young people should not smoke. young people should not smoke. studies show that smoking at an early...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Young people should not smoke.
• Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later.
• Which of the above statements is an opinion and which is a theory?
• What is the difference?
![Page 2: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Atomic TheoryWhat is it?Who figured it out?When did they do it?How did they do it?Why do we believe it?
![Page 3: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What can you tell from this picture?
![Page 4: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is an ATOM?
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the identity of the element.
ZZZ
ZZZ
ZZZ
![Page 5: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ATOM
![Page 6: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atoms combine to form compounds
![Page 7: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Ancient Greeks
DemocritusLived 450 B.C.Proposed that all
the stuff in the world is “atomos”
Tiny, indivisible particles
AristotleQuestioned theory
of DemocritusRejected it for lack
of proof
Neither offered PROOF, but Aristotle was
respected as the smartest guy around…the
“Einstein” of his time! So Democritus’ idea
was ignored!
![Page 8: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ALCHEMISTS
Tried to turn base metals into precious metals.
Developed knowledge and techniques…very smart and knew a lot!
Not true scientists Didn’t share!
![Page 9: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Roger Bacon
Lived in 13th centuryBelieved that science should be based on
experimental evidence.
![Page 10: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794 French Father of Chemistry Sadly, beheaded in French Revolution
![Page 11: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Lavoisier
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTERMatter, like energy, is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
This concept established modern chemistry.
![Page 12: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Law of Conservation of Mass
![Page 14: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What was different?
Experimentation He used a balance to
study the role of oxygen in rusting and burning.
![Page 15: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Other people did it, too!
Priestly did similar experiments.
He believed a false theory of Phlogiston.
Kept his mind closed to new idea.
![Page 16: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PROUST
1799
Law of Constant CompositionA given compound
always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.
OXYGEN89%
HYDROGEN11%
![Page 17: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Law of Multiple Proportions(stated by Dalton)
The ratios of the masses of elements
in compounds will be ratios of small
whole numbers…multiple proportions.
![Page 18: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
JOHN DALTON
LAVOISIER PROUST
DEMOCRITUSBACON
ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
![Page 19: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
1. All matter is composed of submicroscopic (extremely small) indivisible particles called ATOMS.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical. The atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element.
![Page 20: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
3. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. However, atoms of one element are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction.
4. Atoms of different elements can mix physically or can combine chemically with one another in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.
![Page 21: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dalton’s Theory
Based on
CAREFUL EXPERIMENTATION
![Page 22: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
DALTON’S MODEL OF THE ATOM
1803
![Page 23: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Modern Atomic Theory
Not all aspects of Dalton’s atomic theory have proven to be correct. We now know that:--Atoms are divisible into even smaller particles.
--A given element can have atoms with different masses.
Some important concepts remain unchanged.
--All matter is composed of atoms.
--Atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element.
![Page 24: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What does this mean?
Atomic Theory of Matter
Not perfect...
but a workable theory to build on.
![Page 25: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Scientists had been doing many experiments with electricity since Ben Franklin flew his kite.
Faraday suggested that electricity might explain the atom
English physicist, J.J. Thomson 1856-1940
Discovered electrons in 1897
Thomson experimented with a “cathode ray tube”
![Page 26: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thomson’s Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
Thomson used ELECTRICITY To probe the atom
![Page 27: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cathode Ray Tube
Flow of electric current through gases.
Sealed gas in glass tube with metal plates at the end.
Connected plates to high voltage source:
Cathode – and Anode +
![Page 28: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
CRT
+
![Page 31: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
This ray could be deflected toward a positive charge…
It has a negative charge.
This ray could move things…
It was made of particles of matter.
This ray acted the same no matter what materials were used…
It was not atoms…it must be part of all atoms
![Page 32: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode ray is composed of very small negatively charged particles that are part of
atoms
ELECTRONS
![Page 33: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
1896 Do you like
Chocolate chip
cookies better?
Chocolate Chip
Cookie Dough
![Page 34: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment1909
Determined the
charge of the
electron which
along with
Thomson’s
experiment
determined the
mass of the
electron
![Page 35: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Atomic Theory
Millikan devised experiments to determine the mass and charge of the electron.
Protons : discovered in 1886
Positively charged particles
Also discovered with cathode ray tube…these particles went the other direction.
![Page 36: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Nuclear AtomWhat’s missing?
The Nucleus!Rutherford did an experiment using
RADIOACTIVITY as a tool to probe the atom
Identified three types of radiationAlpha…positive particleBeta…negative particleGamma…high energy
Devised the GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
![Page 37: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
A. The Structure of the Atom
Rutherford’s Experiment
![Page 38: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
(a) The results that the metal foil
experiment would have yielded if the
plum pudding model had been correct
(b) Actual results
Unexpected Results of the Rutherford Experiment
![Page 41: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom1911
Most of the mass of an atom is in the center…the nucleus…with electrons moving around it.
![Page 42: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Nuclear atom
By 1932, neutron was discovered, too.The nucleus is the central core of the
atom, composed of protons and neutrons. Because, protons and neutrons have much greater mass than electrons, almost all of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus…a dime in a football stadium!
![Page 43: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Forces in the Nucleus
• When two protons are extremely close to each other, there is a strong attraction
between them.
• A similar attraction exists when neutrons are very close to each other or when
protons and neutrons are very close together.
•The short-range proton-neutron, proton-proton, and
neutron-neutron forces that hold the nuclear particles
together are referred to as nuclear forces.
![Page 44: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
What next?
We know the parts of the atom.We know about the nucleus.What about the electrons?
![Page 45: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Bohr’s Model
LIGHT provided the next clues for the structure of the atom
![Page 46: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Light has a Dual Nature
Like this picture…
Young lady or
Old lady?
![Page 47: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Light is a wave
Electromagnetic radiation travels in waves.
![Page 48: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
As the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases.
The greater the frequency the greater the energy.
![Page 49: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Light acts like Particles
Electromagnetic radiation also has the properties of particles.
Bohr suggested that energy is emitted and absorbed in discrete quantities called
Quanta or Quantumpackets or pieces of energy
“Jumps”
![Page 51: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dual Nature of Light is the next tool for understanding the atom
Energy is directly proportional to frequency…wave nature.
Example: Light diffuses through small slitsEinstein proposed that light consists of
quanta of energy that behave like particles of light…he called these photons.
Example: photoelectric effect…garage door openers, film
This is the DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT
![Page 52: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Demonstrate Quantum
![Page 53: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Continuous Spectrum vs. Line Spectrum
![Page 54: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Emission Spectra
Line Spectra of elements show discrete or quantized energy levels in the atom.
These energy levels are different for each element.
The color or wavelength of light shows the energy level because energy can be calculated from frequency of light emitted.
![Page 56: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Quantum Leaps!
Electrons exist at low energy…ground state
Add energy to go to higher energy…excited state• Electron drops back down to ground
state as soon as it can • It releases the exact energy it needed to
jump up as a photon of a frequency or color.
![Page 57: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Bohr’s Model of the Atom1913
Bohr applied Quantum Theory to the structure of the hydrogen atom.
Quantum theory means that electrons jump from level to level.
Bohr pictured the electrons spinning around set orbits, like planets around the sun.
Planetary Model
![Page 59: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Schroedinger’s Quantum Mechanical
(Today’s) ModelWe still have energy levels, like Bohr
MATH is used as the tool to probe the atom
Heisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleIt is impossible to know the velocity and
position of a particle at the same timeWe can not know the exact location of an
electron.Any effort to do so, will change the position.We can only figure the probability of finding it
in a certain region.
![Page 62: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Orbitals
Area where electrons are most likely to be found.
Example: If your mom wants you to do some work, she can find you in your room most of the time, or the house, or the yard…but you could be at the mall.And sometimes her efforts to find you, make you move!
![Page 63: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Today’s Atom1926
Dense, small,nucleus (with
protons and neutrons) is
surrounded by a fuzzy cloud
shapes where electrons (that act
more like waves) are most likely to
be found… orbitals.
![Page 65: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Today’s Model of the Atom
aka
Schroedinger’s
or
Quantum Mechanical Model
![Page 66: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Crazy World of Quantum Mechanics“If you aren’t shocked by it, you don’t
understand it.” Bohr
![Page 69: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains
the chemical identity of the element.
Three Parts of Atom
Particle Charge Mass Atomic mass units
Proton +1 1.67x 10-24 g 1 amu
Neutron 0 1.67x 10-24 g 1 amu
Electron -1 9.11x 10-28 g 0 amu
![Page 70: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Subatomic particles
![Page 71: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
B. Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure
Comparing the Parts of an Atom
![Page 72: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Where are they?
Nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.
Electrons move around the nucleus.Mass is concentrated in the nucleus.99.97% of the mass is in the nucleus.
![Page 73: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
HOW MUCH FOR A ROOT BEER?
A NEUTRON WALKED INTO A BAR AND ASKED…
![Page 74: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
FOR YOU, BUDDY…
NO CHARGE!
THE BARTENDER SAID
![Page 75: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
How big are atoms?
If nucleus is size of a golf ball, the electrons are how far away?
1 mile! Lots of empty spaceHow big are they?6.02 x 1023 atoms in 12 grams of carbon.
![Page 76: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
How many protons?
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.
Look at the periodic table for this.
The number of protons identifies the element.
![Page 77: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
CARBON
Carbon has 6 protons 6 amu6 neutrons 6 amu6 electrons 0 amu
Total atomic mass = 12 amu
![Page 78: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
How do we write this? Carbon-12 C-12 12C 12 6 C0
The periodic table tells us that carbon has 6 protons.
The mass is 12 amu and equals protons plus neutrons, so it has 6 neutrons.
It is neutral (has no charge), so it has 6 electrons.
![Page 79: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
How many neutrons?
The number of neutrons may vary. An isotope is an atom that has the same number
of protons as other atoms of the same element, but different number of neutrons.
Same atomic number = same element Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass Isotopes have different atomic masses, because
they have different number of neutrons.
![Page 80: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Isotopes Isotopes are atoms with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
![Page 81: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Isotope of carbon Carbon-14 C-14 14C 14 6 C0
The periodic table tells us that carbon has 6 protons.
The mass is 14 amu and equals protons plus neutrons, so it has 8 neutrons.
It is neutral (has no charge), so it has 6 electrons.
![Page 82: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
What’s the safe answer
here?
???
Carbon-14 isotope said to Carbon-12
isotope,
“Do these neutrons make my mass look
big?
![Page 83: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
How many electrons?
The number of electrons equals the number of protons in a neutral atom
An ion is a charged atom in which the number of electrons can increase or decrease.
More electrons than protons, charge is negative
Fewer electrons than protons, charge is positive
![Page 84: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Ion of carbon Carbon-12 C-12 12C 12 6 C+4
The periodic table tells us that carbon has 6 protons.
The mass is 12 amu and equals protons plus neutrons, so it has 6 neutrons.
It is positive (it lost 4 electrons), so it has only 2 electrons.
![Page 85: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Are you POSITIVE?
OH NO!!!
I think LOST an
ELECTRON!!
![Page 86: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
A n (- or +)
E
Z
E = element symbol
Z = atomic number = # protons (identifies element)
A = atomic mass = # protons + # neutrons
n = charge
(+ if fewer electrons than protons)
(- if more electrons than protons)
![Page 87: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
![Page 88: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASSis a
WEIGHTED AVERAGE• Imagine that your semester grade depends 60%
on exam scores and 40% on laboratory explorations.
• Your exam scores would count more heavily toward your final grade.
• In this section, you will learn that the atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element.
![Page 89: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Relative Atomic Masses• The standard used by scientists to compare
units of atomic mass is the carbon-12 atom, which has been arbitrarily assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units, or 12 amu.
• One atomic mass unit, or 1 amu, is exactly 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• The atomic mass of any atom is determined by comparing it with the mass of the carbon-12 atom.
![Page 90: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
2 examples
Test scores for a class
![Page 91: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
2 examples
Easy atoms
![Page 92: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Average Atomic Masses of Elements
• Average atomic mass is the weighted average of the atomic masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. It accounts for the relative abundance of each isotope
Calculating Average Atomic Mass• The average atomic mass of an element
depends on both the mass and the relative abundance of each of the element’s isotopes.
![Page 93: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Calculating Average Atomic Mass
• Copper consists of 69.09% copper-63, which has an atomic mass of
62.9298 amu, and 30.91% copper-65, which has an atomic mass of
64.9278 amu.
• The average atomic mass of copper can be calculated by multiplying the
atomic mass of each isotope by its relative abundance (expressed in decimal
form) and adding the results.
![Page 94: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Calculating Average Atomic Mass
• Copper consists of 69.09% copper-63, which has an atomic mass of
62.9298 amu, and 30.91% copper-65, which has an atomic mass of
64.9278 amu.
• The average atomic mass of copper can be calculated by multiplying the
atomic mass of each isotope by its relative abundance (expressed in decimal
form) and adding the results.
![Page 95: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
• (0.6909× 62.9298 amu) + (0.3091 × 64.9278 amu) =
63.55 amu
• The calculated average atomic mass of naturally occurring copper is
63.55 amu.
![Page 96: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Solve
Calculate the average atomic mass for element X, the element that is a “goofy prisoner!” Then identify the element.
X-28 27.977 amu 92.21%
X-29 28.976 amu 4.70%
X-30 29.974 amu 3.09%
![Page 97: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Counting Atoms to Determine Molar Mass
We need to be able to count atoms to determine molar mass
FIRST: See handout to practice counting ALL atoms
Subscripts…# to right and below multiply what goes before it Parentheses…atoms within act as a group, subscript applies to
all of the elements in parentheses Coefficients…multiply everything
SECOND: IGNORING COEFFICIENTS, add masses of all atoms to
determine molar mass of each substance. Use masses to the hundredths place.
![Page 98: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
grams / mole
Molar volume of a gas
22.4 L of a gas / mole of gas (at STP)
Avogadro’s #
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 99: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Relating Mass and Volume to Numbers of Atoms
The mole (mol) is the SI unit for the AMOUNTof a substance. It relates mass or volume of a gas (things we can easily measure ) to the # of particles (things too small to measure)
• The number of PARTICLES of a substance. A mole of anything contains as
many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
• “particles” can be atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units
• Avogadro’s number—6.022 1415 × 1023—is the number of particles in
exactly one mole of a pure substance.
![Page 100: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Conversions with Avogadro’s Number
• Avogadro’s number can be used to find the number of atoms of an element from the amount in moles or to find the amount of an element in moles from the number of atoms.
• In these calculations, Avogadro’s number is expressed in units of atoms per mole.
![Page 101: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Sample Problem AHow many moles of silver, Ag, are in 3.01 1023 atoms of silver?
![Page 102: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
g/mole
22.4 L of a gas/ mole of a gas at STP
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 103: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Sample Problem A Solution
Given: 3.01 × 1023 atoms of Ag Unknown: amount of Ag in moles Solution:
moles Ag
Ag atoms = moles AgAvogadro's number of Ag atoms
2323
1 mol Ag3.01 10 Ag atoms
6.022 10 Ag at
0.500
=
m
oms
ol Ag
![Page 104: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Gram/Mole Conversions
4.00 g He2.00 mol He = 8.00 g He
1 mol He
• Chemists use molar mass as a conversion factor in chemical calculations.
• For example, the molar mass of helium is 4.00 g He/mol He.
• To find how many grams of helium there are in two moles of helium, multiply by the molar
mass.
![Page 105: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Molar Mass• The mass of one mole of a pure substance is called the molar mass
of that substance.
• Molar mass is usually written in units of g/mol.
• The molar mass of an element is numerically equal to the atomic
mass of the element in atomic mass units.
![Page 106: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Sample Problem BWhat is the mass in grams of 3.50 mol of the element copper, Cu?
![Page 107: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
g/mole
22.4 L of a gas/ mole of a gas at STP
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 108: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Sample Problem B Solution
Given: 3.50 mol CuUnknown: mass of Cu in gramsSolution: the mass of an element in
grams can be calculated by multiplying the amount of the element in moles by the element’s molar mass.
grams Cumoles Cu × = grams Cu
moles Cu
![Page 109: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Sample Problem B Solution, continued
The molar mass of copper from the periodic table is rounded to 63.55 g/mol.
63.55 g Cu3.50 mol Cu × =
1 222
mol Cu g Cu
![Page 110: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Sample Problem CA chemist produced 11.9 g of aluminum, Al. How many moles of aluminum were produced?
![Page 111: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
g/mole
22.4 L of a gas/ mole of a gas at STP
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 112: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Sample Problem C Solution Given: 11.9 g Al Unknown: amount of Al in moles
Solution:
moles Al
grams Al = moles Algrams Al
1 mol Al11.9 g Al =
26.0.441
98 g Al mol Al
The molar mass of aluminum from the periodic table is rounded to 26.98
g/mol.
![Page 113: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Sample Problem DWhat is the mass in grams of
1.20 108 atoms of copper, Cu?
![Page 114: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
g/mole
22.4 L of a gas/ mole of a gas at STP
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 115: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Sample Problem D Solution Given: 1.20 × 108 atoms of Cu Unknown: mass of Cu in grams Solution:
moles Cu grams Cu
Cu atoms = grams CuAvogadro's number of Cu atoms moles Cu
14
823
1 mol Cu 63.55 g Cu1.20 10 Cu atoms =
6.022 10 Cu atoms 1 mol Cu
1. 27 10 Cu g
–
The molar mass of copper from the periodic table is rounded to 63.55 g/mol.
![Page 116: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
The Mole and Volume
The mole also relates the amount of atoms to the volume of a gas at STP, Standard Temperature and Pressure.
One mole of gas at STP is 22.4 Liters
![Page 117: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
VOLUME OF A GAS (L)
(in Liters at STP)
MASS (g)
(mass in grams)MOLES (mol)
NUMBER OF PARTICLES (#)
(atoms, ions, molecules, formula units)
Molar mass from PT
g/mole
22.4 L of a gas/ mole of a gas at STP
6.022 x 1023 particles / mole
THE MOLE MAP
Everything goes through the
MOLE.
Use mole conversion factors and
factor-label to solve
![Page 118: Young people should not smoke. Young people should not smoke. Studies show that smoking at an early age may make it more difficult to quit smoking later](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e365503460f94b2569b/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Sample Problem E
How many moles of Helium are present in 44.8 L at STP? How many grams?
44.8 L He | 1 mole He = 2 moles He
22.4 L He
44.8 L He | 1 mole | 4.00 g He = 8 g He
22.4 L He | 1 mole He