner Manager Interview Questions 4. Contractor Manager Interview Questions 5. Contractor Supervisor Interview Questions 6. Contractor Worker Interview Questions 7. Owner Manager Time for Safety 8. Contractor Manager Time for Safety 9. Contractor Supervisor Time for Safety10. Contractor Worker Time for Safety11. Owner Manager Ranking of Safety Attributes12. Contractor Manager Ranking of Safety Attributes13. Contractor Supervisor Ranking of Safety Attributes14. Contractor Worker Ranking of Safety Attributes15. Owner Manager Evaluation of Contractor Safety Program16. Contractor Manager/Supervisor Evaluation of Safety Program17. Safety Attribute Checklist
Relative to the first two forms, give the appropriate one to the highestlevel on-site manager of the owner's and highest level on-site manger ofthe contractor's (General of CM) organizations to complete. Provide themwith a sufficient amount of time so as to be able to provide completeanswers. This usually will take about a week.
As for the other forms, you will need to duplicate the needed quantity ofeach. The attached reminder lists will help you determine the exact numberof copies required for each form. Forms 3-16 will be used in the interviewprocess.
Wherever possible all the interviews should be conducted within a two tothree day period. Each interview will take about one hour.
The interview process will be both written and oral as noted herein. Haveall forms available along with a sufficient number of pencils. Theinterview process should be conducted on the jobsite and in a place freefrom interruptions and excessive noise. The
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most effective place would be in a job trailer or building adjacent to theconstruction operations.
The people to be interviewed, and number of individuals from each personnellevel, are noted on the attached reminder lists. When there is more thanone person from any level, the individuals should be randomly selected. That is, don't use only workers who you feel are safety conscious or whoare all electricians. The people you select should be available when theyare needed. You may want to develop an interview schedule so that allthose people being interviewed will be aware of when they will be needed.
Don't try to overlap the interviews so that you have people waiting. It ispossible to overlap the written and oral components so that while you arebeginning a new interview, the previous interviewee is completing thewritten survey forms.
Wherever possible, conduct all parts of the interview while the intervieweeis with you. On rare occasions, and only for the upper managers, you couldallow individuals to take the written portion of the interview documentswith them so they can complete them at a more convenient time.
You may also want to make available to the interviewees a brief descriptionof the research project (copies have been made available to eachinterviewer).
Conducting the Interviews
Noted below are the steps you follow in conducting the interview:
1. Introduce yourself and tell the interviewee a little about the research project and their role in it.
2. Inform the person the interview will take about one hour and will consist of written and oral components.
3. Important: Tell the person it is important that they be as candid as possible. Their responses will be kept strictly confidential.
4. Begin with the oral part of the interview. Using the appropriate form titled "Interview Questions" ask the questions on the form and insert the interviewee's response. On closed-ended questions, circle the appropriate response. The choices will vary with the question and will include "Yes", "No", DK (Don't Know), and NA (Not Applicable). On open-ended questions, neatly, write their response in the space provided. Be very careful not to overly abbreviate or to change the wording of the person's response. For those questions that ask "Who", use the title rather than the name of the person. If you are unclear of the response, ask the person to either state it again or help you better understand it or clarify it. Do not make any marks in the margins or anywhere 207
else on the forms. For open-ended questions that are not asked, circle the word "none", otherwise the term "no response' will be interpreted. Be sure all questions are answered and marked accordingly.
5. After completing the "Interview Questions" form the next part of the oral interview will be related to the time the person spends on the various activities listed in the appropriate form titled "Time for Safety". Follow the directions on the form. Tell the interviewee to give you the best answer or estimate he or she can. You may need to explain in more specifics what the activities consist of if the person is or seems to be confused.
6. The next part of the interview is written in that it consists of the interviewer completing one or two survey forms. The manager and supervisor levels in both the owner's and contractor's organization will complete two forms and the workers, one form. For the worker level interviewees, have them complete the one page form "Ranking of Safety Attributes". Go over the instructions with them to be sure they understand them. For the supervisor and manager level interviewees, have them first complete the one page form "Ranking of Safety Attributes". Once they have completed that, have them complete the appropriate form titled, "Evaluation of Safety Program". Review the directions for both forms with the interviewees to clear up any confusion.
NOTE: When the completed forms are returned to you, immediately check to see that they were completed correctly. If not, return the same form to the interviewee and instruct them to do so. You will need to explain what they did wrong and what they should have done.
Some of the interview forms ask for copies of policies, programs, handbooks, etc. Please make every attempt to obtain one copy and ship them with the completed forms.
Post Interview Activity
After you have completed all interviews and have all the completed formsfrom both the oral and written components, complete the Safety AttributesChecklist which is a summary of the various items identified through theinterview process. Use a "+" sign to indicate the attribute exits, a "-"sign if it doesn't and a "NA" if the response is not applicable for theproject. One checklist should be completed for each project.
Once the checklist has been completed, package up all the forms and otherdocumentation. Use the "Closeout Checklist" form to be sure all items areincluded in the shipment. Send the completed forms and other documentationto the research center whose address is noted below. Also provide anycomments you have about
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any of the forms or research method as a whole.
Questions and Shipping Information
If you have any questions, please call:
Roger Liska at 803-656-3917
Ship all completed forms to:
Roger Liska, Head Department of Construction Science and Management 124 Lee Hall Box 340507 Clemson, SC 29634-0507
Thank you and Good Luck.
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CII - ZERO ACCIDENT TASKFORCE
RESEARCH INTERVIEWER REMINDER LIST FOR
GENERAL - SUBCONTRACTOR PROJECTS
For each project, follow the below noted protocol in who to interview inthe various organizations and which forms to use. For any oneorganization, a specific level of employee may not exist. For instance,there may not be a designated full time safety person on site. If this isthe case, interviews are not needed. Do not substitute other interviewsfrom those noted below.
OWNER ORGANIZATION - CONSTRUCTION-RELATED PERSONNEL ON SITE
Highest level manager overseeing construction - Use four "Owner Manager-Related" titled forms.Designated full time safety person - Use four "Owner Manager- Related" titled forms.Two lower-level managers - Use four "Owner Manager-Related" titled forms.
GENERAL CONTRACTOR
Highest level manager on site - Use four "Contractor-Related Manager" titled forms.Designated full time safety person on site - Use four "Contractor Manager-Related" titled forms.Two upper level supervisors on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.Two first line supervisors on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.Five craftspersons on site - Use three "Contractor Worker-Related" titled forms.
TWO SUBCONTRACTORS - FOR EACH SUBCONTRACTOR
Highest level manager on site - Use four "Contractor Manager- Related" titled forms.Designated full time safety person on site - Use four "Contractor- Manager-Related" titled forms.One upper level supervisor on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.One first line supervisor on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.Two craftspersons on site - Use three "Contractor Worker-Related" titled forms.
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CII - ZERO ACCIDENT TASKFORCE
RESEARCH INTERVIEWER REMINDER LIST FOR
CM - PRIME TYPE PROJECTS
For each project, follow the below noted protocol in who to interview inthe various organizations and which forms to use. For any oneorganization, a specific level of employee may not exist. For instance,there may not be a designated full time safety director in one of theorganizations. If this is the case, interviews are not needed. Do notsubstitute other interviews from those noted below.
OWNER ORGANIZATION - CONSTRUCTION-RELATED PERSONNEL ON SITE
Highest level manager overseeing construction - Use four "Owner Manager" titled forms.Designated full time safety person - Use four "Owner-Related" titled forms.Two lower-level managers - Use four "Owner-Related" titled forms.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
Highest level manager on site - Use four "Contractor Manager- Related" titled forms.Designated full time safety person on site - Use four "Contractor- Manager-Related" titled forms.One other upper level manager on site - Use four "Contractor Manager-Related" titled forms.Two superintendents on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor- Related" titled forms.
TWO PRIME CONTRACTORS - FOR EACH PRIME CONTRACTOR
Highest level manager on site - Use four "Contractor-Related Manager" titled forms.Designated full time safety person on site - Use four "Contractor- Manager-Related" titled forms.Two upper level supervisors on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.Two first line supervisor on site - Use four "Contractor Supervisor-Related" titled forms.Five craftspersons on site - Use three "Contractor Worker-Related" titled forms.
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Appendix E
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Appendix F
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APPENDIX G
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY INSTITUTE ZERO ACCIDENT TASK FORCE
CLOSEOUT CHECKLIST
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Appendix H
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Appendix I
TYPICAL RESPONSES TO THE QUESTION:
"What are the three most effective safety techniques used on thisproject?"
Safety techniques are listed alphabetically.
Accountability/Responsibility
- Responsibility and accountability for employees, supervisors, the line organization and all people - Incident reports - Recording system
Attitude
- Safety attitude by craftworkers, management, people, individuals - Brother's keeper - Commonsense - Awareness for safety by supervisor, group - Commitment and support by management, owner and employee - Priority and emphasis - Involvement by company, foremen and crafts - Motivation - Philosophy - Concern by people in charge - Watching out for others - Individual pride in ownership - Team moral - Environment of safety - Staying alert - Think before you act - Taking the time to be safe - Not pushed for schedule
Communication
- Communications, including with training, through supervision, between crews, as a network and through meetings - Safety signs - Bulletin boards - Posters - Bulletins, handouts and safety grams - Newsletters and corporate periodicals - Suggestion box - Discussions - Review and response to suggestions
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- Asking for input and involvement from everyone - Safety contest - Constant reviewing - High management visibility - Programs for safety observations and awareness - Foremen video of crews - Safety recall interviews - Constant outflow of safety information to field - Right-to-know law - General safety questions and answers - Statistics to review trends - Work by example - Having a ground man to keep an eye on overhead work
Coordination
- Safety committee - Safety team - Teamwork - Cooperation between employees of different contractors - Buddy system - Corrective actions - Program visibility - Supervision interfacing with Safety - Involving all employees with safety - Working at reasonable pace and control - Confronting safety issues - Never rushed to get a job done
Discipline
- Disciplinary actions - Strict safety enforcement including: safety glasses, fall protection, equipment for safety, crane signaling techniques, standard practices, rules, procedure for scaffold use, hard hat use, and lockout policy - Reprimand procedure and system - Termination or suspensions - Strict adherence to site policies regarding safety - Safety violation program - Zero tolerance for defects - Verbal safety warnings - Written safety warnings - Uniform enforcement without exception - Safety supervisors's notices to subcontractors - Safety citations - No beards and long hair
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Fall Protection
- 100% tie off - 100% fall protection - Tie off - Fall protection - Safety harnesses - Full body harness used at all times six feet above the ground - Safety belt use and policies - Safety cables - Safety nets - Lifelines - Fall protection policy - Tie off policy, requirements and procedures - Ladder tie off - Securing and holding ladder - Sturdy ladders - Know what you are tied off to Fire Protection
- Firewatch - Fire blankets - Fire extinguisher - Fire prevention - Fire planning activities - Knowledge of fire equipment
Safety Goals
- Personal safety goals - Setting safety goals - Safety tours and goal setting
Housekeeping
- Housekeeping - Clean jobsite - Cleaning work area - before and after - Company commitment to clean jobsite - Cleanliness of jobsite mandatory
Hazard Protection
- Barricading - Covered floor openings - Flagging around holes and caution tape - Handrails, toeboards and guard rails
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- Rigging policies - Adequate lighting on project - Evacuation alarm - Backup alarms on equipment - Shoring of trenches - Seat belt used required - Hazard material and waste planning, awareness and equipment - Monitors set up for area awareness - Respirator use - Breathing equipment - Confined space requirements - Gas testing and monitoring - Testing for breathing apparatus done regularly - Material Safety Data Sheets - Rebar protection - Ground fault protection - Extension cords - Scaffolds, including wetting before dismantling - Dust suppression and containment - Proper equipment storage - Flagman on equipment - Radiation work permit
Incentives
- Incentive and awards programs - Reward - Recognition - Milestone program - Incentives including: monthly, money, safety, - Safety awards - Safety bucks - Bonus bucks - Coupon book - Gifts - Safety breakfast - Lunches - Safety crew of the month
Inspections/Audits
- Inspections including safety, regular, frequent, daily, site, spot, jobsite, by safety representative, walk-arounds, walk through of plant site, - Audits including safety, weekly - Inspections teams regularly review jobsite - Walkthroughs - Safety observation - Site surveillance
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- Walk through inspections with client which includes operations - Walk through inspection with follow-up - Daily observations (walk arounds by safety team) - Daily monitoring of each building - Safety inspections of cars, personal safety gear, tools and equipment
Meetings
- Safety meetings including: with training - Toolbox meetings including: daily - Gangbox meetings - Crew meetings - Morning safety meetings - Foremen safety meetings - Supervisors safety meetings - Safety proctor meetings - Safety committee meetings - Steward's safety meetings - Weekly safety meetings including: with crew - Monthly meetings - Quarterly safety meetings - Mass safety meetings before project begins - Weekly subcontractor meetings where section of time is set aside for safety - Subcontractor coordination meetings - Subcontractor/supervisor meetings - Follow-up on tool box meetings
Orientation
- Orientation including: initial, by CM/Owner, pre-hire, of construction manager - New employee orientation - Learning from orientation - MSDS orientation - Four part orientation - Specific craft orientation given by superintendent, general foreman and foreman
Other
- Client support - Owner commitment to safety - Owner safety involvement - Cooperation of owner in meeting safety standards - Making safety programs part of contract - Safety program in contract - First aid trailer on site to handle minor emergencies - First aid program with EMT
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- Onsite first aid - Accident investigations - Accident investigation allows for correction and prevention - Investigation of all violation and/or injuries - Carefully chosen crew mixes - Empowerment - Supervision - Engineering - Longevity of site - evergreen - Front end loading
Pre-project/Pre-task Planning
- TSTI (Total Safety Task Instruction) - STA (Safety Task Assignment) - Planning ahead - Pre-job review - Pre-planning for safety - Pre-planning special activities - Activity planning - Reviewing the job for safety hazards before starting work - Availability of resources - Lockout and tagout procedures - Permits - New work assignment permits - Safe work permits before working in existing plant - Open flame permits - Project safety action plan - Safety programs - Initial safety program - Comprehensive program addresses known potentials and concerns - "On Target" program - Policies and procedures on site - Itemized safety procedures - Strict rules - Material handling and lifting - Stretcher basket kept on scaffold
Personal Protective Equipment
- Personal protective equipment - Safety equipment - Proper safety equipment - Safety glasses - Eye protection - Hard hats - Head protection - Life jackets - Steel toe boots - Face shield
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- Ear plugs - Safety gloves - Double eye protection rule - Personal protection policy - Needed equipment is provided - Safety equipment at all times - Manlift instead of ladder
Safety Person/Personnel
- Full time safety person or people - Safety person on site - Safety person on site with authority to remove people from site - Safety manager on site full time, both shifts - Requirement for safety professional - Lots of safety supervisors - So many safety people walking around - Safety director - Having an overbearing safety director - Safety men pointing out how things could be done safely - On site safety coordinator for all subs to used for their needs - New man from each area to act as safety man for the day
Substance and Alcohol Abuse
- Drug screening - Drug testing - Drug program
Training
- Training - Education - Training films - Training videos - Safety training - Specific safety training - Safety observation training - Supervisor safety training - Four part contractor training - Winter safety training - Hazards training - Update training - Hands-on training - Jig lift training - Lock out/ tag out training - Confined work area training
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Appendix J
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Appendix K
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Appendix L
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Appendix M
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