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Protons and ElectronsMatter and Energy

STUDENT GUIDE

Part I: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons, continuedThe information in each box on the Periodic Table provides you with all of the information you needto determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a neutral atom.

H1.008 ÿ--

Hydrogen

Atomic Number = Number of Protons

In an electrically neutral atom, the protons and electrons are equal.

Atomic Mass (rounded) minus Number of Protons = Number of Neutrons

You will use a Periodic Table to make models of the first 18 elements and determine the number ofprotons, neutrons, and electrons.

Procedure1. Build a neutral hydrogen atom with a total mass of 1 amu and atomic number of one on the

Student Reference Sheet: Atomic Structure provided by your teacher.1. Place one proton (black bean) on the nucleus of the handout because the atomic number

for hydrogen is 1.2. Do not place any neutrons on the nucleus because the total mass minus the proton mass is

equal to 0. (1 amu total - 1 amu for each proton = 0 amu from neutron mass contribution)3. Place one electron (lentil) in either circle of the first energy level on the handout because in

a neutral atom the number of negative electrons is the same as the number of positiveprotons.

4. Use the model you built to complete the diagram of this hydrogen atom in your StudentJournal.a) Fill one of the empty circles on the first energy level with a red colored pencil to

represent one electron on the Student Journal diagram. This example has been donefor you, look at it!

b) Write p+ in the nucleus of the diagram to represent one proton. This example has beendone for you.

c) Complete the questions for this atom at the side of the diagram. This example has beendone for you.

5. Disassemble the hydrogen atom you built on the Atomic Structure Handout to preparefor the next atom.

Continue with Part I on the next page.

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Protons and ElectronsMatter and Energy

STUDENT GUIDE

Part I: Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons, continued

2. Build a neutral helium atom with a total mass of 4 amu and atomic number of 2.1. Place two protons (black beans) on the nucleus of the handout because the atomic number

for helium is 2.2. Place two neutrons (navy beans) on the nucleus (4 amu total - 2 amu from protons = 2 amu

from neutrons).3. Place two electrons (lentils) on the first energy level on the handout (one on each circle)

because in a neutral atom the number of negative electrons is the same as the number ofpositive protons.

4. Use the model you built to complete the diagram of this helium atom in your StudentJournal.a) Fill two of the empty circles on the first energy level with a red colored pencil to represent

two electrons on your Journal diagram. This example has been done for you.b) Write 2p÷ in the nucleus of the diagram to represent two protons. This example has been

done for you.c) Write 2n° in the nucleus of the diagram to represent two neutrons. This example has

been done for you.d) Complete the questions for this atom at the side of the diagram. This example has been

done for you.5. Disassemble the helium atom you built on the Atomic Structure Handout to prepare for the

next atom.3. Build a neutral lithium atom with a total mass of 7 amu and an atomic number of 3.

1. Place three protons (black beans) on the nucleus of the handout because the atomicnumber for lithium is 3.

2. Place four neutrons (navy beans) on the nucleus (7 amu total- 3 amu from protons = 4amu from neutrons)

3. There are three electrons (lentils) in a neutral lithium atom. Place two electrons on the firstenergy level, and one electron on the second energy level (in any of the circles), because ina neutral atom the number of negative electrons is the same as the number of positiveprotons.

4. Use the model you built to complete the diagram of this lithium atom in your StudentJournal. Again this is an example that has been done for you.

5. Continue building neutral atoms for the first 18 elements of the Periodic Table. First, build theatom on the handout using the black beans, navy beans and lentils= Then transfer theinformation to your Student Journal diagram and complete the tablgto the side for each.Disassemble the atoms after completing each diagram.

Complete Part I in your Student Journal.

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Protons and ElectronsMatter and Energy

STUDENT GUIDE

Part I1: Valence Electrons and Reactivity

How atoms combine with each other to form new substances depends on the number of electronsin the highest energy level. Think of this level as the skin of the atom. It is only the number ofelectrons in this outer layer that controls how or if atoms react with other atoms.

This controlling layer is called the valence shell and electrons in the valence shell are calledvalence electrons. Look at the diagrams you built for hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen has onevalence electron and is not full because one of the two spaces on the valance shell is empty.Helium has two valence electrons and is FULL because the lowest energy level can only accepttwo electrons. Look at your diagram for lithium. Lithium has one valence electron. The secondenergy level can hold 8 electrons, so the valence shell is not full for lithium.

Again, the first shell can hold up to 2 electrons, the second shell can hold up to 8 electrons, andthe third and fourth can hold up to 8 as well. This makes 2 and 8 key numbers. They tend tocombine so that their valence shells are full of electrons. This is called the octet rule. (Note theroot oct = 8 in the word octet, like octopus!).

This means two things:

1. If a neutral atom' s valence shell is full, then the atom will not react with other atoms.

2. If a neutral atom' s valence shell has space available, then the atom will react with other atomsbased on the number of electrons found in the valence shell.

Some atoms only need 1, 2, or 3 more electrons to fill the valence shell. There is a tendency forthese atoms to gain electrons from other atoms when they react.

Some atoms need to lose 1,2, or 3 electrons to have the energy layer below become the valenceshell that is already full. There is a tendency for these atoms to lose electrons which are in turnaccepted by other atoms when they react.

Some atoms tend to react with other atoms by sharing electrons rather than giving up or receivingelectrons. Atoms with 4 valence electrons will likely share electrons with other atoms to fill thevalence shell.

Complete Part II in your Student Journal.

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Protons and ElectronsMatter and Energy

STUDENT GUIDE

Part II1: Identifying Elements

What makes fluorine "fluorine"? Or sodium "sodium"? We know they are both made of protons,neutrons, and electrons. We just learned that atoms can give up, accept or share valenceelectrons with other atoms when they react, so we can't count on the number of electrons stayingthe same for any particular atom.

What about protons or neutrons? Protons and neutrons are not given up, accepted, or shared withother atoms. And remember, the number of protons is the same as the atomic number, which ispretty convenient because the atomic number is printed by each element on the Periodic Table.

Go to your Student Journal and try to identify some mystery atoms. After completing yourpredictions using the clues provided, your teacher will identify each of the mystery atoms.

Complete all remaining questions in the Student Journal

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