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Younger stratumwith more recentfossils

Older stratumwith older fossils

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HMS Beagle at seaDarwin in 1840, afterhis returnfrom thevoyage

NORTH AMERICA

Malay ArchipelagoSOUTH AMERICA

GreatBritain

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

EUROPE

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

PACIFICOCEAN

Cape ofGood Hope

Equator

TasmaniaNewZealand

Brazil

Argentina

Cape Horn

Chile

An

de

s M

tns

.Genovesa

PACIFICOCEAN

Equator

Pinta

Marchena

Fernandina

Florenza

Pinzón

SantiagoDaphneIslands

SantaCruz

SantaFe

Isabela

Española

SanCristobal

Kilometers

0 4020

TheGalápagosIslands

5

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(b) Seed-eater

(a) Cactus-eater (c) Insect-eater

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Moeritherium†

†Barytherium

Hyracoidea(Hyraxes)

Sirenia(Manateesand relatives)

†Deinotherium

†Mammut

†Platybelodon

†Stegodon

Elephas maximus(Asia)

Mammuthus†

Loxodonta cyclotis(Africa)

Loxodonta africana(Africa)

Millions of years ago Years ago

60 34 24 5.5 2104 0

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Wild mustard Kohlrabi

Cabbage

Kale

Broccoli

Selectionfor leaves

Selectionfor stems

Selectionfor flowersand stems

Selection foraxillary (side)buds

Selection forapical (tip) bud

Brusselssprouts

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Sporecloud

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Observations

Inferences

and

Over time, favorable traitsaccumulate in the population.

Organisms produce moreoffspring than the

environment can support.

Individuals in a populationvary in their heritable

characteristics.

Individuals that are well suitedto their environment tend to leave more

offspring than other individuals.

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(a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo

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Soapberry bug with beakinserted in balloon vinefruit

Beak length (mm)

On native species,balloon vine(southern Florida)

On introducedspecies,goldenrain tree(central Florida)

Museum-specimen average

Field Study Results

Beak

Nu

mb

er o

f in

div

idu

als

6 7 8 9 111002468

10

02

468

10

15

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Year

Chromosome mapof S. aureus clone USA300

An

nu

al

ho

sp

ita

l a

dm

iss

ion

sw

ith

MR

SA

(th

ou

sa

nd

s)

’05

400

’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04

350

300

200

250

100

150

50

0

Increased gene exchange(within species) andtoxin production

Increased disease severityAbility to colonize hosts

Methicillin resistance

Key to adaptations

250,000 base pairs

500,000

750,000

2,000,000

1,750,000

1,500,0001,250,000

1,000,000

2,250,000

2,500,000

2,750,000 1

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Humerus

Carpals

Radius

Human

Ulna

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Whale Cat Bat

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Human embryo Chick embryo (LM)

Pharyngealarches

Post-analtail

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AUSTRALIA

NORTHAMERICASugar

glider

Flyingsquirrel

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Cetaceans and even-toes ungulatesMost mammals

(d) Odocoileus (deer)(c) Sus (pig)(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus

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Hippopotamuses

Commonancestorof cetaceans

Other even-toedungulates

Livingcetaceans

Millions of years agoTibiaFoot

70 KeyFemurPelvis60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Pakicetus †

Rodhocetus †

Dorudon †

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