yokogawa corporation of america network solutions business unit an introduction to industrial...
TRANSCRIPT
Yokogawa Corporation of AmericaNetwork Solutions Business Unit
An Introductionto
Industrial Wireless Networking
Presented byYokogawa North AmericaNetwork Solutions Business Unit
February 2007
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
RF Wireless Industrial Applications
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Industrial RF Wireless Technology Applications
Information Layer– HMI, Computer, Database
Server
Control Layer– Recorder, Data
Acquisition I/O, Controller, PLC
Device Layer– Transmitters, Sensors,
Actuators
Device Layer
Control Layer
Information Layer
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Technology must support the ApplicationConsiderations– Packet Size– Throughput– Response Time– Network Size
Our Focus– Info & Control Layers– 2.4 GHz– Spread Spectrum
Technology
Industrial RF Wireless Technology Applications
802.11
Proprietary S
S
Bluetooth
Zigbee
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Control Layer Communications Protocols
Requirements– More throughput– Faster Response Time– Large Networks– More data
Typical Protocols– Modbus RTU
• RS232, RS422, RS485– Modbus TCP
• Ethernet– Proprietary TCP
• Ethernet– Standard Ethernet
• FTP• SMTP• SNTP• HTTP
Device Layer
Control Layer
Information Layer
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Wireless cost savings increase with Wireless cost savings increase with distance & number of nodesdistance & number of nodes
Wireless – A Money Saving Solution
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
25' 50' 100' 250' 500' 1000'
Wireless - 1st NodeWireless -2nd NodeWireless - 3rd NodeWire $20/ftWire $30/ftWire $50/ft
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Wireless for Hazardous Locations
Wiring costs increase for tougher environmentsReduced operator costs– Clean rooms too!
UL Class I Div 2 approved radios
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History of Wireless LANs
Wireless Networks were first developed by the MilitaryEventually Moved to Private Sector– High Cost, Low Data Rate and Complexity prevented the
widespread use– Used when other options weren’t possible
ALOHAnet developed at the University of Hawaii, was one of the first private wireless data networksTurning Point - Late 1990s IEEE ratified 802.11B– Data Rates Increased– Hardware Cost & Availability– Performance similar to Wired Ethernet
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Radio Frequencies
Radio frequency spectrum is assigned by governments– CB radio: 26.96 - 27.41 MHz– FM radio: 88 - 108 MHz– WiFi for PC’s: 2.4 GHZ
Licensed vs. Unlicensed bands– Licensed provides more power!
Two licensed frequency bands– 400 MHz– 900 MHz
3 unlicensed frequency bands in U.S.– ISM bands (Industrial, Scientific, Medical)– 902-928 MHz– 2.4 to 2.483 GHz– 5.725 to 5.875 GHz (U-NII*)
*Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
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RF Propagation
Higher frequencies have higher data rates (bandwidth)– There is 1000 times more spectrum between 1-2 GHz as there is between
1-2 MHz.
RF waves lose power as they travel in the air– Higher frequencies lose power (attenuate) faster
RF waves attenuate as they pass through objects– Higher frequencies attenuate faster
Lower Frequencies (i.e. 900 MHz have greater distance)
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Understanding Power in Radios
• RF transmitter and receiver power is expressed in watts.
• RF power can also be expressed in dBm (decibels relative to milliwatts)
• dBm for RF power is useful when calculating radio system gains (since other gains and losses from cables & Antennas are in dB’s)
The relation between dBm and watts can be expressed as follows:
Power(dBm) = 10 x Log10 Power(mW)
1 Watt = 1000 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log10(1000) = 30 dBm
100 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log10 (100) = 20 dBm
1mW: PdBm = 10 x Log10 (1) = 0 dBm
Power(mW) = 10(Power(dBm)/10)
15 dBm = 10 (15/10) = 10 (1.5) = 32 mW
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A Table of mW to dBm
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Understanding Gain Measurements
Antenna performance is primarily established by its gain. There are three common references used when defining gain in radios:
Gain referenced to a dipole antennae: dBd
Gain referenced to an isotropic source: dBi
Gain referenced to power in milliwatts: dBm
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EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power)
www.breezecom.com
Take the following example:
transmitter power out = Pout = 50mWcable loss (attenuation) = Ct = 4dBtransmitting antenna gain = Gt = 6 dBi
convert transmitter power from mW to dBm10 x log (50/10) = 17 dBm
EIRP = 17dBm - 4 dBm + 6 dBm = 19 dBm
EIRP is the effective power transmitted from the antenna.
EIRP = (power at transmitter) - (cable attenuation) + antenna gain
EIRP = Pout - Ct - Gt
Pout = output power of transmitter in dBmCt = transmitter cable attenuation in dB
Gt = transmitting antenna gain in dBi
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A Quick Comparison: Office vs. Industrial
Power
Distance
OperatingTemp
ConstructionMounting
500 mW
20 miles outdoor
-30 C to 60 C
Aluminum
32 mW
200 feet indoors
0 C to 40 C
Plastic
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Performance of 2.4 GHZ vs. 900 MHz
Typical Outdoors with Line of Sight
2.4GHz, 1W plus 6dB gain antennas 5 – 15 miles
900MHz, 1W plus 6dB gain antennas 15 – 25 miles
2.4GHz, 100mW plus 16dB antennas 10 – 40 miles
900MHz, 100mW plus 16dB antennas 20 – 60 miles
Typical Indoors in Congested Environment
2.4GHz, 1W 100 – 600 feet
900MHz, 1W 500 – 5000 feet
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Spread Spectrum & IEEE
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Introduction to Spread Spectrum
Spread spectrum – a class of modulation techniques that spreads a signal’s power over a wider band of frequencies than is necessary for the information being transmittedBenefits of spreading the signal:– signal is immune to unwanted noise / interference– coding and decoding allow simultaneous transmission
of multiple signals within the same frequency band– provides inherent data encryption / security
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Spread Spectrum Introduction - 2
Two main classes:– Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
(FHSS) Random Hops to difference frequency. 1 MHZ band. More Secure proprietary interface.
– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Hot Spot WIFI 22 MHZ band. 802.11b, 11 Megabit
New modulation technique for higher data rates:– Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) achieves 54MBPS• 802.11g and 802.11a – Split byte and transmit
pieces simultaneous.
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Spread Spectrum vs. Narrow Band
Wide bandwidth of spread spectrum make more immune to interference vs. narrow band signal shown in the center of the graph (Older Radios use narrow band)
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IEEE Standards “Soup”
IEEE 802.3 specifies wired connection between radios and devicesIEEE 802.11 specifies an over-the-air interface between a wireless LAN client and a base station or between two wireless LAN clients.
802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
Wi-Fi
HomeRF
802.11
HomeRF 2.0Wi-Fi5
Bluetooth
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802.11x WLAN “S-p-e-l-l-e-d Out”
802.11– 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band – frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
Wi-Fi– Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
(WECA) certification for 802.11b devices
802.11b (Current Offering)– 11 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band– Only DSSS– Vendor access points not compatible
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802.11x WLAN “S-p-e-l-l-e-d Out” - 2
802.11a– Up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz U-NII band– 300 MHz bandwidth indoor, OFDM– Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)– 50m range at 11 Mbps
802.11g– 54 Mbps speed extension of 802.11b in the 2.4 GHz band
with OFDM– Backward compatible with 802.11b for <11 Mbps
Wi-Fi5 (Newer Technology)– Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA)
certification for 802.11a devices
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802.11x WLAN “S-p-e-l-l-e-d Out” - 3
802.11i (Incorporated into WIFI Standard)
– Security Enhancements to 802.11– Encryption & Authentication
• TKIP – Temporal Key Integrity Protocol – interim solution• AES – Advanced Encryption Algorithm – new hardware
– 802.1x Authentication Framework included in 802.11i
• Authentication protocol (EAP-TTLS, LEAP)• Dynamic encryption key distribution method• Supported in Windows XP
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802.11b Wireless LAN
2.4 GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)Channels– 11 US, Canada– 13 Europe– 14 Japan
Data rates: 1, 2, 5.5, 11 Mbps (auto)– Signal level can cause lower data rate.
Access points, clients, bridges (Example Hardware)
Other notes:– Vendor Access Points do not generally communicate– 802.11b and 802.11g clients will communicate– 802.11a will not communicate with 802.11b/g
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802.11b Channels
1 2 53 4 76 8 13121110961 11
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802.11 Access Points, Bridges and Clients
Wired Network
Access Point
Client (Station)
CoverageArea
Access Point – Root Mode Access Point – Repeater Mode
Bridge or Access Point in Bridge Mode Bridge – Repeater Mode
Ad hoc – no AP
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Security
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Wireless Security
Keep intruders out of your network– Authenticate users
Stop others from “sniffing” your data– Data encryption – proprietary or Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA)
Minimize detection of your network– Turn off identifiers in beacon– Appropriate coverage area
Detect “rogue” access points– Wireless network maintenance software
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802.11 Wireless SecurityData Encryption 1
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)– RC4 based 40/128/256 bit keys– Key scheduling algorithm weaknesses
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)– Solves weakness in WEPSolves weakness in WEP– Temporal Key Integrity Protocol - TKIP– Message Integrity Checking (MIC)– Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) /
RADIUS• Authentication, authorization & accounting system
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802.11 Wireless SecurityData Encryption 2
AES (Advanced Encryption System)– 802.11i & new hardware– Symmetric 128 bit block data encryption– Will be supported in a few months.
Other Steps– 802.11 – remove SSID from beacon– MAC ID white list (Limit MAC Addresses)
Must Enable to Be Effective
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Wireless Network Planning
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Wireless Network Planning Overview
Can this distance be covered?
X kilometers
Radio
Radio
Which antenna cables?
Which antennas? What’s a dBi?
What questions should I ask to qualify the application?
How high do the antennas need to be installed to clear this hill?
Where can / should the antenna go?
What is meant by line of sight and why is the
Fresnel Zone important
How do I get terrain data?
How can I predict link performance? How do
I test it?
What about interference?
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Throughput and latency considerations
Throughput– # bits of data x frequency sent
• Add I/Os, PLC messaging, etc.
– Repeater / master must be able to handle sum of remotes
– Radio technology must fit or slow update rate / report by exception
– Similar analysis to specifying PLCs• Throughput will determine update rate• Seconds to poll vs. hours
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Radio coverage area
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Radio Network Architectures:Point-to-Point
Point-to-point, stationary network easiest to designUse directional antennas on both sides– Maximize signal strength– Minimize noise pickup
Must have line-of-sight between points….but plan ahead if network will be expanded in the future– If Site A will be hub for additional sites, may need an omni or sector
antenna– With less directional antennas, low noise at Site A – test– Can Site A “see” the future sites – or need additional height– Plan for bandwidth too – can radio at Site A handle 100’s of remotes?
Point A Point B
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Radio Network Architectures:Point-to-Multipoint
Hub site can be omni-directional or sectorized with multiple directional antennas – e.g. like slice of pie– Use sectors when more bandwidth is needed– Each sector antenna attached to radio on different
hopping pattern or different 802.11b channel– Line-of-site more important – site survey
Hub site
CoverageArea
CoverageAres
Sector 1(Ch. 1)
Sector 2(Ch. 6)
Sector 1(Ch. 11)
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Use of Wireless Repeaters
Use repeaters to:– Extend range of the wireless network– Avoid obstacles
For YLinx RLX-FH series– Use of repeater reduces bandwidth by factor of two - but
does not decrease more for additional repeaters– For some radios bandwidth reduced by 1/# repeaters
RLX
RLX
RLX RLX
Link too long for Repeater on top of hill
Repeater on top of hillor on one side to goAround the hill
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Information required to design wireless network and select accessories
Minimum information required to design all but the simplest systems– Number of sites today and planned– Location of sites & if indoor / outdoor
• Drawing of building with scale and site locations and structure information• GPS coordinates or location on a drawing / topographic map with
distances between sites to link• If device will move – show track / area where link is required
– Structures where antennas can be placed and any rules on antenna structures (e.g. luxury living areas)
– Protocol of devices to connect– Which devices need to communicate– Data throughput requirements for each node– Country radios will be installed– Any other radio systems in-use if known
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Methods to collect application information
Verbal or electronic description of application from customerElectronic drawings of buildingsTopographic maps showing site location and any obstructions or Topo USA type programElectronic path study using digital elevation data and GPS coordinates of sitesSite review – visit site and physically inspect links– If very clear line of sight should not be an issue
– High power strobe light for longer links - but visual LOS only
– Test with RLX IF using same antennas and antenna locations
Complete site survey including RF noise analysis at key points
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Handheld Spectrum Analyzer & 802.11 Analyzers
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
In-Building Site Survey
Building drawingsConstruction materials
– Metal interior walls? – Ceiling height
Equipment / product informationCoverage required
– Fixed vs. mobile– If mobile – where?
Existing wireless infrastructure
– Type / channels
Conduct site survey – walking plant and taking measurements
Signal-to-noise measurements with Ekahau Site Survey Tool
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Topographical Maps
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Outdoor – Computerized Path Studies
GPS coordinatesDigital terrain dataPaths feasible?Antenna heightRepeaters? LocationPerformance prediction
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Example Wireless Outdoor Path
PROSOFT T ECHNOLOGY
RADIOLINX
Aug 05 03 wjg
Northern Digital c /o Semi Valley
Mount McCoyLatitude 34 15 36.00 NLongitude 118 48 22.00 WAzimuth 167.90°Elevation 382 m ASLAntenna CL 32.9 m AGL
WOOD RANCH #2 T ANKLatitude 34 13 32.00 NLongitude 118 47 50.00 WAzimuth 347.91°Elevation 393 m ASLAntenna CL 13.7 m AGL
Frequency (MHz) = 2400.0K = 1.33
%F1 = 60.00
Path length (3.91 km)0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Ele
va
tio
n (
m)
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
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Site Survey – The Real World
“Shoot and scoot”– For less involved / shorter range installations
– Bring radios, equipment and test links – if look good, finalize install
Formal site survey– Identification of all potential interference
• Environment & radio – spectrum analysis
– Collection of site data for each potential site• Geographical coordinates including elevation
• Access roads, building code restrictions / solutions
• Installation considerations – site preparation / building access, etc.
• Nearby towers / structures for repeaters– access / rent
• Power availability
– Corroborate path study data with actual field measurements• Signal strength, throughput statistics, etc.
– Identify man-made / tree height obstacles not evident from USGS data
– We can provide site surveys ($1000 per day + plus per diam)
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Selecting Antennas & Cables
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Antennas – The Basics
Antennas transform electromagnetic signals from transmission lines into electromagnetic waves (& vice-versa)Antennas (most) are passive – focus radio energy not amplify itAntennas work equally well transmitting or receiving RF energyElectromagnetic waves from antennas have an E field and H field components– Polarization describes the orientation of the antennas electric
field
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High Quality, Low RF Loss Cables
Remote antenna placement requires lower loss RF cable to maintain system gainCable should be 50 ohm for RadioLinx impedance matchingQuality connectors, weather proofing, lightning protectionPoE and placing radio by antenna
Cable Type dB loss per 100’
@ 2400 MHz RG-316 42
LMR 195 19 LMR 400 6.8 LMR 600 4.4
LMR 1200 2.3 Heliax LDF 4 3.5 Heliax LDF 5 2.0 Heliax LDF 7 1.3
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Connector types
Common types– N-type– SMA– TNC– BNC– MMCX (PC card)
Matching connector types– Jack = threads on outside– Plug = threads on inside– So a jack will connect to a
plug (if polarity matches)Polarity– Standard polarity – plug
has inner conductor pin– Reverse polarity – jack has
the inner conductor pin
RP-TNC-MaleRP-TNC-Female
RP-SMA-Female RP-SMA-Male SMA-Female
MMCX-Male
N-Male N-Female-Bulkhead
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Configuring & Implementing Wireless Networks
YCA Network Solutions 2007 Business Plan
Wireless Network Design Best Practices
Install antennas as high as possibleAvoid high gain omni-directional antennas (Harder to hit the target)Design the system with a margin– 10 dB minimum– 20 dB if anticipate foliage growth
Use industrial routers in-front of wireless industrial Ethernet– Prevents LAN broadcast traffic from using RF
bandwidth
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Wireless Network Design Best Practices - 2
Put switch with IGMP snooping in-front of RadioLinx RLX-FH if multicast traffic – e.g. industrial Ethernet I/O messagingAfter installation, test radio network before automation– Verify RF performance– Test throughput before & after automation added– Ethernet use ping or pathping (latter shows latency for
each segment to identify bottlenecks)
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RadioLinx Antenna Installation Notes
Avoid attaching antenna too close to buildings, towers, tanks, etc. to avoid reflections– Use side mount kits for at least 50 cm distance
Outdoor installations should be weatherproofed– At each cable splice – At antenna connection
Cable hangers / ties
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Maintaining Wireless System Reliability
Changing environment– Inside the company – coordinate wireless networks /
frequency uses– New equipment / infrastructure (metal walls)– Joes’s Neighborhood WISP now on your channel
Monitor performance for – Performance degradation / bottlenecks– Increasing throughput requirements– Increase ping latency– Re-transmit %
Monitor security
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Wireless Network Monitoring Tools
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Wireless Protocol Analyzer / Security Audit Tools
One differentiator is level of expert analysis to help sort through large number of packetsWildPacket AiroPeek, CommView WiFi, Packetyzer, Ethereal (Linux)
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Application Examples
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YLinx Frequency Hopping Ethernet (2.4GHz)
• Mobile configuration and data logging without wires!• Frequency hopping 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Not compatible with 802.11 wireless (Wi-Fi)• Designed for industrial environment (-40 to 158 degF)• Up to 16 mile range with line of sight with hi gain antennas• Proprietary radio frequency protocol (158 hopping patterns)• 40 or 128 bit hardware data encryption
$1,581 per radio
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YLinx Frequency Hopping Ethernet (2.4 GHz)
DX104
DX104
DX104
YLinx -FHE
YLinx -FHE
YLinx -FHE
YLinx -FHE
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #1
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #2
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #3
10BaseTEthernet
Data from Remote DX100’s is Consolidated in PC
PC running:• DAQStandard (configuration)• DAQLogger• SCADA/HMI with OPC
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Product Samples: Ethernet Radio Modems
MDS iNET900ELPRO 905U-D YLinx RadioLinx
2.4 GHz FHSS900 MHz FHSS900 MHz FHSS
SCADALINK LANBRIGDE
900 MHz FHSS
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Product Samples: Serial Radio Modems
SCADALINK SM900
900 MHz FHSS
Prosoft RadioLinx
2.4 GHz FHSS
Put serial devices on radio
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YLinx Frequency Hopping Serial (2.4GHz)
• Mobile data logging without wires!• Frequency hopping 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Modbus RTU, Modbus ASCII, DF1, generic ASCII• RS232, RS422, or RS485• Flexible set-up modes
• Point to point• Point to multi-point• Peer to peer
• Designed for industrial environment (-40 to 158 degF)• Up to 16 mile range with line of sight with hi gain antennas• Proprietary radio frequency protocol (158 hopping patterns)• 40 or 128 bit hardware data encryption
$1,416 per radio
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YLinx Frequency Hopping Serial (2.4 GHz)
DX104
DA100
UT450
YLinx-FHS
YLinx-FHS
YLinx-FHS
YLinx-FHS
DX220RS232
MODBUSRTU
RS232 MODBUS
RTUSlave #1
RS485 MODBUS
RTUSlave #2
RS485 MODBUS
RTUSlave #3
10BaseTEthernet
Data from Remote DX100’s is Consolidated in DX200
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YLinx 802.11b Industrial Wireless Radio
• Mobile configuration and data logging without wires!• 802.11b direct sequence spread spectrum radios• Can be implemented with a single radio!• 2.4 GHz unlicensed (ISM band)• Compatible with standard PC wireless cards• Designed for industrial environment• Up to 20 mile range in outdoor settings
$1,755 per radio
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UT351 with YLinx 802.11b Hotspot
Laptop with 802.11b“Wi-Fi” wireless ability
Laptop with 802.11b“Wi-Fi” wireless ability
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Typical Wireless Network
MX100192.168.20.20
FA-M3 PLC192.168.20.8
Linksys G Wireless Router192.168.20.1
802.11gwireless
802.11bwireless
UT351192.168.30.2
CX1000192.168.30.3
Radiolinx192.168.30.1
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Wireless Ethernet Organizations
IEEE WLAN Working Groups– http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/
WECA www.weca.net Wi-Fi Alliance www.wi-fi.org WLANA www.wlana.com Bluetooth www.bluetooth.org HiperLAN http://www.etsi.org/frameset/home.htm?/technicalactiv/Hiperlan/hiperlan1.htm
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Thanks!