1. 1. Working Title: A Model Development for E-Waste Management System in Klang Valley Malaysia By: Zaipul Anwar Zainu Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rahman Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi RINKOU PRESENTATION Sharing of experience and information
2. 2. INTRODUCTION: What is E-Waste? E-waste is defined as waste from electrical and electronic assemblies containing components such as accumulators, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-ray tubes (CRT) and other activated glass or PCB capacitors, or contaminated with cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, lithium, silver, manganese or PCB. In other words E-waste contains various hazardous components that is very harmful to the environment if not handled or disposed properly. Source: Department of Environment (DOE), 2011
3. 3. Type of E-Waste E-waste is referred to as all kind of electric and electronic (EEE) appliances that are discarded by users. Easier to buy new EEE than to repair or upgrade resulting in increase in e-waste. Public awareness on e-waste is very poor.
4. 4. Examples of E-Waste 4 Sample of e-waste: PCB boards, wires & cables, monitor, computer, flourescent lamp, washing machine, microwave, freezer, smartphones etc.
5. 5. Classification of Solid Waste In general, waste management involves collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal of organic, recyclable and inert waste. Waste are treated by filling the land-site, incineration, recycling and composting. Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, and litter) is unwanted or useless materials, which has lost its value to its owner or does not impose any economic value.
6. 6. Why E-waste? Fastest Growing waste stream Malaysia is facing a sharp increase amount of generated e-waste over the years. Malaysia is also exposed to the e-waste trading or smuggling activities due to its location in the middle of the e-waste movement route. The increasing amount of e-waste generated in Malaysia is also coupled with e- waste being imported from other countries. A quick search using Google Trends at http://google.com/trends showed increasing interest and news about this issues. Interest over time Years E-waste Medical Waste Industrial Waste Municipal Waste Trends Results: Sharp increase
7. 7. Malaysia among top 5 nations in the world with highest smartphone usage Malaysia is one of the 5 countries around the globe where smartphone usage is higher than computers. 51% of Malaysians use smartphones compared to the 39% that use computers. China, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea are the other countries in Asia that have the same trend according to survey done by Google at http://consumerbarometer.com. And each user of smartphones in Malaysia in average own 1.2 device/person Consumer Barometer Result:
8. 8. E-waste Generated in Malaysia Future Projection for E-waste in Unit Quantity in Malaysia for the Year 1981 - 2020. (Source: Asia E-Waste Project, 2009). Sharp increase
9. 9. Current Scenario In 2013 the generation of e-waste in Malaysia is about 800,000 tonnes and forecasted to increase (about 5% increase or more a year) to 1.11 million tonnes in 2020. E-waste now is regarded as the most challenging waste stream in the country. (Source: Asia E-Waste Project, 2009). Bulk of e-waste generated by households and business entities/institutions are NOT collected by the DOE-licensed e- waste contractors (The DOE-licensed contractors mostly collect from industrial facilities in a regulated manner).
10. 10. E-Waste Effects on Environment & Human Health If e-waste is disposed in landfills, the metal components will be lost for future use. In addition, these materials have also the potential to leach out into landfills and will contaminate the surface and ground water Nevertheless many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they can become less harmful to the environment. Groundwater contamination from land-fill site
11. 11. Rise of e-waste in Malaysia Laws & Regulation Technology Development Affordable Dependent on EEE Trends Variety choices Easy to purchase No legal laws No mandatory requirement Laws only for industry no laws for household No training Poor Exposure Lack of awareness Ignorance Causes of rise of E-waste in Malaysia
12. 12. Importance to Effectively Manage E-waste Malaysia is also facing problems with rapid growth of domestic e-waste volume. With the increasing number of Malaysias population living in urban areas and adopting modern lifestyle, the generation of domestic e-waste is expected to grow. Other than the increasing amount of e- waste, another issue regarding e-waste in Malaysia is improper disposal of e-waste and illegal e-waste recycling. These activities have the potential to pollute the environment and pose significant health hazard to the society. Thus with all these reasons it is very important for the country to quickly start to find ways on how to properly manage the e- waste stream in order to sustain the environment and healthy growth of the country.
13. 13. Current Practices on E-Waste Management Products from the partial recovery facilities are still considered as scheduled wastes and need to be sent to the full recovery facilities. Until June 2011, 152 e-waste recovery facilities are licensed by DOE. In Malaysia, E-waste has been listed under the scheduled wastes, in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, came into force on 15 August 2005. But this law is only applicable for industry not household. 132 facilities are partial recovery and another 20 facilities are full recovery. In general, e-wastes from industries and commercial centers are properly collected and sent to the recovery facilities, however no proper collection system and law regarding e-waste from household has been established in Malaysia.
14. 14. 14 State Partial recovery Full recovery F.T. Kuala Lumpur 5 0 Johor 15 4 Kedah 15 1 Melaka 14 3 Negeri Sembilan 5 1 Perak 5 0 Pulau Pinang 39 7 Sarawak 7 0 Selangor 27 3 Total 132 20 Grand Total 152 Approved E-Waste Recovery Facilities in Malaysia, 2013
15. 15. Approved Land-fill Sites in Malaysia, 2013 We already have too many land fill site, and many of them have reached its useful life also. It is high time for us to seriously think about recycling our waste materials effectively.
16. 16. 18 Legislation and Policy on E-Waste In Malaysia, E-waste has been listed under the scheduled wastes, in the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, came into force on 15 August 2005. With the inclusion of e-waste into the 2005 regulation, it enables Malaysia to control illegal transboundary movement of e-waste; At the national level, all e-waste generators are required to notify their e-waste generations to DOE. E-waste recovery facilities are also required to obtain license from DOE to carry out their recovery operations; Residues from recovery operation must be disposed of at premises approved by DOE.
17. 17. Collection, segregation and transportation of household e-waste Existing recycling facilities are still not capable to handle all types of e-waste especially the bulky ones (eg. air conditions, refrigerators); Capacity building to manage household e- waste in an Environmentally Sound Manner Disposal/ collection fee for household e-waste. Take-back system. Legislation and policy Transboundary movement of e-waste Managing the informal sectors Other Issues on E-Waste
18. 18. Supporting system to assist in the management of household e-waste management. Establishment of proper household e-waste management system. Specific legislation on Household E-waste. Disposal/Collection fee for household e-waste Hazardous content of e-waste and its harmfulness to environment. Significant growth and increase in quantity of e-waste being disposed. Summary of From Literature Reviews
19. 19. Research Problem The quantity e-waste being disposed in Malaysia has been consistently and significantly increasing over the years as projected by Asia E-waste Project (2009) and reported by United Nations Environmental Program (2010) and as further elaborated in Section 2.4 Improper disposal of household e-waste can cause severe environmental pollution such as reported by Janz and Bilitewski (2008) and further elaborated in Section 2.5. There is no separate legislation or policy between the industry and household e-waste was found on the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005 by DoE as explained in Section 1.2. Therefore a study need to be done on how to address issues related to household e-waste as compared to industrial e-waste. There is no proper household e-waste management system has been established in Malaysia until today as reported by DoE's 2012 Annual Report and further elaborated in Section 2.5.5. There is no adaptation of information technology such as the establishment of take- back system, optimisation analysis and reverse logistic system to assist in the collection management of household e-waste in Malaysia as reported by Shumon et al., 2014 and further elaborated in Section 2.6.4.
20. 20. Research Objective Development of a model for a sustainable collection, recovery and recycling system for household e-waste in Malaysia. The focus of the research will be in Klang Valley and the completed research can be used and expanded to contribute to nationwide collection system.
21. 21. Research Questions How significant is the impact of e-waste to our country if there is no proper collection system? What are the major obstacles or constraint to the success of household e-waste collection system in the country? Which methodology and resources are needed to develop a successful household e-waste collection and treatment? Who are the actors involved in household e-waste collection and management in Malaysia and how significant are their roles? What are the incentives that can be provided to promote the proper management and treatment of household e- waste in Malaysia? How various applications such as management information system application can be used to assist in the e-waste management system?
22. 22. Conceptual Framework Attribute GLOBAL E-WASTE ENVIRONMENT NATIONAL E-WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM KLANG VALLEY INPUT Delphi Process KLANG VALLEY POLITICAL ECONOMICAL SOCIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL Model of E-waste Management System under development Qualitative Method Case study approach Delphi Process * Case studies * Successful system * International guidelines * Expert opinions * Consumer feedback Adaption of Information Technology for development of supporting system for e-waste management. Simulation of E- waste Management System model using MIS application New Model of E-Waste Management System
23. 23. Research Methodology: Qualitative Method Research methodology chosen is Qualitative Method. The main aim in conducting this research was to explore and develop an effective and efficient e-waste management system in the country. Qualitative method have the ability to produce a wealth of detailed information, necessary if e-waste management is to be investigated in an exploratory manner. Unlike quantitative research methodology which does not recognize individuality of research subjects or respondents (and therefore may oversimplify the complexities of interaction of actors of governance in the case of this research); qualitative methodology recognizes subjective ideas, experience and perspective of individual respondents thus inducing the production of richer insights and more precise generalisations.
24. 24. Research Approach: Case Study Approach Once the decision on research methodology has been made, the next important decision is to arrive at an appropriate research approach. Creswell (2007) suggests five types of qualitative research approach: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case study. One way to decide on the right approach is to assess the type of research questions posed. Yin (2003) suggests that the case study approach is the most appropriate approach when undertaking research which asks mostly how or why questions.
25. 25. Data Collection Method: Interview, Observation, Document Review, Simulation The next important step in research design is to decide on the most appropriate data sources and data collection methods. Having analysed the three main qualitative methods namely interviews, observations and review of documents plus doing a computer simulation models, I decided to adopt all the four methods to address the research questions, with interviewing and case study being used as the main research tool.
26. 26. Item DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES Organisation selection 5 organisation/parties will be selected based on their involvement in this area: DOE, PPSPPA, vendor/contractors, local authorities (DBKL), selected waste generators (consumers) Team selection A panel assessment board of each or will determine one team/personnel working on e-waste related project one team/personnel working on related project such as industrial waste for benchmark purpose Collection of data 1. In-depth, structured and unstructured interview 2. Delphi Method 3. Non-participant observation 4. Document and report analysis Data management and simulation Using Atlas.Ti & Mendeley Using MIS application such as ERP with mobile apps integrated Data security : password protected Data privacy : agreement with responding companies Details on Selection of Target Respondents
27. 27. Delphi Method Skulmoski, G., Hartman, F., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1-21.
28. 28. Expected Research Outcome & Contribution to Knowledge The developed system is expected to be used as a model to contribute to the nationwide household e-waste collection system. The developed system is expected to be used as a guide for future commercial development such as the establishment of a fully modern e-waste recovery facilities in the country. The developed system is crucial to be implemented for the sustainability of our environmental and societal system.
29. 29. Expected Limitations Coverage of research scope is quite wide compare to resources available. Currently the author has been able to acquire cooperation from Malaysia's Department of Environment (DOE), Waste Management Association of Malaysia, Environmental Research Association of Malaysia (ENSEARCH) and a group of researchers in waste management in Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya to assist the author with this research. Funding for the research project. As currently this research hasnt received any funding yet, the author expected there would be shortcomings in carrying out the research project. Therefore a proposal to request funding for this project will be initiated once this research proposal has been accepted. The unavailability of expert panel with regards to e-waste management system since a comprehensive implementation model has not been established.
30. 30. Conclusion This research proposal explains the prevailing household e-waste management scenario in Malaysia. All the main aspects are considered, including the volume of e-waste generation, its impact on the environment and economy, e-waste management practices, electronic items end-user attitudes, e-waste collection and recovery activities, and legislative responses. This research will play a significant role in contributing to the government effort to protect the environment exploring various opportunities to bring about social and environmental benefit to the local community.
31. 31. Some Tips to Share on Proposal Defense Can anyone point out any mistake or do you have any comments? Visit http://pollev.com/zaipul to provide your feedback. 34
32. 32. Did not clearly clarify the type of Model to be develop Model Process Simulations & Optimisations? Best practices / SOPs / Manual? Business Model? 35
33. 33. Presented Research Methodology and the Tools To Be Used Research Methodology Qualitative Method Approach: Case Study Data Collection Interview, Observation, Documents Review, Simulations Delphi Method 36
34. 34. 37 Corrected Research Methodology And The Tools To Be Used Research Methodology Qualitative Method Approach: Case Study Data Collection Interview, Observation, Documents Review, Simulations Delphi Method Data Collection Interview, Observation, Documents Review,
35. 35. Some Other Tips.. Some other things to consider when preparing for your PD presentation 38
36. 36. Use Presenter View and Scripts 39 Use Presenter View feature in Slide Show Menu in MS Power Point. Use script, notes in PPT to avoid mumbling or panic. Dont use other presentation software without this features.
37. 37. Write more than 100 pages and properly bind your proposal with good cover page 40 Good first impressions. Youll feel like youre already halfway finishing your thesis. Yahoo! Use ring binding instead of comb binding Ring binding Comb binding
38. 38. Make sure you use the correct format for referencing such as APA format Read this blog: http://blog.apastyle.org 41
39. 39. Use Smart Art in PowerPoint to enhance the graphic presentations. Example of choosing a SmartArt Graphics in PowerPoint 42
40. 40. Thank You For Your Attention. An E-Waste Robot