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vIAHASAGAR ✓°1.25, No.1. (June), 1992, pp. 25-29

MANGLICOLOUS FUNGI FROM INDIA

S. CHINNARAJ AND A.G. UNTAWALE National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with nine Ascomycetous fungi viz. Rhizophila marina Hyde et Jones, Trematosphaeria striatispora Hyde, Lineolata rhizophorae (Kohlm. et .Kohlm.)Kohlm. et. Volkm.- Kohlm., Caryosporella rhizophorae Kohlm., Passeriniella savoryellopsis Hyde et. Mouzouras, Hypoxylon oceanicum Scott Schatz,Belizeana tuberculata Kohlm.et. Volkm.-Kohlm.,Swam-pomyces armeniacus Kohlm. et. Volkm.-Kohlm. and Hydronectria tehys Kohlm. et. Kohlm. var. glabra Kohlm. recorded for the first time from submerged parts of mangroves in India.

Key-words : marine, mangrove, fungi.

Number of new species of marine fungi from mangroves have been reported in recent ycars(Kohlmeyer and Kohlmcycr, 1979; Kohlmeyer, 1984, 1985; Kohlmcyer andVolkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987, 1990; Hyde, 1988; Hyde and Jones, 1989; Hyde and Mouzouras, 1988; Scott Schatz, 1988). However, little is known about their occurrence on mangroves in India. Nine species of fungi collected from mangroves along the west coast of India and Andaman Ind Nicobar Islands, which are new records to India, are described and illustrated in this paper. All the specimen are deposited in the Herbarium collections at the National Institute of Dceanography.

Observations

Rhizophila marina Hyde et. Jones.

Mycotaxon (1989). 34:527-533.

Ascocarps: 500 to 900 tm in diameter, 450-750 tm in height, globose to subglobosc, completely immersed, ostiolate, papillate, periphysate, dark brown to black, solitary. Neck: 50-500 tm in length, 100-500 tm in diameter. Asci: 70-100 tm long, 15-25 tm in diameter, spored, 2 -3 seriate, clavate, pedunculatc, unitunicate, thin walled without apical apparatus.

Ascospores: 20-28 lam x 7-9 lam, ellipsoidal to fusiform, one celled, yellowish to yellowish brown.

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata from Kundapura, Karnataka, India (August 1990 Herb. No: SCR 93, 94).

Trematosphaeria striatispora Hyde

Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (1988). 98:135-150.

26 CHINNARAJ & UNTAWALE

Ascocarps: black, 350-500 gm in diameter, 170-350 gm in height, subglobose, conical, ostiolatc, papillate, solitary. Neck: 180- 350 gm in length, 50-75 gm in diameter. Asci: 96-175 tm long, 12- 20 gm in diameter, 8 spored, cylindrical, pcdunculatc, bitunicate, thick walled

with occular chamber. Ascospores: 30-35 x 6-10 gm, two seriate at the apex and one seriate at the base, fusiform, 3 (-5) scptatc, slightly constricted at the septum. Central cell larger, brown, end cells smaller, light brown to yellow, striate, surrounded by an indistinct gelatinous sheath.

Collected on Nypa fruticans (Thump.) Wormb. from intertidal region at Great Nicobar Island, India(March 1990, Hcrb. No: SCR 82).

Lineolata rhizphorae (Kohlm. et. Kohlm.) Kohlm. ct. Volkm.-Kohlm.

Mycological Research (1990). 94: 685-690.

Ascocarps: 300-450 gm in height, 200-250 .tm in diameter, obpyriform, partly im-mersed, ostiolate, papillate. Neck: 60-90 gm in diameter at the apex and increasing towards the base, Pcriphyscs: present, 1.5-2.5 gm in diamctcr, scptatc, simple. Pscudoparaphyses: 1-1.5 um in diamctcr, scptatc, simple. Asci: 150-170x 15-18 gm, 8 spored, cylindrical, short pcdunculatc, bitunicate, thick walled. Ascospores: 23-31 x 9-11 gm, uniseriatc, ellipsoidal, one scptatc, slightly constricted at the septum, dark brown, striate by delicate costae.

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. from intertidal regions of Great Nicobar Island. India (March 1990, Hcrb. No: SCR 52).

Caryosporella rhizophorae Kohlm.

Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Science) (1985). 94: 355-361.

Ascocarps: 100-1050 gm in height, 800-1200 gm in diamctcr, gregarious, subglobosc, carbonaceous, thick walled, black, superficial, ostiolatc, ostiolar canal 70-100 gm in diamctcr. Peridium 90-.150 gm in thickness. Pscudoparaphyscs: 2-5 gm in diamctcr, branched, inconspicuously scptate. Asci: 210-250 x 16- 18 gm, 8 spored, cylindrical, long pcdunculatc, bitunicate, thick walled. Ascospores 25-30 x 10.12 gm, ellipsoidal, one scptate, slightly constricted at the septum, dark brown, indistinctly verruculosc.

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.from intertidal regions of Mayabandar, Katchal and Nan-cowry Islands, India(March 1990, Hcrb. No: SCR 62, 63, 64, 65).

Belizeana tuberculata Kohlm. ct. Volkm.-Kohlm.

Botanitu Marina (1987). 36: 195-204.

Ascocarps. 206-250 pill III h..iE,ht, 226-250 gLi ir. Lut,g1obef2., prti2ly immersed, ostiolatc, black and carbonaceous above, light brown on the sides, ostiolar canal filled with a tissue of hyaline cells. Pseudoparaphyscs: 2 gm in diameter, simple, rarely branched. Asci: 140-150x 25-29 gm, 8 spored, cylindrical, short pcdunculatc, thick walled, fussitunicate, without apical apparatus, with a small occular chamber. Ascospores: 17.24 x

ION1

13 S1

101

0D

rIO

NV

IN

Fig.l. Rhizophila marina : ascus-1200 X (A), ascospore-1200 X(B). Trematosphaeria striatispora : ascus-400 X(C), Ascopore-4000 XD. Hydronectria tethys var glabra ascospore-1200 X(E) Lineolta rhizophorae : ascus-400 X(F), ascospore-1200 X(G). Hypoxylon

oceantcum : ascus-400 X(H), ascospore-1200 X(I). Caryosporella rhiwphorae : ascocarp-160 X(J), ascospore-1200 X(K).

Fig.2. Belizeana tuberculata : ascus-1200 X(L). Swampomyces armeniacus : ascus-1200 X(M), ascospore-1200 X(N). Passeriniella savoryellopsis : ascus-4a0 X(C)as cospore-1200 X(P). ts>

28 CHINNARAJ & UNTAWAI,E

10-15 gm, broad, ellipsoidal, one septate, constricted at the septum, hyaline, thick walled, double layered, mature spores with tuberculate ornamentation in between the two layers .

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. from intertidal regions of Great Nicobar Island and Vandoor Marine Park, India, (March 1990, Herb. No: SCR 70, 72).

Swampomyces armeniacus Kohlm. et. Volkm.-Kohlm.

Botanica Marina (1987). 30: 195-204.

Ascocarps: 370-450 tm in height, 260-350 tm in diameter, subglobose, immersed,os-tiolate, periphysate, light brown, ostiolar canal 40-65 tm in diameter, conical, filled with 2-3 um thick periphyscs. Clypcus: 45-100 tm thick, black, surrounding ostiole. Paraphyses: 1.3-1.5 p.m thick, simple, rarely branched. Asci: 100-130 x 13-18 gm, 8 spored, cylindrical, short pcd unculate, persistent unitunicate. Ascospores: 13-19 x 6-8 gm, broad, ellipsoidal, one septate, not constricted at the septum, hyaline to yellowish, smooth.

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk, Avicennia marina from intertidal regions of Vandoor Marine Park, Great Nicobar Island, Katchal Island, Little Andaman Island and Nan-cowry Island , India (March 1990, Herb. No:SCR 75, 76, 77).

Passeriniella savoryellopsis Hyde et. Mouzouras

Transactions of British Mycological Society (1988). 91: 179- 185.

Ascocarps: 500-750 gm in height, 800-1300 gm in diameter, globose to subglobose, immersed,solitary or gregarious, dark brown to black, ostiolate. Neck: 300-600 gin long, 200-350 um in diameter with periphyses. Pseudoparaphyses: 4-6 gm in diameter, numerous , filamentous, branched, hyaline. Asci: 280-440 x 24-35 pm, 4 spored, cylindrical, peduneu-late, thick walled, bitunicate, with an occular chamber. Ascospores: 64-80 x 24-30 gm, uniseriate, ellipsoidal, three septate, slightly constricted at the central septum, central cell brown, large, end cells small , conical and hyaline,

Collected on Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. from intertidal regions of Great Nicobar Island, India (March 1990, Herb. No: SCR 80).

Ilypoxylon oceanicurn Scott Schatz

Mycotaxon (1988). 33: 413-416.

Ascocarps: 320-400 tm in height, 450-500 tm in diameter, subglobose, ostiolate, paraphyses persistent, broad, 2-2.5 tint in diameter. Asci: 8 spored, cylindrical, stipulate, with apical ring, 110-175 x 12-22 gm. Ascospores: brown to black, one celled, 18-23 x 7-12 gm, subglubosz to broadly ollipt:c, roundcd cads with a g•rin c71 it

Collected on Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officinalis and-Aegiceras corniculaturn from intertidal regions of Great Nicobar Island, Vandoor Marine Park, I hide Andaman Island, Car Nkobi.u- Island, Kundapura (Karnataka), Chorao Island

MANGLICOLOUS FUNGI 29

(Goa), India (March 1990, Herb. No: SCR 40, 41, 42, 43. May 1990, Herb. No: SCR 44. October 1990, Herb. No: 45.)

Ilydronectria tethys Kohlm. et. Kohlm. Var . glabra Kohlm.

Marine Ecology (1984). 5: 329 -378.

Ascocarps 270-350 tm im height, 315-450 tm in diameter, subglobose, partially immersed,orange yellowish. Asci: 90-116 X 15-23 tm, 8 spored, short pedunculate, unituni-cate, thin walled at maturity. Ascospores: 17-25 x 8.5-13 tm, one or biseriate ellipsoidal, one septate somewhat below the centre, slightly constricted at the septum, hyaline, smooth.

Collected on Avicennia marina from intertidal regions of Great Nicobar Island, India (March 1990, Herb. No: SCR 53)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are thankful to the Director, National Institute of Oceanography and Head, Biological Oceanography Division for facilities provided;Mr. D.R. Ravikumar and Dr. B.P.R. Vittal, C.A.S. in Botany, University of Madras for help in identification; Miss Medha Joshi for secretarial help and DOEn for financial assistance.

REFERENCES

Kohlmeyer, J. and E. Koh I meyer, 1979. Marine Mycology — The higherfungi, Academic Press: New York, 690 pp.

Kohlmeyer, J. 1984. Tropical marine fungi. Marine Ecology (F.S.Z.N.I) 5: 339-378

Kohlmeyer, J. 1985. Caryosporella rhizophorae gen . et sp. nov. (Massariaceae), A marine Ascomyeete from Rhizophora mangal.Proceedings of Indian Academy Sciences (Plant Sciences), 84: 355 - 361.

Kohlmeyer, J. and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1987. Marine fungi from Belize with a descrip-tion of two genera of Ascomyectes. Botanica Marina, 30: 195-204.

Kohlmeyer, J. and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1990. Revision of marine species of Didymos-phaeria (Ascomycotina). Mycological Research, 94: 685-690.

Hyde, K. D. 1988. Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 98: 135 - 151.

Hyde, K. D. and E. B. G. Jones, 1989. Marine fungi from Seychelles. VIII. Rhizophila marina, A new Ascomyeete from mangrove prop roots. Mycotaxon, 34: 527-533.

Hyde, K. D. and R. Mouzouras, 1988. Passeriniella savoryellopsis sp. nov., A new As-eomyeete from intertidal mangrove wood. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 91: 179-185.

Scott Schatz, 1988, I lypoxylon oceanicum sp. nov., from mangroves. Mycotaxon, 33: 413-418.

Cryptogamie, Mycol. 1992, 13 (4): 312-319 313

HIGHER MARINE FUNGI OF LAKSHADWEEP ISLANDS AND A NOTE ON QUINTARIA LIGNATILIS

S. CHINNARAJ

Biological Oceanography Division.National Institute of Oceanography Dona Paula, Goa-403004, India.

ABSTRACT - The dead and decayed mangroves, Seagrasses and drift wood samples collected from Lakshadweep Islands were examined for fungi and yielded 32 species of higher marine fun-gi which includes 23 Ascomycetes, 1 Basidiomycete and 8 Deuteromycetes. This is the first re-port of higher marine from Lakshadweep Islands. A gelatinous sheath has been observed in fresh ascospores of Quintaria lignatilis.

RESUME - Un premier inventaire sur le littoral des Iles Lakshadweep a permis de repertorier 32 especes de champignons dont 23 Ascomycetes, 1 Basidiomycete et 8 Deuteromycetes sur des vegetaux en cours de degradation et des bois flottants. Un manchon gelatineux a ete observe au-tour des jeunes ascospores de Quintaria lignatilis.

KEY WORDS : Higher marine fungi, Lakshadweep Islands.

INTRODUCTION

The role of marine fungi in the decomposition of organic matter in the marine environment is well documented (Fell & Master, 1980). The occurrence and distrib-ution of marine fungi from the Indian Ocean has been studied to a certain extend (Borse, 1988; Hyde, 1988, 1989, 1990; Hyde & Jones, 1988; Hyde et al., 1990; Jones & Kuthubutheen, 1989; Kohlmeyer, 1984; Jones & Hyde, 1990; Kohlmeyer & Volk-mann-Kohlmeyer, 1991b; Leong et al., 1991). However, nothing is known about the occurrence of marine fungi from the Lakshadweep Islands. The present study was car-ried out to known the occurrence and distribution of marine fungi from the Lakshad-weep Islands (Laccadive Islands).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The dead and decayed mangroves seagrasses and drift wood samples from the intertidal regions of Agatii, Androth, Cheriyam, Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Kadmat and Mini-coy Islands (Fig. 1) were collected in clean polythene bags during an oceanographic cruise to Lakshadweep Islands (R.V.G. Cruise No. 225, 5/2/92 to 20/2/92). The sam-ples were examined for fungi after 7 to 10 days of incubation in a moist chamber. Identifications were made using standard keys and original descriptions. All the identi-fied samples were deposited in the Taxonomy Reference Center at National Institute of Oceanography.

30' 74

N

Androth I.

Kovaratti I.

30

VKalpeni I 10

30

9

(.:)Minicoy I.

7 2 ° E 73 ° 74

Fig. 1 - Map of Lakshadweep Islands (study area).

314 S. CHINNARAJ

HIGHER MARINE FUNGI 315

OBSERVATIONS

Ascomycetes

Ascocratera manglicola Koh1m.

Recorded on unidentified dead shoreline tree wood collected from Kadmat Is-land, (14/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 340).

Arenariomyces majusculus Koh1m. et Volkm. -Kohlm.

Recorded on the dead Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. wood heavily dam-aged by wood borers collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 324).

Biatriosporia marina Hyde et Borse

Recorded on dead Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. wood collected from Min-icoy Island (10/2/92, Herb. No. S.C.R. 346, 350).

Dactylospora haliotrepha (Kohlm. et Kohlm.) Hafellner

Recorded on dead Ceriops tagal (Pen.) C.B. Rob. wood collected from Mini-coy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 327, 316).

Halosarpheia abonnis Kohlm.

Recorded on the dead Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. pneumatophore col-lected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 331).

Halosarpheia marina (Cribb et Cribb) Kohlm.

Recorded on dead Ceriops tagal (Pen.) C.B. Rob. wood collected from Mini-coy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 312).

Halosphaeria quadricornuta Cribb et Cribb

Recorded on shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Ka1pe-ni Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 304), eroded coconut tree from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 306a), unidentified drift wood collected from intertidal re-gion of Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 306b).

Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb et Cribb) Hughes

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Scaveola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. wood col-lected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 313, 315), shoreline tree Sca-veola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. wood collected from Cheriyam Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 333).

Lignincola laevis Hank

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Cheriyam Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 341), Androth Island (17/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 345).

Lindra thalassiae Orpurt et al.

Recorded on drifted seagrass Thalassia testudinum Konig. collected from Kal-peni Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 308).

Lophiostoma mangrovei Kohlm. et Vittal

Recorded on dead bark of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. 352).

316 S. CHINNARAJ

Lulworthia grandispora Meyers

Recorded on dead intertidal Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 320).

Lulworthia spp. (spore length 300 to 40 iim)

Recorded on dead intertidal Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. stem and pneu-matophores collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 323, 323a), dead shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 325).

Marinosphaera mangrovei Hyde

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Scaveola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. collected from Kadmat Island (14/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 348), pneumatophores of Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 347).

Massarina thalassiae Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm.

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Kalpeni Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 302), dead Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. wood and pneumatophore collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 318, 328).

Massarina velatospora Hyde et Borse

Recorded on intertidal Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 337).

Massaria sp.

Recorded on shoreline tree Scaveola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. wood collected from Androth Island (16/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 326).

Payosphaeria minuta Leong et al.

Recorded on dead intertidal Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. wood and Avicen-nia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 342, 343).

Quintaria lignatilis (Kohlm.) Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm.

This species was first described under the genus Trematosphaeria (Kohlmeyer, 1984). Later on, this fungus was described as new genus Quintaria (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, 1991a) in both studies, there was no mention of the gelatinous sheath around the ascospore. But our collections from Lakshadweep, Maldives, Anda-man and Nicobar Islands (when the fresh ascocarps are observed) show a distinct gela-tinous sheath around the ascospores (Plate 1).

Recorded on dead intertidal Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 314), dead shoreline tree Pemphis aci-dula Forst. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 319, 321).

Sarvoryella lignicola Jones et Eaton

Recorded on unidentified drift wood collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 309), dead intertidal shoreline tree Saveola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. stem collected from Androth Island (16/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 330).

Savoryella paucispora (Cribb et Cribb) Koch

HIGHER MARINE FUNGI 317

Plate I - A-D: Quintaria lignatilis. A-B: Gelatinous sheath around the ascospore (1100 x). C-D: Ascus (275 x).

Recorded along with Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones on unidentified drift wood collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 310).

Torpedospora radiata Meyers

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Kalpeni Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 305).

Verruculina enalia (Kohlm.) Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm.

Recorded on dead shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood collected from Kalpeni Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 301) unidentified drift wood and Pemphis aci-dula Forst. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 317, 322, 329), dead shoreline tree Scaveola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. wood collected from Che-riyam Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 334).

Basidiomycetes

Halocyphina villosa Kohlm. et Kohlm.

Recorded on dead intertidal Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. wood collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 338, 339).

Deuteromycetes

Cirrenalia basiminuta Ragukumar et al.

318 S. CHINNARAJ

Recorded on drifted coconut frond collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 332).

Cirrenalia pygmea Kohlm.

Recorded on dead intertidal pneumatophore of Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 347).

Humicola alopallonella Meyers et Moore

Recorded on dead intertidal pneumatophore of Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 347a).

Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones

Recorded on unidentified drift wood collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 310).

Periconia prolifica Anast.

Recorded on dead intertidal shoreline tree Pemphis acidula Forst. wood col-lected from Kalpeni Island (6/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 303).

Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers et Moore) Dixon

Recorded along with Humicola alopallonella Meyers et Moore on dead pneu-matophore of Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. collected from Minicoy Island (10/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 347a).

Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anast.

Recorded along with Cirrenalia basiminuta Ragukumar et al. on coconut frond collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 332).

Zalerion varium Anast.

Recorded on unidentified drift wood collected from Kavaratti Island (8/2/92 Herb. No. S.C.R. 307).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am thankful to Dr. A.G. Untawale Asst. Director for his encouragement, the Head Bi-ological Oceanography Division N.I.O. for laboratory facilities, Prof. J. Kohlmeyer for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. Hyde for identification of Q. lignatilis and C.S.I.R. for financial assistance.

REFERENCES

BORSE B.D., 1988 - Frequency of occurrence of marine fungi from Maharashtra coast, India. In-dian J. Mar. Sci. 17: 165 - 167.

FELL J.W. and MASTER I.M., 1980 - The association and role of fungi in mangrove detrital systems. Bot. Mar. 23: 257-263.

HYDE K.D., 1988 - Studies on the tropical marine fungi of Brunei. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 98: 135-151.

HYDE K.D. and JONES E.B.G., 1988 - Marine mangrove fungi. Mar. Ecol. 9: 15-33.

HYDE K.D., 1989 - Intertidal mangrove fungi from north Sumatra. Canad. J. Bot. 67: 3078-3082.

HIGHER MARINE FUNGI 319

HYDE K.D., 1990 - A comparison of intertidal mycota of five mangrove tree species. Asian Mar. Biol. 7: 93-107.

HYDE K.D., CHALERMONGSE An. and BOONTHAVIKOON Th., 1990 - Ecology of intertidal fungi at Ranong mangrove, Thailand. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 31: 17-27.

JONES E.B.G. and KUTHUPUTHEEN A.J., 1989 - Malaysian mangrove fungi. Sydowia 41: 160-169.

JONES E.B.G. and HYDE K.D., 1990 - Observation on poorly known mangrove fungi and a no-menclatural correction. Mycotaxon 37: 197-201.

KOHLMEYER J., 1984 - Tropical marine fungi. Mar. Ecol. 5: 329-378.

KOHLMEYER J. and VOLKMANN-KOHLMEYER B., 1991a - Illustrated key to the filamen-tous higher marine fungi. Bot. Mar. 34: 1-61.

KOHLMEYER J. and VOLKMANN-KOHLMEYER B., 1991b - Marine fungi of Queensland, Australia. Austral. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 42: 91-99.

LEONG W.F., TAN T.K. and JONES E.B.G., 1991 - Fungal colonization of submerged Brugui-era cylindrica and Rhizophora apiculata wood. Bot. Mar. 34: 69-79.

Hyde et al.: Massarina armatispora sp. nov. 325

Offprint B0E11111:11 Marina Vol. 35, pp. 325-328, 1992

Massarina armatispora sp. nov., a New Intertidal Ascomycete from Mangroves

K. D. Hyde, L. L. P. Vrijmoed*, S. Chinnaraj** and E. B. G. Jones***

Plant Pathology Branch, -Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba Qld 4880, Australia * Department of Applied Science, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong ** Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India *** School of Biological Sciences, Portsmouth Polytechnic, Portsmouth, Hants, P01 2D Y, U.K.

(Accepted 1 June 1992)

Abstract

Massarina armatispora sp. nov. is described from dead intertidal mangrove wood collected in India and Hong Kong. The new taxon is compared with other Massarina species, and its placement in the genus Massarina is discussed.

Introduction

Studies of the intertidal mangrove fungi of Macau, along the coast of Southern China and India have simultaneously yielded a new taxon, which belongs in the genus Massarina. Six Massarina species are pres-ently known from the marine environment (Hyde 1991, Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1991 a, b) and include M. acro.vtichae Hyde,. M. •y•-tophorae (Cribb et Herbert) Kohlm. et Kohlm., M. lacertensis Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm., M. ramunculi-cola Hydc, M. thalassiae .Kohlm. et Volkm.-Kohlm. and M. velato.spora Hyde et Borse (Hyde 1989, 1991, Hyde and Borse 1986, Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1987, 1991 a, b). Massarina armatispora sp. nov. differs from these marine and other M aSSar-ina species and is therefore described as a new species.

Taxonomy

Massarina armatispora Hyde, Vrijmoed, Chinnaraj at Jones, sp. nov. Illustrations 1 —13 Etymology: from the Latin a•matus meaning armed in relation to the aseospore appendages.

Botanica Marina / Vol. 35 / 1992 / Fasc. 4 Copyright 1992 Walter de Gruyter • l3crlin • New York

Ascomata. usque 260 pm a/ta, 351-450 pm chain, immersa, suhglohosa vel paene conica, ad basim vulgo complanata, coriacea, ostiolata et rostrata. Rostum nigrum,1»:ePum, cum ostiolo dame simili, 78— 150 pm &tam, 130 — 176 pm diam, periphysatum, cellularum parvarum compositum. Peridium usque 15 pm crassum,

Asci 112— 148 x 19.6-25.5 pm, octospori, hitunicati, fissitunicati, clavati, pedunculati cum appa-ratus apicali et annuli. Ascosporae 28-39.2 x 7 — 9 .8 pm, 2 — 3 -seriatae, bicellulares, .fusiformes, ad septum const•ictae, hyalinae et cum appendiculis.

Holotype: India, Andaman Islands, Maya Builder, intertidal mangrove wood, 26/3/90, S. Chinnaraj, (131211) 19711).

Ascomata up to 260 p.m high, 351-450 p.m diam., immersed, depressed globose or almost conical, mostly with a flattened base, coriaccous, ostiolate, with a neck and arising mostly singly. Neck black, short, raised, seen as a black column on the host surface with a cylindrical almost slit-like opening, 78-150 p.m high, 130-1'76 µm in diam. (above the host surface), periphysate, comprised of small dark compact cells. Peridium, up to 15 p.m thick, brown, at the inside comprised of thick-walled hyaline coin-

326

Ilydc et al.: Massarina armatispora sp. nov.

Figs 1-4. Interference light contrast micrographs of Massarina armatispora. Figs 1, 3. Sections through ascomata. Note the darkened necks. Figs 2, 4. Pcridium. Scale bars 1, 3 = 100 um, 2, 4 = 10µm.

pressed cells, brown and angular towards the middle and a confused highly melanised textura intricate towards the outside. Hamathecium hyaline, hyphac-like, unbranehed, numerous, septatc, weakly tapering, up to 3 pm wide, fused at the base and sides of the ascomata and joined at the top with the periphyses and upper wall. Asci 112 148 x 19.6-25.5 tun

133.28 x 22,4 pm, n 25), forming from the sides and base of asenma, 8-spored, bilunicate, Iissi-

tunicalc, clavate, pedunculate and with an ocular chamber and non amyloid ring. Ascospores 28 —39.2 x 7 —9.8 tun (51 = 32.9 x 7.7 pm, n 25), 2 3

seriate, fusiform, constricted at the septa, hyaline, surrounded by a narrow mucilaginous sheath which is drawn out at the poles to form tapering appendages, 6 - 8 pm long.

Other material examined: Macau, Taipa mangrove, on intertidal mangrove wood, 22 Oct. 1990, L. P. Vrijmoed, K D. Hyde and E. B. Jones (BRIP 19712), India, Goa (Chorao Is.), Au/coin/a marina (Norsk.) Vierh. (stem), 0/7/90 (S. ('. R. 210), A. officinal's L. (stem), 6/71.90 (S. C. R. 202), Karnataka (K undapura), RInzophora mucronata Lamk. (prop root), 9/8/89 (S. C. R. 186).

Botanica Marina Vol. 35 / 1992 / rase. 4

Hyde el Massuriuu armatispora sp. nov. 327

Figs 5-13. Al rissor iispool.Fig. 5. Superficial iicck. Figs 6-13. Interlcrence light contras( micrographs. Figs Asci. Ned, I liv (in (), ;Intl T iny. 711111 imikilod by Ihin nhrnlhv which ow tluovu

°al al the cods to form appendages. Fig. 13. Iliontithecinin. Scale bars, 5 = 100 pro, 6-13 = 10

Discussion

This new taxon keys out in Barr (1987) to the Lo-phiostomataceae, where it can be included in Lophio-Irma Saccardo or klassarim Saccardo. Ascospores with mucilaginous sheaths arc found in both Ahmar-inu (Bose 1961, Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1987, Hyde 1991) and Lophiofrema (I loin' and Holm

110(tinicti Marina / Vol. 35 / 1992 / Rise. 4

1988) and both genera seem to be closely related, the latter being separated by the slit or slot-like ostiolc of the ascomata (Holm and Holm 1988). With our present knowledge, we prefer to place the new taxon in Alassarina, but eventually ultrastructural or molec-ular studies may show this genus to be an assemblage of unrelated species.

328

I I ycle er Mu.s..swrina urmati.vpora sp. nov.

Differences between Al. «mutlispora and Al. chu•nea

(Tul.) Saccardo, the type species of Massarina (Bose 1961) are centered around the structure of the ascom-ata wall and ascospore appendages. In Al. eburnea the wall is comprised of brown elongate cells, while in M. armatispora the cells are thick-walled, light-coloured and compressed towards the inside, becom-ing brown and angular in the centre and a confused textura intricata towards the outside, where the wall fuses with the host. Similar wall structures are found in /If. cisii Bose and Al. *aped Bose (Bose 1961).

A regular sheath is found around the ascospores of M. eburnea, while in Al. armalisporci the sheath is drawn out at the poles. Polar appendages are also found in /11. rhiroptcri Bose and AI. spirome Bose (I3ose 1961). Similarities with M. eburnect include the small dark cells that make up the neck, the cylindrical-clavate asci, the sheet-like hamathccium and sheathed ascospores, characteristics that presently warrant in-clusion of M. armatispora in Massarina.

Massarina armatispora cannot be confused with other marine species of Massarina since the ascospore sheath is drawn out at the poles to form polar ap-pendages. In other marine Massarina species the as-

cosporcs are provided with regular sheaths (Hyde and Borsc 1986, Kohlmeyer and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1987, 1991 a, b, Hyde 1989, 1991).

Ascospores of Massarina armalispora were released by two methods. In freshwater mounts, the asci swelled, ruptured centrally and released spores through this opening. In other cases the apex of the ascus breaks away, due to swelling of the endotunica and the spores were observed held within the ring, but not seen to be actively released. These observa-tions may be artifacts due to slide preparation.

Acknowledgements

K. D. Hyde is grateful to NAOS for use of Laboratory facilities, E. B. G. Jones to City Polytechnic Hong Kong for financial support to visit Hong Kong. L. L. P. Vrijmoed acknowledges the support of the City Polytechnic strategic research grant No. 903-045. S. Chinnaraj is grateful to Dr A. G. Untawale, Asst. Director, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, for encouragement and The Director NIO for laboratory facilities. We are grateful to Dr A. R. Loveless for checking the Latin diagnosis.

References

13arr, M. 1987. Prodosims to Class Loculoascomycetes. Am- herst. Massachusetts: University or Massachusetts.

Bose, S. K. 1961. Studies on Massarina Sacc. and related genera. Phylopath. Z. 41: 151-213.

Holm, L. and K. Holm. 1988. Studies in the Lophiostomataceae with emphasis on the Swedish species. Synth. Bot. Upsal. 28: 1 —50.

Hyde, K. D. 1989. Intertidal fungi from the mangrove fern, Aerosachum speciosum, including Massarina acrosticl»' sp. nov. Mycal. Res. 97: 435 — 438.

Hyde, K. D. 1991. Massarina relatospora, and a new mangrove inhabiting species Massarina ramunculicola sp. 1101'. Mycol-ogia 83: 839 — 845.

lyde, K. D. 1992. Tropical Australian freshwaier fungi. 1. Some aseomyeetes. Aust. .S'yst. But. 5: 109-116.

Hyde, K. D. and B. D. Borse. 1986. Marine fungi from Sey-chelles. VI. Massarina velatospora a new marine ascomy-cotina from mangrove wood. Mycotaxon 27: 161-167.

Kohlmeyer, J. and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. 1987. Marine fungi from Aldabra, the Galapagos, and other tropical islands. Can. J. But. 65: 571-582.

Kohlmeyer, J. and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. 1991 a. Illustrated key to the Filamentous higher marine fungi. MI. Mar. 34: 1-61.

Kohlmeyer, J. and B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer. 1991 b. Marine fungi of Queensland, Australia, Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 42: 91 - 99.

Botanica Marina / Vol, 35 / 1992 / Fasc. 4

Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 22, June 1993, pp. 141-142

Manglicolous Fungi from atolls of Maldives, Indian Ocean

S Chinnaraj

Biological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

Received 6 April 1992: revised 5 February 1993

Thirty nine species represented by 29 species of Ascomyeetes, 2 of Basidiomycetes and 8 of

Deuteromycetes were collected from rartiatly submerged and submerged, dead and decayed .parts of 5 mangrove species. The dominant species were Dartylospora halioirepho. Lh u rhizophorae, Imphiasuana mangrarei, Alassarina Malaysia(' and Vernal(lina media. The maximum number of fungal species were recorded on Rhizaphora macronam.

Role or fungi in converting mangrove litter to detritus

is well documented. Recent studies have provided' -5 data on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of

manglicolous (higher marine fungi associated with

mangroves) • fungi from different geographical regions of world. However, the mangroves of' the

oceanic islands of Chagos-Laccadive bank, in the Indian Ocean remain unexplored for their higher marine fungi. Attempts have been made to study the manglicolous fungi from Maldive atolls in the Indian

Ocean. Maldives comprise about 1190 islands in a double

row of atolls and is situated on the Chagos-Laccadive bank (lat. 0° 42'S-7°05' N; long. 73°E). The Islands are enclosed by coral reels with deep natural channels and shallow lagoons. Mangroves confined to the

islands are either closed in the depression or fringing along the brackish water regions°. Atmospheric temperature varies from 30.4° to 35.7°C. Average annual rainfall is 1948 mm mainly received froM

southwest monsoon (May-October). Mangrove vegetation comprises 13 species and Bruguiera

cyliadrica, Ceriops tagal and Lumnitzera racemosa form the dominant flora.

The dead and damaged wood from the trunks, branches, roots, prop roots and pneumatophores of mangroves Rhizophora nwc'ronala, B. .c .rhadrica, C. tagal, L. racemosa and Avicennia marina, were collected from intertidal zones of the islands of I laadhaalu (lat. 6"20'-7'N, long. 72°45'-73°20' E), Shaviyani (lat. 5°40'-6°I 51\1, long. 72°50'-73°30'E),

and Addu (lat. 0°30'-0°45'S, long. 73°05'-73°15'E), atolls of Maldives sealed in airtight polythene bags and transported to the laboratory. The materials were examined directly under stereomicroscope for fungal fructification. Identification of the fungi was done using standard taxonomic keys' and. other

relevant literature. The percentage occurrence of individual fungi was calculated as

(Number of collections of a

particular species)

(Number of samples supporting sporulating marine fungi)

During the present investigation, 39 species (29 Ascomycetcs, 2 Basidiomyectes and 8 Deutcromycetes) of manglicolous fungi were

recorded (Table 1), most of which were previously reported from tropics' -5 . A few species of manglicolous fungi such as Duct ylospora halaarepho,. Lineohaa rhizophorae, Lophiostoma mangrovei, Massarina thalassiae and Verruculina enalia were commonly observed (percentage occurrence > 5%). These were reported to be either frequent or rare on the mangroves o f other regions of

Indian Ocean' -5 . The maximum number of species

(24) were recorded on R. mucronata followed by B. cylindrica (13), C. logal (i2), A. marina (10) and•L.

racemosa (7). Rhizophora spp have been observed to

harbour nearly 50% of manglicolous fungi out of 120 species recorded on the mangroves'. Qualitative and quantitative richness of manglicolous fungi on the prop roots could he attributed to the regular inundation, spongy and soft tissue which helps the substratum to retain high amount of moisture required for fungal grovt/th. The other dominant mangroves such as B. cylindrica, C. fugal and L. racemoso showed poor diversity of manglicolous fungi on them and this might he due to their hard wood and poor moisture conditions due to long exposures.

Present study revealed that the occurrence of manglicolous Fungi of Maldives is very much similar

x 100

142

INDIAN J. MAR. SC1., VOL. 22, JUNE 1993

Table I List of manglicolous fungi recorded from 3 atolls of Maldives and their percentage occurrence

Name of the species Atolls Percent

Ascontycetes

I Acrocordiapsis patilii Borse et Hyde

I loadhaalti tiltitviyani Addti ()ccur.

0.7

2 Aigiahts grandis Kohim. et Schatz 2 1 2.1 •

3 Aigialus parvus Schatz et Kohim. 0.7

4 Aniptodera sp. 1.4

5 ilseneratera manglicola Kohim. 2 1.4

6 Biatrinspora marina Hyde ei Borse 1.4

7 Daetyhtspura huliotrepha (Kohhmet KohIm.)11alellner 4 6 3 9.0

8 Eiheiruphora hlephuraytora (Kohim. el Kollin]) Kohlm. et V olkm.-K °him. 1 0.7

9 Ilalosarpheiu ratnagiriensis Patil et I3orse 0.7

I() Ilalostuphein sp. 0.7

11 llalosphaeria tpuldricortmUl Cribb et (_'ribh 2 1.4

12 //e/icascus kat/atom/vs Kohlm. 0.7

13 Allele, avicenniae (Morse) I Iycle 0.7

14 Leputsphaeria austratiensis (Cribb et C'ribb) Hughes 2 1.4

15 Lignincola flohnk 2 1.4

16 Outwit/iv rhi:ophonte (Kohlm. cl. Kohlm.) Kohim. et Vollon.-Kohlm. 4 6 6.9

17 Lop/dos/mutt ttimigrovei Kohlithet Vim! 13 14 3 20.7

18 LH/worth/a gratuti•sportt Meyers 2 1.4

19 Lit/worth/a sp. 3 2.1

20 Ithiritimplutera turnigrorei I lyd e 2.1

21 Massarina thalassiae Kohlm. et Vollow - Kohlni. 2 5 4 7.6

22 Alassurina relaiospara i I yde et Itorse 1.4

23 Payo.sphaeritt minuta Leong, Tan, I tyde et Jones 2 1.4

24 Quintaria lignatilis (Kohim.) Kohim. et Volkm.-Kohim. 1.4

25 RhLophila marina Hyde et Jones 3 2.8

26 Savaryella li,rniculu .tones et Eaton 1.4

27 Trentaimpluteria sp. 1 0.7

28 Verrucu/ina enalia (Kohim.) Kohim.. ct Volkm. - Kohlm. 7 II 3 14.7

29 .S.necarcluella marinospora Hyde 2 1.4

Basiclionlycetes

3(1 Hotomphitut vittosn Kohl??? <t Kohlm. 2 1.4

31 •alalliella mangrovei Jones el Agcrer 1 (1.7

Dcuteromyeets

32 1 . 1'14111ell (1.7

33 (7111'111(1.1p!» . (1 lutlhusu (Antis.) Nakagiri ci •ubitki 2 1.4

34 ('ytoApiti.ti r/ii:ophortte Kohim. et Kollin). (.4

35 iftwiieuhi obi/tett/one/hi Meyers et moore 1 0.7

36 Periewiia pi•o/tyiert Anasta. 3 2 4.8

37 /llama sp. 0.7

38 7 .rienaelontiii ach•asportun (Meyers et Moore) I)ixon 2 1 2.1

39 Ittlerion rorilim A na sta. 0.7

Numbers indicates number of identifications ' Indicates not recorded

to that of other regions or Inclian Ocean. I lo\ve‘cr. the species dilctsity is relitti ely poor and this may he at:rihutecl to limited numl,er orcollections exaininecl. I. rucemoso is studied for the first time I'm rnanglicolous fungi and all the species reeorded farm nev, spet.ics repot led presenil ■ represent ile‘\ records lu rung' \ es.

The author is gratelul to Dr. T. G. Jal2,(ap and l)r A. G. I Intawale lor collectins the specimen: and (' S I R, New Delhi I'm financial assistance.

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Borst: 13 1) Whin .1 till,. 17 119S8) 165. 3 1 Isdc K I). Rion lfor Biol. 7 (10"0191

•I I I ■ tte Jones It ( ; ifor l rnl, ') (1958 ) I S.

Jones I. ; blittlitibutlicen A dom(o 41 “1980) 160.

t ntim Mc A ( & Japiap ( .ti•ttitto• 0/ atottmiitto tivc ■ /tom the

Repiibtie nl 1 1u6/ives, l cell Repot t I National hist

(To.,1 India) 1901. 7 Kohltnc\ et I ,k; 1\0111111c\ .1 I3 V. /?,./ 11,1r, 1 111991( I.