zapatera seizmic analysis

7/24/2019 Zapatera Seizmic analysis

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

RATIONALE

In the past history of earthquakes that had happened in the world it

has been proven that a number of casualties is caused due to the collapse of

the structure especially those non- inspect and non-scrutinize existing

residential buildings. The earthquake happened last October !" #$% in

&ohol and 'ebu left many residential buildings blown out in the water.

(arthquake hazard and its relationship to risk" as well as the awareness of

local populations to the earthquake phenomenon vary signi)cantly around

the world. In some regions in the *hilippines such as the recent earthquake

in &ohol and 'ebu 'ity" common perception is that earthquakes are mainly

an exotic phenomenon occasionally causing disasters in far-away places. On

the other hand" in places like +apan" 'hile or Turkey" earthquakes are part of

people,s everyday lives. In areas of high seismicity" most earthquakes are

small and cause no damage" but occasionally disastrous events are

reminders of the importance of earthquake evaluation and force the local

authorities to take measures in earthquake preparedness and risk mitigation.

Over the years" the desire to provide tools for earthquake risk mitigation"

perhaps with the ultimate goal of earthquake prediction" has led to the

development of seismic evaluation and diagnosis and risk assessment as

important )elds in seismology. The work in this study focuses on various


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aspects of seismic evaluation and analysis" whereas the addition to seismic

risk is only discussed briey for a few cases.

The main aim of any seismic evaluation and assessment is to" in some

way" quantify and delineate the level of ground shaking which can be

expected in a given region within a given time. This is naturally dependent

on the seismic activity in the region" but also on factors such as the time

elapsed since the previous large earthquake and the distance to large faults.

Traditionally" probabilistic methodologies have been applied for seismic

evaluation of residential buildings" originally based on poissonian earthquake

occurrence. ith the recent improvements achieved in understanding the

behavior of seismic sources" complicated recurrence enforced evaluation

method are now being implemented" taking into account the massive

destruction and the quantity of damage since the previous large earthquake.

/ore recently" due to the availability of more detailed information on the

deformational processes involved in an earthquake rupture" quantitative and

qualitative assessment has become more popular through ground seismic

evaluation and analysis.

It is important to note that the risk is not necessarily proportional to

the seismic diagnosis. It is possible to have regions with high seismic hazard

but low seismic risk in cases where there is no or scarce population and

structures are not vulnerable to earthquake loads. On the other hand" 0itio

1apatera" &rgy. 2uz" where structures are vulnerable can be under a

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signi)cant seismic risk even if the seismic analysis is limited in terms of the

expected ground motion levels. The vulnerability of a given region is a

complex function of a variety of parameters" which requires integration of

several disciplines and is beyond the capacity of seismology. The implications

of hazard results in engineering practice and in assessing the risk should

however always be kept in mind when working with seismic evaluation. 3or

these reasons" the main focus of the present work is on seismic evaluation of

#$ residential houses within the vicinity. Implications of the results are

discussed in terms of their engineering signi)cance without going into the

problem of vulnerability and risk. The methodology to be applied for hazard

assessment in a given region depends on the level of knowledge about the

seismicity and the deformational processes in the 0itio 1apatera. In this

research" the evaluation will be more on the determination of quantity and

quality of the materials used in an existing houses and how strong the

structure that these houses can withstand future seismic activity. Thus" this

research will recommend such action to help the residents to prepare and

anticipate future earthquake.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the seismic capacity of

the #! existing residential houses in 0itio 1apatera" &rgy. 2uz" 'ebu 'ity.

0peci)cally" the study aims to deal with the following concerns4

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.5The determination of the strength of each house to resist possible

earthquakes by knowing the compositions and computing the actual

loads for each house.

#.5 Identifying any chance of being near the source of an earthquake or

any nearby seismic source zones - could be speci)c faults or

distributed sources through the information that will be gathered from

the *6I7O2'0" also" with the aid of the calculations that will be done

abiding with the standards of the 80'* for each seismic analysis.%.5 (stablishing response parameters for each residents in the said area

such as )nding safety evacuation routes" providing signage9s and

providing residents with recommendations through a seminar.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will provide the residents of 0itio 1apatera knowledge about

the capacity of their respective houses to withstand earthquake. /a:ority of

the houses in the area are non-engineered. It is important to identify those

houses that are not safe and is needed to be retro)tted or abandoned. In the

present days" seismic activities have been so active thus" studies like this

could help the society lessen the casualties and damages to properties.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

0eismic assessment has an important societal impact in describing

levels of ground motions to be expected in a given region in the future.

'hallenges in seismic evaluation and assessment are closely associated with

the fact that di


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active regions" standard probabilistic and deterministic approaches can be

followed in assessing the hazard provided that the seismic tectonic and

geological information is available.

The *aci)c >im =The Pacifc Rim are the lands around the rim o the

Pacifc Ocean). The Pacifc Basin includes the Pacifc Rim and the islands in

the Pacifc Ocean. The Pacifc Rim roughly overlaps with the geologic Pacifc

Ring o Fire is not only a community of the fastest growing and most

dynamic nations in the world. It is also the area exposed to a wide range of

natural disaster. The *hilippine archipelago" located near the western edge of

the *aci)c Ocean" is in the direct path of seasonal typhoons and monsoon

rains which bring oods" storms" storm surges" and their attendant landslides

and other forms of devastation. The *hilippines also sits on the ?ring of )re?

where the continental plates collide and thus experience periodic

earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The *hilippine exposure to natural

disasters may be characterized as frequent" varied" and severe@ a

combination which has made the *hilippines society and government

extremely sensitive to the challenge of disaster reduction. Over the past

decades" the *hilippines have been labeled as one of the most disaster-prone

countries in the world mainly because of its geographic and geologic location

and physical characteristics. The country lies along several active fault lines

and have active" inactive and potentially active volcanoes all over the

country. >ecords shows an average of #$ earthquakes per day and around

$$-!$ earthquakes felt per year.

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*hilippine Institute of 7olcanology and 0eismology-Bepartment of

0cience and Technology =*6I7O2'0-BO0T5 monitors earthquakes not only

nationwide but also globally. To keep watch of tsunami-generating

earthquakes that might occur outside the country but could hit the coastal

areas" *6I7O2'0 acquired and installed global earthquake-monitoring tools in

#$$. ith these tools" they receive seismic data from other countries

seismic networks. Cn alarm would automatically set o< whenever a

signi)cant earthquake is detected outside the *hilippines" which is why

access to information has become quicker.

The following are the tools that are considered necessary in

determining seismic activity4

1. Tidetool

Cnother tool that became handy during the monitoring of the tsunami

from the 'hile #$$ event and the tsunami from +apan on /arch " #$

was a software known as Tidetool from the D0 8ational Oceanic and

Ctmospheric Cdministration. This tool enables to monitor if tsunami waves

had already hit certain tide gauges installed all around the *aci)c Ocean at

an estimated height.

2. H!"d #$%

In #$$!-#$$E" *6I7O2'0 implemented a pro:ect called Tsunami >isk

/itigation. One of the ma:or outcomes of this program was the generation of

tsunami-hazard maps for ;% provinces of the *hilippines with coastal

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communities. The tsunami-hazard maps were generated based on modeling

of tsunami heights and arrival times.

The tsunami-hazard maps were distributed to provincial oFces so that

local government units have information that could be used as basis for land-

use and development planning" and earthquake- and tsunami-disaster

preparedness &O"llo' 2(11).

(arthquakes do not only kill lives" but also destroys properties such as

buildings and infrastructure. Therefore" the entire focus of earthquake risk

mitigation should be on strengthening the buildings and other infrastructure

through various structural and non-structural mitigation measures that can

withstand the shocks of earthquake. This by no means is not an easy task" as

millions of buildings have already been constructed that do not conform to

earthquake resistant standards and hundreds of new buildings are coming up

that do not conform to the standards. Clso" most of the construction takes

place on individual initiatives without sanctioned building plans and even if

the plans are sanctioned actual construction does not take place as per

approved standards.

'ollapse of structures like houses" schools" hospitals" roads" dams"

bridges and other buildings account for nearly G$H of deaths" in:uries and

damages in earthquakes. Therefore" earthquake resistant design and

construction must be emphasized" promoted and integrated in infrastructure

development &E"t*+,-e Ri%- M/e#et i So,t*e%t A%i' 2((0).


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Cn evaluation of seismic capacity which incorporates response

characteristics based on the obtained scenario ground motion in various

design standards was proposed" and it was shown that diverse structures can

be evaluated eFciently and rationally using this method. Ct present"

evaluations of seismic capacity of individual structures based on this method

are progressing steadily in cooperation with the departments responsible for

the structures" and implementation of concrete seismic retro)tting measures

has begun &Yo%*io Hi%' 2(12).

>ecent research in the )eld of earthquake engineering=803 Cward

8o4 '/0-$A%5 gave rise to a non-commercial release of innovative

software called (arthquake *erformance (valuation Tool=or (*(T5. (*(T

enables experiments with a virtual building on earthquake protector=or (*5

accompanied with simultaneous virtual testing of the identical but )xed-

based building. On users9 demand" all those concurrent experiments may be

animated.

C three-dimensional back)llJstructureJsoilKfoundation interaction

phenomenon is simulated using the )nite element method in order to

analyze the dynamic behavior of cantilever retaining wall sub:ected to

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model with viscous boundary is proposed under )xed-base condition. In the

second part" analytical formulations are presented by using modal analysis

technique to provide the )nite element model veri)cation" and reasonable

agreement is found between numerical and analytical results. 3inally" the

method is extended to further investigate parametrically the eomania is one of the earthquake prone countries in the (astern

(urope. The )rst generation of >omanian seismic design code was issued in

GA%" as *%KA%. The buildings build before the )rst issue of the seismic

design code and also the buildings designed before GE" when *$$-E

earthquake resistant design code was prepared and enforced" should be

evaluated and most of them retro)tted in order to comply with the current

code provisions.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726112002552http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726112002552


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The vulnerable buildings in >omania can be ranked in two ma:or categories4

. /id rise and high rise buildings built prior to G;!

#. /id rise and high rise buildings built after G;! and prior to /arch ;"

GEE earthquake

The two categories of vulnerable buildings have very distinctive structural

features and consequently the approach for improvement of retro)tting

techniques and methods must be di


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THEORETICAL7CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWOR8 OF THE STUDY

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CHAPTER :

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

.>esearch (nvironmentThe research environment is the 0itio 1apatera in &arangay 2uz" 'ebu

'ity.

.#>esearch BesignThis study will be based on an actual survey and visitation method of

research. 0urvey research is often used to assess thoughts" opinions" and

actual condition of the speci)ed or limited scope of certain area.

This study will use an actual research design consisting of two methods

for evaluation that were also used in >ussia4 the Puantitative and Pualitative

(valuation /ethod. This study aims to determine and understand the seismic

capacity of existing houses in the 0itio and to recommend a necessary action

or plans to resist any upcoming seismic activity. The survey and evaluation

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will be done within the 0itio 1apatera and upon the approval of the &arangay

'hairman.

.% Pualitative (valuation /ethod

The qualitative evaluation is based on the inspection of the building as a

whole and in detail and on the examination of the following4

a. The structural and architectural design of the building@

b. The plotting of the building" its members and details considered

signi)cant for the assessment of the protection level" whenever the

original design is not available or when the building of the structure

fails to comply with the design" or when the building has su


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The ob:ect of the qualitative assessment is the structural system as well

as the non-structural internal or external members that are likely to cause

accidents during seismic events =partition walls" parapets" ornaments" blind

walls" chimneys" etc.5.

.; Puantitative (valuation /ethod

a. Betermining the conventional capacity to bear the seismic loads

!capJ of the inspected building@

b. Identifying highly vulnerable membersKareas of the structure@

c. 'hecking up the compliance with the criteria of ductility and "rittle

crush prevention@

d. Betermining the structure,s sti


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b. The general conformity of the building from the point of view of the

expected seismic response@

c. The nominal level of protection against seismic actions =index >5

d. The presence of weak zones" from the point of view of the resistance

capacity in relation to the requirements" in the structural members

playing a ma:or role in taking over the seismic strain@

e. The probable nature of the yield of the main structural members that

are vital for the stability of the building4 ductile" with limited ductility"

brittle@

f. The method of solving the constructive details of sections =for instance4

the cross reinforcement with cross-ties in the potential plastic zones"

reinforcement bars, anchorage" their splicing" etc.5@

g. The age of the building =the year of erection5@

h. The number of signi)cant earthquakes to which the building was

sub:ect@

i. The structural damage experienced after earthquakes@

:. The condition of non-structural members@

k. The height and the mass of the building" etc.

3our classes of seismic risk are established as regards the seismic risk"

i.e. the possible e


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0eismic >isk 'lass I" >sI" comprising buildings with high risk of collapse

in case of earthquakes with intensities corresponding to the design seismic

zones =design seismic rank5@

0eismic >isk 'lass II" >sII" comprising buildings for which the risk of

collapse is low" but for which ma:or structural damage is expected on the

occurrence of the design seismic rank@

0eismic >isk 'lass III" >sIII" comprising buildings which are expected to

susI7" comprising buildings for which the expected

seismic response is the same with that of the new buildings" designed on the

basis of the design code in force.

.!Lathering of Bata Cnalysis

Cssessment methodology entails the checking of certain well-conformed

conditions"

grouped into several lists of requirements" structural or non-structural" more

developed or less extensive" function of the requirement system and the

level of the performance pursue.

Thus" all the gathered data and pertinent analysis will be used as a

basis for recommendation and the condition of the existing building provided

that there will be no intervention to the actual analysis and the development

of the research. (ach method will be categorized according to its function

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and content so that all necessary arrangement will be properly addressed

during the site survey and visitation. The !$ residential houses are quite

narrow but due to technology innovation the researcher shows favor in

determining the essential output in the study. 3urthermore" recommendation

will be identi)ed after all the details will be properly calculated and de)ned.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study focuses on determining the capacity of the #$ residential

houses to withstand a certain magnitude of an earthquake that will possibly

hit 0itio 1apatera in &rgy. 2uz. This includes the seismic analysis and

computation of loads that would determine the weak points of the residential

building.

Thus" the calculations of the di


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zapatera seizmic analysis

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